i=kpkj ikB~;e

ek/;fed f'k{kk e.My] e/;izns'k]

Hkksiky
}kjk lokZf/kdkj lqjf{kr

fMIyksek bu ,T;qds'ku
f}rh; o"kZ

v/;kiu vH;kl gsrq

izn'kZu ikB ,oa funsZ'k
1

vaxzsth ikBu dh ^^ikB

;kstuk** rS;kj djus gsrq
funsZ'k

i=kpkj ikB~;e
ek/;fed f'k{kk e.My] e/;izns'k] Hkksiky
}kjk lokZf/kdkj lqjf{kr
fMIyksek bu ,T;qds'ku
f}rh; o"kZ
ikB ;kstuk
tuk Lesson Plan

Hkwfedk%&
edk%&
f'k{k.k ,d dyk gS vkSj mls lQyrkiwoZd laiUu djus gsrq mudh iwoZ ;kstuk dk fuekZ.k
djuk furkar vko';d gSA
ikB; ;kstuk ds fuekZ.k dks Li"V le> ysus ds i'pkr f'k{kd vkSj fo|kFkhZ ds fy, f'k{k.k
dk;Z vf/kd lqxe] vkd"kZd ,oa mi;ksxh cu tkrk gSA
vkaXy Hkk"kk f'k{k.k gsrq ikB ;kstuk cukus ls tgka v/;kid f'k{kk ds fl)karksa] fo"k;oLrq ,oa
f'k{k.k izfof/k;ksa ls Hkyh&Hkkafr ifjfpr gks tkrk gS] ogh ckyd Hkh ekufld :i ls Hkk"kk ds rRoksa
,oa fofHkUu fo/kkvksa dks le>us ds fy;s vfHkizsfjr gks tkrk gSA vf/kxe ljy vkSj jkspd gks tkrk
gSA

ikB ;kstuk fuekZ.k&

vkaXy Hkk"kk dh ikB ;kstuk cukrs le; gesa fuEu ckrksa dk /;ku j[kuk pkfg, %&
General information about the topic and Teaching:(i)

Date og fnukad ftlesa ikB i<+kuk gks

(ii)

Class d{kk ftlesa ikB i<+k;k gks

(iii)

Period dky [k.M ftlesa ikB i<+k;k tk;sxk

(iv)

Time dky[k.M dh vof/k 35 fefuV ;k 40 fefuV

(v)

Name of the School 'kkyk dk uke tgka i<+k;k tkosxk

(vi)

Subject x| ;k i| ikB ;k vU;

(vii)

Unit No. mibdkbZ ,d izdj.k le;kuqlkj fdruh mi bdkbZ;ksa esa foHkkftr fd;k x;k gS

(viii) Topic ikB ;k dfork dk uke

(ix)

Lesson Plan No. jpuk ;k O;kdj.k rRo vkidh fu/kkZfjr ikB ;kstuk esa dkSu lk uacj gS
3

First Step Pre-teaching Planing

1-

bl lksiku esa ge vius ikB dk y[; fu/kkZfjr djrs gSA tSls vaxzsth Hkk"kk i<+kus ds lkekU;
mn~ns'; D;k gS\
Expected competence : ftl ikB ;k ikB~;oLrq dks vki i<+kus tk jgs gS] mlds i<+kus ds

1.

ckn ckydksa esa visf{kr fdl Kku dh o`f) gksxh mldk mYys[k djuk pkfg,A ;g ckr
cgqr egRoiw.kZ gSA vkids IkkB f'k{k.k dh lQyrk vFkok vlQyrk blh ckr ij fuHkZj
djsxh fd ckydksa esa tks Kku o`f) vki ikB ds ek/;e ls nsuk pkgrs gS] gqbZ vFkok ughaA
vaxzsth Hkk"kk i<+kus ds eq[; mn~ns'; dks ge fuEufyf[kr izdkj ls fy[k ldrs gS %&
(i)

To enable the pupil to understand English when spoken.

(ii)

To enable them to speak English.

(iii)

To enable them to read and Write English.

(iv)

To enable the students to enrich their vocabulary.

Dictation (v)

To give them the idea of writing English.

(vi)

To enable them to improve their writing power.

(vii)

To enable them to concentrate their attention on.

(viii) To enable the students to write correct English.

Translation (ix)

To enable the students to understand English language.

Prose Lesson (x)

To enable them to increase their reading and speaking capability.

Poem (xi)

To enable them to recite a poem with proper rhythm and rhyme.

(xii)

To enable them to appreciate and evaluate the ideas and the sentiments of the
poet.

(xiii) To help them to develop their aesthetic sense and imagination.

Grammar (xiv)

To enable the students to speak and write correct English.

Compostion (xv)

To enable them to express their ideas in a logical and systematic manner.

(xvi)

To make them think logically and systematically.

(xvii) To develop in them style of writing.

(xviii) vki Hkk"kk ds ftl rRo ;k fo/kk :i dks i<+kus tk jgs gS] mldk fo'ks"k mn~ns';

D;k gSA blesa vkidks Li"V fy[kuk pkfg, mnkgj.kkFkZ &

(i)

Dictation
(i)

To enable them to improve and practice the spellings of the words.

(ii)

To enable the students to make their knowledge of English language practical

and perfect.

(ii)

(iii)

(iv)

Structures
(i)

To teach them the structures.

(ii)

Grammatical items.

(iii)

To enable the pupils to learn the correct use of the various parts of speech

Translation
(i)

To make them understand the right use of tenses while doing translation.

(ii)

To enable the students to use correct tenses while framing sentences.

Prose
(i)

(v)

To make the pupil acquaint with the subject matter of the lessons

Poem
(i)

To enable them to appreciate the ideas and feelings of the poet expressed in
the poems

(ii)

To enable the students recite the poem with proper rhyme and rhythm.

fof'k"V mn~ns'; esa ikB&dfork rRo jpuk vkfn dks tks i<+kus tk jgs gS Li"V lanHkZ nsuk
pkfg,A
(vi)

Composition
(i)

2.

To enable the pupils to write a composition on various subjects.

Learning Material ls rkRi;Z gS fd i<+krs le; vki D;k&D;k lgk;d f'k{kk lkexzh iz;qDr

djsaxs mudk Li"V mYys[k djuk pkfg,A tSls& Black-Board, Chalk, Chart, Flash Cards,
Picutre, Rolling Black-Board and other objects used by the teacher as teaching
material.
3.

Acquired competencies izos'k dh {kerk,a i.e. previous knowledge

bl 'kh"kZd ds vUrxZr vkidks tks ikB ;k ikB~;oLrq vki i<+kus tk jgs gS D;k mlls iwoZ
dk Kku gS\ D;k mlls cPps ifjfpr gS\ mYys[k djuk pkfg, cPps iwoZ ls D;k Kku vftZr
fd;s gq, gSaA vFkok ikB dks Bhd ls le>us ds fy, iwoZ Kku dh vko';drk gS mlls
ckyd D;k&D;k tkusaA le>us ds fy;s ikB ;kstuk dk uewuk nsf[k;s
5

4.

Expected Competencies visf{kr {kerk,a &

ftl ikB ;k ikB~;xr oLrq dks i<+kus tk jgs gSa mlds i<+kus ds ckn ikydksa esa visf{kr
fdl Kku dh o`f) djuk pkfg,A ;g ckr cgqr egRoiw.kZ gSA vkids ikB f'k{k.k dh
lQyrk vFkok vlQyrk ckydksa esa tks Kku o`f) vki ikB ds ek/;e ls nsuk pkgrs Fks] gq,
vFkok ughaA
5.

Introductory questions ifjp;kRed iz'u &

ikB ;kstuk dk ;g egRoiw.kZ Hkkx gSA ;fn vki fofHkUu mi;qDr iz'uksa ds ek/;e ls ml
fo"k; ij vkuk pkg jgs gS] ftls vkius ikB ;kstuk esa i<+kus dk fuf'p; fd;k gS rks ,sls
iz'uksa dk ladyu cM+s pkrq;Z ls djuk pkfg, rkfd ckyd Lo;a tku tk,a fd vki D;k
i<+kuk pkgrs gS rFkk mUgas D;k i<+uk gSA fo"k; ;k fo"k; ds utnhd cPpksa dks ykdj vkidks
rc ml ikB dk iz;kstu fo"k; oLrq dh ?kks"k.kk djuh pkfg,A
6.

Announcement of the topic or the statement of the air f'k{kdh; dFku &

bl 'kh"kZd esa Li"V :i ls mYys[k djuk pkfg, fd vkids izLrqr ikB ;kstuk esa ikB~;
lkexzh D;k gS] tSls& vkt ge "The Postman" uked dfork vFkok ikB "William Tell"
i<saxsA
The lesson/poem that we are going to read is.."
Step 3 Planning during teaching- cky dsfUnzr f'k{kk esa Lohd`r ^^ikB ;kstuk izk:i** ds vuqlkj

blesa fuEu ckrsa vkrh gSA

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

Learing

Learing method

Teacher's

Student's

Learing material

outcome

vf/kxe fof/k

activity

activity

vf/kxe lkexzh

f'k{kd ds

f'k{kkFkhZ ds

f;kdyki

f;kdyki

vf/kxe izfrQy

(a)

izFke 'kh"kZd vFkok ikB ;kstuk ds bl Hkkx esa i<+kus ls cPps D;k lh[k ldasxs] mu fcUnqvksa
dk mYys[k gksuk pkfg,A

(b)

Teacher's activity ds vUrxZr f'k{kd fdu f;kdykiksa ds ek/;e ls vf/kxe gsrq lkexzh

izLrqr djrk gS mldk mYys[k gksuk pkfg,A vFkkZr~ presentation ;k izLrqrhdj.kA

(c)

Students' activity esa f'k{kd }kjk iwNs x;s iz'uksa ds mRrj ,oa os O;olkf;d f;kdyki

lfEefyr jgsaxs ftudk iz;ksx fo|kFkhZ funsZ'kkuqlkj f'k{kd ds fdlh fu"d"kZ ij igqapus ds
fy;s djrk gSA

(d)

Learing material ds vUrxZr os difficult words tks cPpksa dh Vocabulary esa Add djus ds

n`f"Vdks.k ls lanfHkZr ikB ls p;u fd;s x;s gSa vFkok fcUnq ;k lkexzh ls lacaf/kr gksrh gS]
dk mYys[k fd;k tkosxkA
(e)

Black-board work Nk=ksa }kjk fn;s x;s mRrj ;k fcUnqvksa dks ';keiV ij fy[kk tkosxkA

(i)

Post teaching planning

ikB ;kstuk ds vuqlkj i<+kus dh f;k lekIr dj ysus ds cn vkids ikB esa fdruk
vf/kxe gks pqdk gS tkuus ds fy;s bl [k.M esa iz'uksa vkfn dk fu/kkZj.k ikB~;lkexzh ij
fd;k tkrk gSA blds vUrxZr fuEufyf[kr rhu f;k,a vkrh gSA
(ii)

Recapitulation

tks dqN i<+k;k x;k mlds izeq[k fcUnqvksa dks iqu% nksgjkus ds fy; o vf/kxe dh lQyrk
;k vlQyrk tkuus ds fy;s ;k rks f'k{k.k lkjka'k dk mYys[k djrk gS ;k iz'uksa }kjk iqu%
vf/kxe djrk gSA
(iii)

Evaluation ewY;kadu &

cPpksa us ikB ls D;k lh[kk ;g tkuus ds fy;s dqN vH;kl iz'u oLrqfu"B :i ls bles
fy[ks tkrs gS rFkk cPpksa ls mRrj izkIr dj muds vf/kxe dk ewY;kadu fd;k tkrk gSA
Stap 4. Home assignment x`g dk;Z It should be based on the topic taught. Question and
their expected answers should be short.

izkIr vf/kxe dks n`<+ djus ds mn~ns'; ls vf/kxe fo"k; ls lacaf/kr lkexzh] vaxzsth ikB
fuekZ.k ds fl)kar ;kstuk ds <kaps rFkk ckydksa ds euksoSKkfud ls Hkyh&Hkkafr voxr gksuk vko';d
gSA
fdruk i<+uk gS] fdrus le; esa] D;k i<+uk gS vf/kxe dks izHkko'kkyh vkSj fu;ksftr cukus
ds fy;s ikB ;kstuk cukdj i<+uk furkar vko';d gSA
&&&&

A Model Lession Plan

Subject : English
Topic: a, is, this, that
Note: This Lesson plan is based on the structural words of lesson 1 of the text book

A Model Lesson Plan

Lesson No. 1

Date 10 August, 2006

Subject

English

Class -

Topic

Structural words "a", "is", and "this"

Period

"that"
School

Middle School, Bhopal

Activity

Oral activity

Expected Competencies:
(1)

To enable students to understand English sounds and to speak correctly the sentence
pattern.

(2)

To enable the students to use the vocabulary contents of the lesson.

(3)

To enable te students to listen the correct of the lesson.

(4)

To help them speak the words and the sentences correctly.

(5)

To identify the English names of the objects.

(6)

To help them discriminate the English sounds with Hindi equivalent sounds.

Acquired Competencies :
(1)

Students are well acquainted with Hindi names of the objects and things.

(2)

Learners can speak, communicate and express their thoughts correctly in Hindi.

(3)

Learners know the English alphabet only.

Teaching material (Aid) :

(1)

Pictures of different objects and things that are very well known to the students but
are not present in the school e.g. motor car, postman, garden, shop etc.
This

is

house

This

is

boy

This

is

girl

This

is

tree

This

is

lamp

This

is

bullock-cart

(2)

A rolling black-board with a substitution table of the sentence pattern.

Motivation The teacher will tell the learners that they will learn sentences which
they can use in their conversation. He will encourage them to participate in the classroom activity because credit-marks will be given for every correct performance.

Teacher's Presentation :
There will be two groups. Let us see which group wins more marks.
Introduction (Presentation):
The teacher will ask every student to hold his pen in his hand.
The teacher will hold a pen in his hand and showing it to the class he will speak.
This is a pen.
He will ask the learners to speak the same sentence showing their pen. This group
practice will help even the shy students to speak the sentences.
Practice
The teacher will divide the class in two groups. A and B.
The teacher will hold a book in his hands and call a student from 'B'. He will ask him
to point to words the book and speak the sentence. "This is a book". Now he will organize the
practice in the following way.

Group 'A' One student of this group will hold a thing in his hand.
Group 'B' One of the students of the group 'B' will go near it, touch the thing and speak the
sentence.
This is a .

Step 1
Learing

Publis learning activities (Class Room)

Learing

outcome

Gropup 'A'

Material

Group 'B'

The pupils will learn Turn by trun every One of the students of the Things

and

to speak the sentence, pupil of the group group will go near the objects that are
point at it, and speak will hold a thing in student

showing

the present

sentences about the his hand and speak.

thing, touch it and speak.

things that are near 1. will hold his shirt

1.

them.

2. will hod a bad.

in

the

class.

Will go, touch it and

say. This is a shirt.

10

3. pencil

2.

This is a bag.

4. button

3.

This is a Pencil.

5. ..shoe

4.

This is a button.

6. ..scale

5.

This ia a Shoe.

to

6.

This is a scale.

touch the door of

7.

will go near the door

7. ..will

go

the room
8. will

touch

and pointing to it
the

will sya- This is a

black board.

door.
8.

This

is

black-

board.

The teacher will keep the record of the credit points.

Step 2
The teacher will now go near are black board and point to the door of the room and
say That is a door.
Likewise, he will go about into the class room and, pointing to the black board from a
distance, will speak.
That is the black board.
Learing

Pupils class romm

Activities material

Outcome

Group 'B'

Group 'A'

The pupils will learn

1.

Will show a picture

1. Will

speak

the

sentence

object.
the use of that for

from his place.

distant objects

This is a picture.

Pattern of sentence

2.

That is

Will stand up at his place

and point to his desk

2. (from his place) point to the

distant object and speak.
That is desk.

3.

Will go near the window

3. Will speak from his place.

That is a window.

11

Step 3
Class Room Activities
Learing

Teacher's

Learning activities

Outcome

Guidenace

Group 'A'

Material
Aids

Group 'B'

Pupil will learn The teacher will Pupils will go

Pupils of this group

Pictures of

to use Correctly show picture of near the picture,

will stand up one by

objects.

This for near a

a point to it and

one at their place.

or speak one by one

Picutre which is at a

dog

or

objects and that motor-car

for

distant shop or a garden 1. This is a dog

objects

2. This

is

motor car
3. This

is

distant

corner

and

speak.
1. This is a dog

a 2. This is a motor car

3. This is a shop

shop
4. This

is

a 4. This is a garden

garden

Establishment
The rolling black board will be unrolled in the class and the students (one by one) be
asked to read a sentence from it.
The students will be asked to write five sentence on the pattern that is taught.

Note
The lesson plan is suggestive and is meant for oral-aural practice in order to develop
the basic skill of listening, speaking and reading.
The lesson plan must vary according to the ability, competency and performance of
the learners. It is for elementary stage (1st year of learing English). At this stag emphasis
should be given to encourage the pupils to speak correct English.
Evaluation goes side by side and serves the purpose the feed back which leads to
reorganize the learing activities a per need.

------

12

Child Centered Lesson Plan

Subject English
Topic Poem
Class D.Ed.
A Model Lesson

13

English Reader (D.Ed.)

The Postman

The Postman is a busy man.

Collecting letters in his van.
To catch the evening mail.
He takes them to the G.P.O.
They're stamped and sorted then they go.
By road or plane or rail.
Next day we hear his cheery knock.
He always comes at eight o'clock.
He's never known to fail.
(E. Bioletti)
Lesson Plan
1. Lesson plan number

1.

Date - 28th August 2006

2. Subject English

2.

Class D.Ed.

3. Unit

3.

Period : I

4. Sub unit

4.

Time: 12.00 to 12.35 P.M.

5. Topic : Poem. "The Postman".

6. School: Govt. Boys Middly School.
Railway Colony, Gwalior (M.P.)

Expected Competencies:
(i)

To enable the students to understand, speak, read and write English.

(ii)

To enable the students to enjoy poerty.

(iii)

To enable the students to recite the poem "The Postman" with proper rhyme and
rhythm.

(iv)

To help them to develop their aesthetic sense and imagination.

Learnt Competencies:
(i)

Students are well acquainted with nursery rhymes.

(ii)

They have read some poems in the Class.

(iii)

They are acquainted with the postman of their locality.

14

Learing Material (Teaching Learing aid)

(i)

A rolling Black board with the poem written on it.

(ii)

A chart showing the postman having letters and parcels in his hand.

Motivation :
(The teacher recites two lines of a poem, which the students have read in class D.Ed.
and ask them to complete it)
"Little drops of water,
Little grains of sand.
Make the mighty ocean,
And"

INTRODUCTION :Teacher asks the question

(i)

Do you like reading poems?

(ii)

Showing the picture of the "Postman" he asks, "Whose picture is this"? Statement of
the teacher i.e. the announcement. Of the topic.
The poem we are going to study is "The Postman" composed by E. Bioletti the
students will be divided into two groups.

(i)

The students will be divided into two group. Each group will be responsible for
practicing one skill of language namely listening and reciting.

Learning

Learning Activies

Learning

Outcome

Teacher's guidance

Pupil's activity

Material

First Step
(i)

They will learn (i) Persentation:

to

read

poem
proper

the
with

rhyme

and rhythm

Model

reading

(i)

All the pupils (i) The

poem

will listen to the

written on the

once or twice by

model

rolling

the teacher

presentation

of

the poem.

board.
(ii) The poem is in

(ii) The group 'A'

(Listening
group)

black

the test book on

page 137

will

15

reproduce
poem

the

line by

line.
(iii) Group 'B' the
reciting
will

group

copy the

recitation

done

by the group 'A'

of the students.
(iv) Then all pupils
will
poem

read

the

in

chorus with a
proper rhythum.
Second Step (ii) They will learn Understanding
the

meaning

the Expected

of poem by illustration

response

Difficult words
Collecting

difficult words used (i) Monthly fees is

in the poem.

,df=r djrs gq,

to be Collected
(ii) Some

students

Accumulating

have the hobby

of

collecting

stamps or coins.
(iii) Do you have the Yes, we do
hobby

of

Van :Carriage

in

which

collecting

post bags are kept or

stamps?

carried

(iv) Name

the Bus

Mkd ys tkus okyh

carriage in which

xkM+h

you travel.

G.P.O. is the short

(v) Name

the Van

carriage in which

from of General izeq[k

Post Office Mkd?kj

bags are kept?

16

(vi) Where

is

the It is a Bada

main post office

of Gwalior
Stamped

They will learn the By illustration

impressed

meaning of difficult (i)

Letters

are with post office seal

words:

stamped

and lhy yxkuk

sorted

Sorted:

(ii) They

are Separated

delivered after Into

stamping

classes

and

and Groups

NkaVuk

sorting.
(iii) We travel by
bus or railways
on road or rail
road on how do
we travel in the
sky?
(iv) When

some

body

says

There

is

We feel happy
He gives

We travel
In

naeroplane

cheery knock.

Letter for you"

from

your

friend. How do
you feel?
(v)

What

does

postman do at
our

doors

Cheery knock at our

door

before
delivering

our

letters?

17

Understanding the poem

Students

are

able

to

(i)

understand the gist of the

poem

Who

delivers

Expected response
our Postman delivers letters to
us.

letters to us?
(ii)

Who collects letters Postman collects letter from

Letter boxes.

from boxes?

(iii) Name the carriage in Van

which the post bags are
kept?
(iv) Where is the main post It is at Bada
office at Gwalior?
(v)

What is done with the They are stamped and sorted.

letters

in

the

post

office before they are

delivered?
(vi) By what means the It is sent by trains, buses or
mail is sent to other planes.
cities?
(vii) Whose cheery knock at We hear the cheery knock of
our doors do we hear?

the postman.

(viii) Why is the postman He is always punctual.

known never to fail?

Black board Summary :The teacher will write all the questions and answers given by the students.

Recapitulation :(The students will be asked to look over the poem silently and rapidly and then the
following questions will be asked by the teacher to recapitulate the ideas contained in the
poem).
(i)

Who takes the letter to the G.P.O.?

(ii)

Who knocks at our door at eight o'clock?

(iii)

How do letters go from one place to another?

(iv)

Does the same man do all the things in your post-office?

18

(v)

Who is known never to fail?

Evaluation : Fill in the blanks with correct words : (i)

..is busy man.

(ii)

is a carriage in which the post bags are carried.

(iii)

go from on place to another by

(iv)

He always comes at..

(v)

The postman is always.

(The Postman, Van, Letters, Place train, Eigh o'clock, regular)

Final Reading :The teacher reads out the whole poem once again and the pupils imitate the teacher
with proper rhythm and rhyme in a chorus form.

Assignment : (i)

The students will be asked to learn by heart the whole poem.

(ii)

They will be asked to write a few sentences on "The Postman".

-------

19

fo"k;
fo"k; & foKku
ikB ;kstuk dk fuekZ.k
,d f'k{kd vius fo"k; dh Bhd ls iwjh rS;kjh djrk gS rFkk og iwjs mRlkg ds lkFk d{kk
esa izos'k djrk gS] ysfdu T;ks gh Nk=ksa ls ckrphr vkSj muds }kjk mBk, x;s iz'uksa ls mldk /;ku
caVrk gS] mldh ikB~;oLrq dk e fc[kj tkrk gSA mlds fl[kkus esa vO;oLFkk vk tkrh gS og ckrsa
vuko';d :i ls nksgjkrk gS rFkk dbZ vko';d fcUnq NksM+ nsrk gSA
ikB ;kstuk f'k{kd ds ,slh fLFkfr ls cpus esa lgk;d gksrh gSA vr% lQy f'k{kd ds fy;s
ikB ;kstuk rS;kj djuk vfuok;Z gS] ;fn f'k{kd ds ikl igys ls gh rS;kj dh xbZ ikB ;kstuk gS
rks og vPNs <ax ls f'k{k.k dj ldrk gSA D;ksafd mls ;g ekywe gS fd veqd LFkku ij veqd ckr
dguh gS rFkk og iz'u djus esa lQy gks tkrk gSA
yxkrkj ikB ;kstuk cukrs jgus ls f'k{kd vius f'k{k.k ds xq.k nks"kksa dks Hkh /khjs&/khjs
xgjkbZ ls le>us yxrk gSA ifj.kkeLo:i og f'k{k.k esa vf/kdkf/kd dq'kyrk izkIr djrk pyk tkrk
gSA ikB ;kstuk d{kk ds vanj gksus okys f;kdykiksa dks ys[kc) :i gS ftldk lgk;rk ls f'k{kd
dk /;ku b/kj&m/kj caVus dh laHkkouk izk;% lekIr gks tkrh gSA bl izdkj ikB ;kstuk ls f'k{k.k es
lQyrk izkIr djus esa lgk;rk feyrh gSA
fiNys dqN n'kdksa esa ikB dh /kkj.kk esa ,d kafrdkjh ifjorZu vk;k gSA igys f'k{kd
izf;k dk dsUnz fcUnq Kku gksrk Fkk vkSj mls izlkj.k dk ,dek= ek/;e ekuk tkrk Fkk ijarq vc
f'k{k.k izf;k esa Nk= vkSj mldh {kerkvksa dks Hkh mruk gh egRoiw.kZ LFkku gS] ftruk f'k{kd dkA
blls Hkh ,d dne vkxs c<+dj dqN f'k{kk 'kkfL=;ksa us rks vc ;g ekuuk izkjaHk dj fn;k gS
fd ikB lh[kus dh ifjfLFkfr gS] ;gka Nk= Lo;a gh lh[kus dh igy djrk gS vkSj f'k{kd mldh
lgk;rk vkSj funsZ'ku ek= djrs gSA vc ikB ;kstuk ,slh cukuk pkfg, rkfd fo|ky;hu fo"k; dks
f'k{kd] Nk= dsfUnzr] vf/kxe dsfUnzr ,oa f;k vk/kkfjr fof/k;ksa }kjk f'k{k.k dj ldsA
ikB ;kstuk }kjk Nk=ksa esa fuEu dq'kyrk,a iSnk dh tk ldrh gS%&
1- iz'u djus dh dykA
2- fujh{k.k dj dkS'ky izkIr djukA
3- Kku dh [kkstA
4- lkekU;hdj.k] laxBu rFkk fu"d"kZA
5- Kku dk uohu ifjfLFkfr esa iz;ksx djukA
6- ,d oLrq dk nwljh oLrq ea iz;ksx djukA
7- iwoZ Kku dk uohu Kku ls laca/k LFkkfir djukA

20

8- iz;ksx djus dk dkS'ky ,oa vUos"k.k dh {kerk tSls xq.kksa dk fodklA

9- bZekunkj yxu'khy ,oa lgu'khyrk tSls uSfrd xq.kksa dk fodklA
ikB ;kstuk ,d yphyh rFkk ec) ;kstuk gSA ftlds }kjk mn~ns';ksa dh izkfIr gksrh gS]
ftlls fo|ky; dk n'kZu Nk=ksa dh izd`fr f'k{kk laca/kh vuqHko] f'k{kd dh ;ksX;rk rFkk fp=ksa dk
fuekZ.k vkfn vkrs gSA dksbZ Hkh ikB ;kstuk vkn'kZ ugha dgykrh gS] ikB ;kstuk dks ftruk vPNk
cukuk pkgsa] f'k{kd cuk ldrs gSA
ikB ;kstuk ds fuekZ.k esa Nk= dh :fp] mldk ekufld Lrj rFkk mlls mldh
euksoSKkfud 'kkjhfjd ,oa laosxkRed vko';drk dk Hkh /;ku j[kuk vko';d gSA D;ksafd f'k{kd dk
mn~ns'; lh[kus dh izf;k esa Nk=ksa dks iw.kZ :i ls layXu djuk gSA Nk= dh lf;rk vkSj rYyhu
ij gh f'k{k.k bldk iw.kZ gksuk laHko gSA rHkh f'k{kd izHkkoh cu ldrk gSA dqy feykdj ikB ;kstuk
dh dlkSVh vkSj mldh xq.koRrk ;gh gS fd mlds ek/;e ls Nk= fdruk lh[krs gS vkSj fdruk
vkRelkr djrs gSA
Nk= dsfUnzr mikxe ds fy;s ikB ;kstuk dk izk:i fuEukuqlkj gS%&
d{kk&

fo"k;&

dky[k.M&

izdj.k
vf/kxe lkexzh
n{krk,a

O;wg pj.k &

izFke pj.k
izLrqrhdj.k &
-

f'k{kd f;k

Nk= f;k

1
2
3

mn~ns'; dFku &

21

f}rh; pj.k
ikB fodkl &
-

f'k{k.k fcUnq

fof/k

f'k{kd f;k

Nk= f;kdyki

';keiV dk;Z

1
2
3

r`rh; pj.k
iqujkoyksdu &
-

f'k{kd f;k

Nk= f;k

';keiV dk;Z

1
2
3

22

x`g dk;Z
izdj.k &
lkekU; :i ls ;gka ij ikB~;iqLrd dk uke fy[kk tkrk gSA fdUrq ;g lnSo vko';d Hkh
ugha gS] D;ksafd foKku fo"k; esa fdlh ikB dks NksVh&NksVh bdkbZ;ksa esa ckaVk tkrk gSA
vr% izdj.k ds vUrxZr ikB dh ,d bdkbZ dks Hkh fy;k tk ldrk gSA
iwoZ {kerk,a &
bldk laca/k mu {kerkvks ls gS tks dfFkr izdj.k dk lh[kus ls igys Nk= esa ekStwn gSA
bl lksiku ds vUrxZr ikB ls lacaf/kr Kku tks Nk= tkurs gS la{ksi esa fn;k tkrk gSA ;g iwoZ Kku
vius ls ;k viuh ikB;oLrq ds fiNys ikB ls izkIr djrs gSA
n{krk,a &
fn;s x;s izdj.k ds ek/;e ls vki Nk=ksa esa fdu&fdu {kerkvksa ds fodkl dh vis{kk gS] ;g
vkids le{k fcydqy Li"V gksuk pkfg,A vki Lo;a vius ls iz'u djsa fd bldk f'k{k.k djus ls
Nk= D;k lh[ksaxs\ muesa dkSu&dkSu ls ewY; fodflr gksaxs\ fdu&fdu oSKkfud {kerkvksa dh o`f)
gksxh\ buds mRrj gh bl in ds vUrxZr fy[ks tk;sxsA la{ksi esa vkidk mn~ns'; Nk= esa mu
{kerkvksa dk fodkl djuk gS tks vki ;gh fu/kkZfjr djsaxsA blfy, ;s vkids mn~ns'; Hkh gSA ikB
;kstuk dh ;g lcls egRoiw.kZ dM+h gSA visf{kr {kerk,a mruh gh fu/kkZfjr dh tk;s ftruh dh ,d
dky[k.M esa iw.kZ dh tk ldsA
leL;k ds :i esa izdj.k dk izLrqrhdj.k &
bl lksiku ds vUrxZr Nk=ksa ds le{k izdj.k dks ,d leL;k ds :i es izLrqr djuk pkfg,
rkfd lh[kus esa vf/kd :fp ysdj vkrqj cus jgsA lkekU;rk iz'u ds :i esa gksrh gS rFkk bls ^^D;k**
'kCn ls izkjaHk dh tkuk pkfg,A
vf/kxe izfrQy &
blh in ls okLrfod f'k{k.k izkjaHk gksxkA blds iwoZ ds lHkh in f'k{k.k dh fn'kk fu/kkZfjr
djus vkSj iwoZ rS;kjh ds gSA bl lksiku ds vUrxZr vkids }kjk fu/kkZfjr dh xbZ visf{kr n{krkvksa esa
ls ,d n{krk yh tkrh gS rFkk mlh ds vuq:i lh[kus dh izf;k r; dh tkrh gSA

23

vf/kxe f;kdyki &

f'k{k.k dk ;g egRoiw.kZ lksiku gSA blds vUrxZr f'k{kd ds funsZ'ku esa Nk= fofHkUu
f;kdyki djrs gS rFkk fu"d"kZ fudkyrs gSA f'k{kd dks visf{kr n{krk ls lacaf/kr vo/kkj.kk dks
Li"V djus ds fy;s Nk=ksa ls ,sls f;kdyki djk, tkus pkfg, ftlls Nk= izdj.k dh vo/kkj.kk
dks vPNh rjg ls le> ldsA blds fy;s f'k{kd Nk=ksa ls dksbZ iz;ksx djk ldrk gSA Nk=ksa dh
lgk;rk ls Lo;a dks iz;ksx dk izn'kZu dj ldrk gSA Nk=ksa dks viuh d{kk ls ckgj ys tkdj rF;ksa
dks le>us esa enn dj ldrk gSA f'k{kd ifjppkZ ;k vkadM+ksa ds ladyu ds fy;s Nk=ksa dks eqDr Hkh
NksM+ ldrk gSA Nk= izR;; dks le> lds blds fy;s n`';&JO; lkexzh dk iz;ksx Hkh fd;k tk
ldrk gSA vf/kxe f;kdyki ds vUrxZr fo|ky;hu iqLrdky; dk mi;ksx Hkh f'k{kd ds ekxZn'kZu
esa Nk= dj ldrs gSA rkRi;Z ;g gS fd Nk= lf; jgdj lh[ks vkSj f'k{kd ekxZn'kZd dh rjg
Nk=ksa dks lh[kus esa lgk;rk djsaA
vf/kxe lkexzh &
blds vUrxZr pkd] MsLVj] ,oa ';keiV ugha vkrs gS D;ksafd ;g rks vfuok;Z lkexzh gSA
f'k{k.k esa vf/kxe lkexzh dk vR;ar egRoiw.kZ LFkku gS] D;ksafd ;g Nk=ksa dh 'kkjhfjd rFkk ekufld
f;kvksa dks mRrsftr djrs gS rFkk f'k{k.k dks jkspd ,oa izHkko'kkyh cukrs gSA 'kSf{kd vuqHkoksa ds
fy; fu/kkZfjr f;kvksa vko';d midj.kksa ,oa vU; lkexzh ds mi;qDr p;u ds lkFk gh muds
;FkkLFkku Bhd&Bhd mi;ksx ij gh ikB dh izHkko'khyrk fuHkZj djrh gSA buds fu/kkZj.k esa Nk=ksa ds
Lrj] izd`fr vkSj euksoSKkfud vko';drkvksa dk izeq[k :i ls /;ku j[kk tkuk pkfg,A izdj.k ls
lacaf/kr vo/kkj.kk dks le>us ds fy;s Nk= f;kdyki djsaxs] blls lacaf/kr lkexzh dk ;gka mYys[k
fd;k tkuk pkfg,A mnkgj.k ds fy;s lkekU;r% fuEu vf/kxe lkexzh dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS &
pkVZ] izR;{k oLrq] fp=] py fp=] LykbM izkstsDVj] Hkze.k vkfnA
';keiV dk;Z &
';keiV ,d mi;ksxh lk/ku gSA bldk mi;ksx vR;ar vko';d gSA izdj.k ls lacaf/kr
fl)kar fcUnq fu"d"kZ vkfn ';keiV dk;Z ds vUrxZr vkrs gSA visf{kr d{kkvksa ls lacaf/kr fo"k; oLrq
';ke iV ij fy[kh tkuh pkfg, rkfd Nk= mls viuh vH;kl iqfLrdk esa vafdr dj ldsA
O;ogkj ifjorZu &
Nk=ksa dh visf{kr {kerkvksa dk varj gh O;ogkj ifjorZu gSA vFkkZr ;fn ikB lekfIr ds
mijkar Nk= esa visf{kr {kerk,a fodflr gks tkrh gS rks ;g miyfC/k O;ogkj ifjorZu ds vUrxZr
vkrh gSA ;g ewY;kadu dh Hkh ekax gSA ;fn O;ogkj ifjorZu vkaf'kd ;k iw.kZr% ugha gksrk gS] rks ;k
24

rks f'k{k.k f;k esa dqN deh gS ;k Nk=ksa dks lh[kus esa dqN ck/kk,a gSA vkidks bu nksuksa i{kksa ij
fopkj djuk pkfg,] bl izdkj ls f'k{k.k ds ckjs es vki Lo;a dqN lh[k ldrs gSA
ewY;kadu &
bl lksiku ds vUrxZr NksVs&NksVs iz'uksa y?kq mRrjh;] fjDr LFkku dh iwfrZ }kjk Nk= dk
ijh{k.k fd;k tkrk gS] rkfd bldk ewY;kadu fd;k tk lds ikB lekfIr ij mlds O;ogkj esa
fdruk ifjorZu gSA
fufnZ"V dk;Z x`g dk;Z &
bl in dk mn~ns'; lh[kh xbZ ckr dks foLrkj nsus vkSj dbZ fofHkUu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa mlds
vuqiz;ksx ls lacaf/kr gSA Nk=ksa dks fufnZ"V dk;Z nsrs le; fofHkUu dfBukbZ Lrj ,oa l`tukRed dk
/;ku j[kk tkuk pkfg,A fufnZ"V dk;Z tks fn;k tk;s bls vxys fnu vo'; ns[kk tk;s rFkk ml ij
ppkZ dh tk,A ckydksa esa foKku fo"k; ds izfr :fp tkx`r djus ds fy;s vfuok;Z gS fd nSfud
thou esa foKku] O;ogkfjd mi;ksx ij vk/kkfjr gksA
foKku f'k{k.k ds fy;s O;ogkfjd lq>ko &
1- cky dsfUnzr mikxe ds fy;s ,sls iz;ksxksa] midj.k rFkk vU; vf/kxe lkexzh dk p;u djuk
pkfg, ftlls ckydksa esa ftKklk cuh jgs rFkk Nk= d{kk esa lf; jgsA
2- nSfud thou ls lacaf/kr ?kVukvksa dks foKku fo"k; ls tksM+uk vfuok;Z gSA tgka rd laHko
gks lds vf/kxe lkexzh dk p;u i;kZoj.k ls gh fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
3- dHkh&dHkh Nk=ksa dks ';keiV ij iz'u gy djus dks Hkh dgk tk,A blls mudk
vkRefo'okl c<+sxkA
4- dHkh&dHkh Nk=ksa dks viuh ftKklk 'kkar djus dk iwjk&iwjk ekSdk fn;k tk;sA
5- fdlh u fdlh :i esa Nk=ksa dh iz'kalk vo'; djuk pkfg,] blls buesa vf/kd :fp ls
fo"k; dks lh[kus dh ftKklk cuh jgrh gSA
6- d{kk esa detksj Nk=ksa ds fy;s mudh vksj fo'ks"k /;ku fn;k tkuk pkfg,A
7- iz;ksx ds le; f'k{kd dks Nk=ksa ds lkFk gh jguk pkfg, vkSjviuk ekxZn'kZu cPpksa dks nsrs
jguk pkfg,A iz;ksx ds le; f'k{kd dh vuqifLFkfr nq?kZVuk dk dkj.k cu ldrh gSA
8- ewY;kadu ds iz'uksa ls Nk=ksa dh miyfC/k ds ekiu dj vius f'k{k.k ls rn~uqlkj lq/kkj fd;k
tkuk pkfg,A

25

ikB & ;kstuk

d{kk

fo"k;

dky [k.M

izdj.k

foKku
ikuh ,d peRdkjh nzo

visf{kr n{krk,a %&

1- ckyd tkusaxs fd tc Bksl inkFkZ ikuh esa ?kqy tkrs gS rks ?kksy cu tkrk gSA
2- ckyd tkusxs fd dqN Bksl inkFkZ ikuh esa ugha ?kqyrs gSA
3- ckyd ;g Hkh tkusxs fd josnkj Bksl inkFkZ ikuh esa 'kh?kz ugha ?kqyrsA
f}rh; pj.k
-

fof/k

f'k{kd f;k

Nk= f;k

';keiV dk;Z
f;k

;g tkuuk fd dqN f'k{kd ckydksa ls lkewfgd :i ls

Bksl inkFkZ ikuh esa ?kqy iz'u dj nzoksa ds izdkj iwNsaxsA iwoZ
tkrs gS] rFkk dqN Bksl Kku ls lacaf/kr iz'u fQj ikuh ds
inkFkZ
?kqyrsA

ikuh

esa

ugha mi;ksxksa ds ckjs esa Nk=ksa ds lEeq[k

;g rF; vkosxk fd ikuh ,d
egRoiw.kZ nzo gSA vc f'k{kd Nk=ksa ls
dgsaxs fd ikuh ds mi;ksx dk ,d
,slk iz;ksx djsaA vc Nk=ksa dks 6
lewgksa esa ckaVdj mudk ukedj.k
lewg ds gh ,d ckyd ds uke ij
djsaxs

fQj

izR;sd

lewg

dks

ckjh&ckjh ls cqykdj muls dgk

tk;sxk

fd

,d&,d

ij[kuyh

lewgokj ysdj mls ikuh esa vk/kh

Hkfj;sA f'k{kd iwoZ ls gh vf/kxe
lkexzh esa n'kkZ;s x;s Bksl inkFkksZa dh
NksVh&NksVh iqfM+;k cuk ysxk] ftlds

26

vanj Bksl dk uke vafdr gSA fQj

lewg ckj Nk= Lo;a ,d&,d iqfM+;k
NkaV ysaxs vkSj f'k{kd ds funsZ'kkuqlkj
Bksl inkFkksZa dks ikuh ls Hkjh
ij[kuyh esa Mkydj mls fgykdj
?kksysaxsA dqN Nk=ksa dks viuk Bksl
inkFkZ ?kksyus dks dgsaxs] fdUrq mudk
Bksl inkFkZ ugha ?kqysxkA ftl lewg
dk Bksl inkFkZ ?kqy tk;sxk] mlls
f'k{kd iz'u djsaxs fd vkidk Bksl
inkFkZ dgka x;k rks ckyd dgsaxs
^^ikuh esa fey x;k ;k xk;c gks
x;k**

ftlls f'k{kd

?kksy dh

ladYiuk djsaxsA vc f'k{kd ckydksa

ls dgsaxs fd os vius&vius fu"d"kZ
';keiV ij cuh lkj.kh esa vafdr
djsaA
2

;g tkuuk fd ;fn vPNk cPpksa vc ,d nwljk iz;ksx

inkFkZ jos :i esa gks rks djsaA
'kh?kz ugha ?kqyrkA

f'k{kd ij of.kZr iz;ksx dh rjg

N% lewgksa esa vf/kxe lkexzh okys
dkWye esa vafdr inkFkksZa dh N%
iqfM+;k rFkk ikuh ls Hkjh N% ij[k
uyh lewgksa esa forfjr djsaxs rFkk
Bksl dks mijksDr lewgksa esa ij
crk, vuqlkj ?kksyus dks dgsaxsA tSls
gh f'k{kd ;g ns[ksaxs fd filk gqvk
inkFkZ ?kqy jgk gS Nk=ksa dks inkFkZ
?kksyus ls jksd nsaxsA iqu% mu Nk=ksa
ls inkFkZ ?kksyus dks dgasxsA ftuds
inkFkZ ?kksyus dks dgasxsA ftuds

27

inkFkZ ?kqy ugha gSA ;g izf;k rc

rd pysxh] tc rd fd Bksl inkFkZ
?kqy ugha tk;sxkA f'k{kd Nk=ksa ls
vius&vius fu"d"kZ ';keiV ij cuh
lkj.kh esa vafdr djus dks dgsaxsA
iz;ksx
-

fooj.k

inkFkZ dk uke
?kqy x;k@ugha ?kqyk
fialh 'kDdj

ikuh esa feykus ij

lewg dk
uke
jke

?kqy x;k

inkFkZ ikuh
ikuh esa gS
?kqyu'khy@v?kqyu'khy
?kqyu'khy

jghe

dks;yk

ugha ?kqyk

v?kqyu'khy

';ke

jsr

ugha ?kqyk

v?kqyu'khy

tkWu

filk ued

?kqy x;k

?kqyu'khy

euthr

laxejej

ugha ?kqyk

v?kqyu'khy

y{eh

iksVsf'k;e ijeSxusV

?kqy x;k

?kqyu'khy

tc inkFkZ ikuh esa xk;c gks tkrk gS rc bls Bksl inkFkZ dk ikuh esa ?kksy dgrs gSA
lkj.kh iz;ksx&2
-

inkFkZ dk uke

lewg dk
uke
jke

fialh 'kDdj

nsj ls ?kqyk@ 'kh?kz

?kqyk
'kh?kz ?kqyk

fu"d"kZ
;fn inkFkZ jos :i esa gks

jghe

ued ds jos

nsj ls ?kqyk

rks og ikuh esa dqN nsj ls

';ke

filk ued

'kh?kz ?kqyk

?kqyrk gSA

tkWu

'kDdj ds jos

nsj ls ?kqyk

euthr

filh fQVdjh

'kh?kz ?kqyk

y{eh

fQVdjh ds jos

nsj ls ?kqyk

r`rh; pj.k
1- Nk= esa ;kaf=d {kerk] l`tukRed {kerk ,oa iz;ksx djus ds dkS'ky dk izknqHkkZo gqvk gSA
2- Nk= ?kksy] ?kqyu'khy ,oa v?kqyu'khy inkFkksZa dks tku x;s gSA
3- Nk= tku x;s gS fd josnkj Bksl ikuh esa 'kh?kz ugha ?kqyrs gSA

28

iz'u 1- ?kksy fdl izdkj curk gS\

iz'u 2- dks;yk ikuh esa ugha ?kqyrk] vr% ;g inkFkZ ikuh esa------------------------gSA
?kqyu'khy@v?kqyu'khy
iz'u 3- 'kDdj ikuh esa ?kqy tkrh gS vr% ;g inkFkZ ikuh esa ----------------------gSA
?kqyu'khy@v?kqyu'khy
iz'u 4- dkSu lk Bksl inkFkZ ikuh esa v?kqyu'khy gS&
v 'kDdj c ydM+h dk cqjknk l fQVdjh

fufnZ"V
"V dk;Z%&
1- dkap ds nks fxykl ysdj ,d esa BaMk ikuh rFkk nwljs esa xeZ ikuh cjkcj ek=k esa Mkyksa
muesa cjkcj ek=k esa filk ued feykvksA ns[kksa fd fdl fxykl esa ued tYnh ?kqykA
2- nks dkap ds fxykl esa cjkcj ek=k esa ikuh rFkk 'kDdj ysdj ,d fxykl ds ikuh dk
pEep ls fgykvks rFkk nwljs dks er fgykvksaA ns[kks fd fdl fxykl esa 'kDdj 'kh?kz ?kqyrh
gSA

29

ikB ;kstuk
lkekftd foKku
vo/kkj.k f'k{k.k i)fr ,oa lgk;d lkexzh
euq"; ,d ,slk izk.kh gS ftlesa ifjos'k ds lkFk vius vki dks<kyus o mls vius vuqdwy
cuk ysus dh {kerk gSA bfrgkl bl ckr dk lk{kh gS fd fujh{k.k vuqdj.k dYiuk'khyrk o
l`tukRed {kerkvksa ds lgkjs vius ifjos'k dks vf/kd vuqdwy cuk;k gSA okrkoj.k lkSj tkZ ty
fo|qr vkfn bud dqy mnkgj.k gSA
izkFkfed ,oa iwoZ ek/;fed Lrj ij lkekftd foKku f'k{k.k dk mn~ns'; ckydksa dks muds
uSfrd lkekftd ,oa LkkaLd`frd ifjos'k ls ifjfpr djkuk gSA
lkekftd foKku] bfrgkl] Hkwxksy] ukxfjd 'kkL= o vFkZ'kkL= dk lfEeJ.k ek= ugha gSA
oLrqr% ;g ,sfrgkfld HkkSxksfyd] jktuSfrd] vkfFkZd] lkekftd o lkaLd`frd laca/kksa o var% laca/kks
dk v/;;u gSA blds v/;kiu ls ekuo dks dsUnz ekudj fo"k; oLrq dh tkudkjh nsuk lcls
egRoiw.kZ ckr gSA mnkgj.k ds fy;s unh dk ikB i<+krs le; unh ds mn~xe mldh yackbZ mlls
feyus okyh lgk;d ufn;ka o og fdl leqnz esa fxjrh gS] ds ckjs esa tkudkjh nsuk i;kZIr ugha
gksxkA ;g tkudkjh ds lkFk ekuo ds fodkl esa unh ds ;ksxnku tSls& mitk eSnku dk fuekZ.k]
flapkbZ ty fo|qr o ukSdk pkyu ds fy;s mudh mi;ksfxrk mldk /kkfeZd o lkaLd`frd egRo
mlds fduk cls /kkfeZd ,sfrgkfld o vkS|ksfxd uxj vkfn ckrksa dk o.kZu djuk vf/kd vko';d o
egRoiw.kZ gSA
lkekftd foKku fo"k; ds v/;kiu }kjk ckyd ds eu esa lkekftd laosnuk lkekftd U;k;
jk"Vh; ,drk lfg".kqrk /keZ fujis{k o iztkra= ds izfr vkLFkk ds Hkko tkxzr djus d iz;kl fd;s
tkus pkfg, vkSj bl gsrq fo|ky; vkSj LFkkuh; lekt dks lkekftd iz;ksx'kkyk le>dj lkekftd
foKku dks lkFkZd :i ls i<+k;k tkuk pkfg,A
fo"k; dh f'k{k.k fof/k ds :i esa voyksdu [kkst fo'ys"k.k o Lok/;k; fof/k ij tksj fn;k
tkuk pkfg,A blls ckyd esa rdZ 'kfDr dk fodkl gksdj fo'ys"k.kkRed ,oa la'ys"k.kkRed n`f"V dk
fodkl gksxkA
lkekftd foKku ds f'k{k.k esa lgk;d lkexzh dk fo'ks"k egRo gSA v/;kiu dks :fpiw.kZ
vkSj izHkkoh cukus ds fy;s ekufp=] ekWMYl vkfn dk mi;ksx vko';d gSA buds vHkko esa f'k{kd
';keiV ij js[kkadu }kjk fp= cukdj vius f'k{k.k dk ltho jkspd cuk ldrk gSA
lkekftd foKku dh ikB ;kstuk cukrs le; buds lkekU; fof'k"V mn~ns'; dk /;ku
j[kuk vko';d gSA vr% mldk lekos'k cM+h dq'kyrk ls gksuk pkfg,A

30

lkekftd foKku f'k{k.k ds mn~ns'; %&

1-

lkekftd foKku f'k{k.k dk egRoiw.kZ mn~ns'; ckydksa dks viuh HkkSxksfyd] ,sfrgkfld
lkekftd vkfFkZd rFkk lkaLd`frd ifjos'k d vrhr vkSj orZeku dk Kku djkuk gSA

2-

izHkkodkjh f'k{k.k }kjk ckydksa dks lkekftd] vkfFkZd rFkk jktuSfrd laLFkkvksa ds ek/;e ls
tuthou dh xfrfof/k;ksa ls ifjfpr djkukA

3-

euq"; ds lkekftd laca/kksa o lkekftd ewY;ksa ds izfr ckydksa esa LoLFk n`f"Vkdks.k fodflr
djukA

4-

ckydks dks Hkkjr dh laLd`fr ls ifjfpr djkdj lekt esa O;kIr vokafNr n`f"Vdks.k
va/kfo'oklksa rFkk gkfudkjd :f<+;ks dks R;kxus dh eukso`fRr mRiUu djukA

5-

/keZ&fujis{k ekuorkokn lektoknh lekt dh jpuk rkfd iztkrkaf=d ewY;ksa o vkn'kksZa dks
viukus dh o`fRr tkx`r djukA

6-

vrhr dh ?kVukvksa ls ifjizs{; esa ckyd orZeku ifjfLFkfr;ksa o leL;kvksa dks le> lds
,slh n`f"V fodflr djukA

7-

iztkrkaf=d iz.kkyh dh lQyrk ds fy;s muesa vPNs ukxfjd ds xq.kksa dk fodkl djukA

8-

iwoZxzLrrk ls ijs j[kdj 'kkafriw.kZ <ax ls leL;kvksa dks lqy>kus dh vfHko`fRr fodflr
djukA

9-

lkekftd fodkl ds dk;ksZa esa feytqydj lf; ;ksxnku nsus ds volj iznku djukA

10-

ckydksa esa vius i;kZoj.k dks le>us dh ;ksX;rk fodflr djukA

11-

euq"; thou ij iM+us okys HkkSxksfyd o i;kZo.khZ; izHkko dh tkudkjh nsukA

12-

izd`fr esa fuR; izfr gksus okyh ?kVukvksa dks tkuus o muds izfr oSKkfud n`f"Vdks.k viukus
dh :fp mRiUu djukA

13-

ckydksa esa dYiuk ,oa rkfdZd 'kfDr dk fodkl djukA

14-

fo'o ca/kqRo dh Hkkouk fodflr djukA

lkekftd foKku ikB ;kstuk]

tuk] izk:i o funsZ'k &
visf{kr n{krk,a %&
mijksDr funsZ'kkuqlkj o oxhZdj.kkuqlkj lkekU; mn~ns';ksa dks KkukRed] dkS'kykRed o
vfHk:fp;kRed i{kksa esa ckaVk tkosA lkekU; mn~ns'; fo"k; ls lacaf/kr gksA
bUgsa Hkh lkekU; mn~ns'; dh rjg fofHkUu Jsf.k;ksa esa Kku dkS'ky o vfHk:fp ckaVk tk
ldrk gSA

31

{kerk,%&
bl pj.k esa Nk=ksa dh izLrqr izdj.k ls lacf/kr gksus okyh iw.kZ tkudkfj;ka] f;kdykiksa]
dkS'kyksa rFkk :fp;ksa vkfn dks e'k% ys[kkc) fd;k tkrk gSA fof'k"V mn~ns';ksa dh izkfIr gsrq muls
izLrkouk ds vUrxZr iz'u iwNs Hkh tk lds o mUgsa mRiszfjr fd;k tk ldsA

vf/kxe lkexzh lh[kus gsrq lkexzh ;k vf/kxe lkexzh %&

O;wg jpuk %&
izLrkoukRed iz'uksa dk mn~ns'; ckydksa ds iwoZ Kku dks ckydksa dh psruk esa ykdj iwoZ ds
Kku ,oa uohu Kku ds e/;LFk laca/k LFkkfir djuk gSA bl izdkj ds iz'uksa ds }kjk uohu Kku
ckyd ds fy;s ljy gks tkrk gSA uohu Kku dh izkfIr gsrq ckydksa esa mRlqdrk tkx`r gksrh gSA bl
izdkj ds iz'u orZeku izdj.k esa lacaf/kr ckyd ds iwoZ Kku ls laca) gksuk pkfg,A blds vfrfjDr
;g Hkh mi;qDr ppkZ] f;kdykiksa] mnkgj.k ekWMy pkVZ] uD'kk vkfn ds ek/;e ls Hkh fd;k tk
ldrk gSA izLrko ;k vfHkizsj.k ds iz'u LokHkkfod eokj o uohu fo"k;oLrq dks tkus gsrq ftKklk
txkus okys gksus pkfg,A
f}rh; pj.k
v/;;u fcUnq

v/;kid f;k

Nk= f;k

';keiV dk;Z

'kh"kZd mi 'kh"kZd esa fof'k"V mn~ns';ksa dh Nk=ksa }kjk nh tkus 1 fo"k; oLrq dks Li"V
foHkkftr gksA

izkfIr dks /;ku esa j[krs okyh

leLr djus okys fp= js[kk

gq, f'k{kd }kjk fd;s xfrfof/k;ka] mRrj vkfn fp= vkfnA

tkus

okys

f;kdyki

leLr dks eokj bl [kaM ds 2 eq[; rFkk mi fcUnq

iz'u

o varxZr fy[ksaA

eokj fy[ksaA

fo"k; oLrq dk mYys[k

bl [k.M ls djsaA
r`rh; pj.k %&
izLrqr fo"k;oLrq esa ;fn dksbZ D;ksa\ ls lacaf/kr iz'u gks rks mudk cks/k Nk=ksa dks Li"Vr;k
gqvk gS ;k ugha bl gsrq cks/kkRed iz'u iwNs tk ldrs gSA tSls Hkkjr o vesfjdk esa fnu jkr dk
varj D;ksa gS\
bl lksiku ds vUrxZr izLrqrhdj.k esa ifBr leLr fo"k;OkLrq ds vf/kxe dh tkap gsrq os
visf{kr izfrQy fdl lhek rd izkIr gks lds] bldh tkap iz'uksa o f;kdykiksa }kjk dh tkrh gSA

32

Nk=ksa ls izkIr mRrjksa dks ';keiV ij lkjka'k ds :i esa fy[kdj Nk=ksa dks uksVcqd esa mrkjus gsrq
funsZf'kr fd;k tkrk gSA bl lksiku esa fuEu fcUnqvksa dk /;ku j[kuk vko';d gSA
1-

Pin Pointed uqdyh iz'u ds ek/;eksa ls laf{kIr ,oa fcUnqokj :i esa Hkh laiw.kZ fo"k; oLrq

dh iquko`fRr gks tkuk pkfg,A

2-

izR;sd iz'u fo"k; oLrq ds fcUnq ls ec) o lacaf/kr gksA

3-

laiw.kZ fo"k; oLrq dk lkj vko';d gSA

4-

ikB ;kstuk cukrs le; iqujko`fRr esa igys ';keiV lkjka'k ec) :i esa fy[ksA rRi'pkr
ml fo"k;oLrq dks Nk=ksa ls fudkyokus gsrq fof/k ;k iz'u fuf'pr fd;s tkos ,oa ikB i<+krs
le; igys iz'u iwNs tkos rRi'pkr Nk=ksa ls izkIr mRrjksa ds vk/kkj ij mijksDr
funsZ'kkuqlkj lkjka'k rS;kj fd;k tkosA

fufnZ"V dk;Z %&

izkIr Kku ds n`<+hdj.k gsrq bl lksiku dk fo'ks"k egRo gSA bl lkSiku esa fuEu ckrksa dk
/;ku j[kk tkos%&
1-

cgqr foLr`r u gks] laf{kIr gks rkfd mlh dky[k.M esa 5&7 fefuV esa iw.kZ gks ldsA x`g
dk;Z dqN foLr`r gks ldrk gSA

2-

O;ogkfjd gksA

3-

Lok/;k; gsrq izsfjr djsaA

4-

lkekU;r% fuEu izdkj ds dk;Z djkos tkosaA

1- iz'u& oLrqfu"B iz'u y?kq mRrjh; iz'uA
2- ekufp= dk;ZA
3- fjDr LFkku iwfrZA
4- f'k{kd }kjk x`gdk;Z ;k d{kk dk;Z jksy vi cksMZ ij ?kj ls fy[kdj ys tkos rkfd
le; dh cpr gksA
5- d{kk dk;Z ds leLr f'k{kd ?kwe&?kwedj Nk=ksa ds dk;Z dk voyksdu o =qfV la'kks/ku
djrk pyk tkosA

uksV%& /;ku j[ks mijksDr izk:i esa 1 ls 4 rd ds lksiku rd ikB ;kstuk fuekZ.k esa mYys[k dj
ikB i<+krs le; mi;ksx o mn~ns'; dks izkIr djuk gS] fdUrq ikB i<+krs le; mijksDr mn~ns';ksa dks
izkIr djus gsrq vfHkizsj.k izLrkouk ls ikB izkjaHk djuk gSA

33

vknkZ ikB ;kstuk

fnukad &
o"kZ
fo"k; & bfrgkl
izdj.k & vkksd ekS;Z lekt
feuV
lkekU;
1234567fofk"V
1234-

d{kk & Mh-,M- f}rh;

dkykak &
vof/k &

45

mn~ns; %&
bfrgkl fo"k; ds izfr okLrfod :fp tkx`r djukA
,sfrgkfld ?kVukvksa] rF;ksa] fopkjksa] O;fDr;ksa rFkk lkexzh dk Kku djkukA
Nk=ksa esa ,sfrgkfld rF;ksa dh rqyuk djus dh ;ksX;rk rFkk {kerk fodflr
djukA
Nk=ksa esa ekWMy] pkVZ] le; js[kk ?kVukjs[kk vkfn cukus ds dkSky fodflr
djukA
vrhr ds vk/kkj ij orZeku dks tkuus dh {kerk dk fodkl djukA
jk"Vh;rk rFkk vUrjkZ"Vh;rk ds izfr Lo:i n`f"Vdks.k dk fodkl djukA
vkykspukRed fparu fodflr djukA
mn~ns; %&
lezkV vkksd ds thou ls lacaf/kr ?kVukvksa ds ckjsa esa crk ldsaxsA
Nk=] vkksd ds lkezkT; foLrkj ds {ks=ksa dks Li"V dj ldsaxsA
Nk= vkksd ds vfHkys[kks dh tkudkjh ns ldaasxsA
Nk=] vkksd ds egku 'kkld D;ksa dgk tkrk gS] crkbZ;saA

lgk;d lkexzh & lezkV vkksd dk fp=] ekufp= vkksd ds le; dk

iw.kZKku %& Nk=] ekS;Z lkxzkT; ds ckjs esa fiNyh d{kkvksa esa i<+ pqds gSA
izLrkouk %&
f'k{k.k fcanq v/;kid f;k
Nk=f;k
mRrkf/kdk v'kksd panzxqIr ekS;Z dk ikS= rFkk Nk= /;ku iwoZd lqusaxsA
j
;q) fcanqlkj dk iq= FkkA tSu vuqJqfr ds
vuqlkj vkksd us fcanqlkj dh bPNk
rFkk
jkT;kfHk"ks ds fo:) ex/k ds 'kklu ij vf/kdkj
dj fy;k FkkA flagyh vuqJqfr ds
d

';keiV~V dk;Z
v'kksd panxqIr ekS;Z
dk ikS= rFkk fcanqlkj
dk iq= FkkA

34

v'kksd
dk
lkezkT;
foLrkj

vuqlkj vkksd us vius 99 Hkkb;ksa dh

gR;k djds flagklu izkIr fd;kA
lRrk izkfIr ds fy, x`g;q) esa vius
Hkkb;ksa dk o/k djds gh vkksd
lkezkT; ij vf/kdkj dj ldkA ;g
x`g;q) pkj o"kZ rd pyrk jgk]
blhfy, vkksd dk okLrfod
jkT;kfHk"ksd 269 bZ-iw- esa gqvk gkykafd
mlus 273 bZ-iw- gh lRrk ij dCtk
dj fy;k FkkA
cks/k izu %&
izu& vkksd us fdrus Hkkb;ksa dh
gR;k djds flagklu izkIr fd;k
Fkk\
izu& mRrjkf/kdkj ;q) fdrus o"kZ
pyk\
izu&
vkksd
dk
okLrfod
jkT;kfHk"ksd dc gqvk\
v/;kid dFku %&
ekufp= iznfkZr djrs gq,
jkT;kfHk"ksd ds lkr o"kZ ckn vkksd us
dehj rFkk [kksrku ds vusd {ks=ksa dks
vius lkezkT; esa feyk;kA mlds le;
esa izkphu Hkkjr ds lokZf/kd fokky
ekS;Z lkezkT; esa rfey iznsk ds
vfrfjDr
lewpk
Hkkjr
vkSj
vQxkfUkLrku dk dkQh cM+k Hkkx
'kkfey FkkA
261 bZ-iw- esa vkksd us dfyax ij
vke.k fd;k] ftlessa 1 yk[k yksx
ekjs x;s vkSj ,d yk[k ipkl gtkj
yksx canh cuk;s x;sA bl O;kid
ujlagkj us vkksd dks fopfyr dj
fn;k] Qyr% mlus 'kL= R;kx dh

mRrj& 99 HkkbZ;ks dh
mRrj& pkj o"kZ
mRrj& 269 bZ-iw-

Nk= /;kuiwoZd lqusaxs ,oa 1- 261 bZ-iw- esa vkksd

us dfyax fot; dh
fy[kssaxsA
FkhA
2dfyax
dh
jkt/kkuh /kkSyh ;k
rksalyh cuk;h x;hA

mRrj&
[kksrku

dehj ,oa

35

?kks"k.kk dj nhA ex/k lkezkT; ds

varxZr dfyax dh jkt/kkuh /kkSyh ;k
rkSlkyh cuk;h x;hA vkksd us ckS)
/keZ Lohdkj dj fy;kA
cks/k izu%&
izu& vkksd us jkT;kfHk"ksd ds lkrosa
o"kZ fdu {ks=ksa dks vius
v'kksd
lkezkt; esa feyk;k\
dh /kEe
izu& vkksd us dfyax ij dc
vke.k fd;k\
izu& dfyax ;q) ds ckn vkksd
fdl /keZ dk vuq;k;h cu
x;k\
v/;kid dFku&
ckS) /keZ ds erkuq;k;h gksus ds igys
vkksd czke.k erkuq;k;h FkkA vkksd
us euq"; dh uSfrd mUufr gsrq ftu
vknkksZ dk izfriknu fd;k] mUgsa /kEe
dgk x;kA vkksd ds /keZ dh ifjHkk"kk
nwljs rFkk lkrosa LrEHk ys[k esa nh
x;h gSA ikideZ ls fuo`fRr]
foodY;k.k] n;knku] lR; ,oa
deZ;qf) gh /kEe gSA lk/kq&LoHkko]
dY;k.kdkjh dk;Zdjuk] ikijfgr gksuk]
n;knku] O;ogkj esa e`nqrk] 'kqfprk]
izkf.k;ksa dk o/k u djuk] ekrk&firk o
vU; cM+ks dh vkKk ekuuk] xq:tuksa
dss izfr vknj] fe=ksa] ifjfprksa] lacaf/k;ksa
czkge.kksa Je.kksa ds izfr nkukhyrk o
v'kksd
dh /kEe mfpr O;ogkj vkksd }kjk izfrikfnr
/kEeikyu dh vko;d 'krZ gSA
;k=k
;g foKfIr tkjh dh x;h fd fdlh
Hkh ;K ds fy, i'kqvksa dk o/k u fd;k
tk,sA

mRrj& 261 bZ-iw- esa

mRrj& ckS) /keZ dk

Nk= /;kuiwoZd lqusaxsA

v'kksd us euq"; dh
uSfrd mUufr gsrq
ftu vknkksZ dk
izfriknu fd;k mUgsa
/kEe dgk x;kA

Nk= /;kuiwoZd lqudj

fy[ksaxsA

mRrj& nwljs ,oa lkrosaA

mRrj& fdlh Hkh ;K ds
fy, i'kqvksa dk o/k u
fd;k tk,A
mRrj&
ikideZ
ls
fuo`fRr foo dY;.k]
n;knku] lR; ,oa deZ
'kqf) gh /kEe gSA

36

cks/k izu %&

izu& vkksd us /keZ dh ifjHkk"kk
fdl LrEHk ys[k esas nh gS\
izu& vkksd us foKfIr esa D;k tkjh
fd;k\
v'kksd ds izu& vkksd ds /kEe D;k gS\
vfHkys[k v/;kid dFku& vkksd ls iwoZ
fogkj ;k=k;sa dh tkrh Fkh] ftlesa
jktk eukasjtukFkZ i'kqvksa dk fkdkj
djrs FksA vkksd us blds LFkku ij
/kEe ;=k dk izko/ku fd;k] ftlesa
ckS) LFkkuksa dh ;k=k rFkk czkge.ksa]
Je.kks o o`)ks dks Lo.kZnku fn;k tkrk
FkkA
izu& vkksd us fogkj ;k=kvksa dh
txg dkSu lh ;k=k;sa 'kq: dh\
1- fkyk
izu& /kEe ;k=k esa Lo.kZnku fdldks
ys[k
fn;k tkrk Fkk\
v/;kid dFku& vkksd ,slk izFke
'kkld Fkk] ftlus vfHkys[kksa ds ek/;e
2y?kq ls iztk dks lEcksf/kr fd;kA vkksd ds
vfHkys[k vf/kdkakr% czkkhfyfi esa
fkyk
fy[ks x;s gSA ysfdu dqN vfHkys[kksa esa
ys[k
[kjks"Bh fyfi o vkjesbd fyfi dk Hkh
iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA
loZizFke 1837 bZ- esa tsEl fizlsi
uked fo}ku us vkksd ds vfHkys[kksa
dks i<+us esa lQyrk gkfly dh FkhA
vkksd ds vfHkys[kksa dks pkj Hkkxksa esa
foHkkftr fd;k x;k gSA fkyk&ys[k
14 fofHkUu ys[kksa dk ,d lewg gS tks
vkB fHkUu&fHkUu LFkkuksa ls izkIr fd;s
x;s gSA 'kkgtgka x<h] ekulsgjk]
dkylh] fxlkj] /kkSyh] tkSx<] ,jZdqfM]

mRrj& /kEe ;k=kA

mRrj& czke.kksa] Je.kksa
o o`)ks dksA
v'kksd ds vf/kdkakr%
vfHkys[k czkkhfyfi esa
fy[ks x;s gSA

Nk= /;kuiwoZd lqusaxsA

v'kksd ds vf/kHkys[kksa
dk
foHkktu
fuEufyf[kr oxksZ esa
fd;k tk ldtk gS
%&
1- fkykys[k
2- y?kqfkykys[k
3- LrEHk ys[k
4- y?kqLRkaHkys[k

mRrj& tsEl fizlsai

mRrj& czkehfyfi
mRrj& pkSng
mRrj&
fkykys[k]
y?kqfkykys[k LraHkys[k]
xqgkys[kA

37

3- LrEHk
ys[k

4y?kq
LraHk ys[k

v'kksd
dks egku
'kkld
D;ksa dgk
tkrk gSA

lksijk] LFkkuksa ls feys gSA

y?kq fkykys[k pkSng fkykys[kksa ds
eq[; oxZ esa lfEefyr ugh gSvksj bl
dkj.k mUgsa] y|q fkykys[k dgk x;k
gSA ;s :iukFk] xqtjkZ] lklkjke] Hkzcw]
ekLdh] czkkfxjh] fla)iwj] tfVax
jkesoj]
,jZuqfn
xksfoUner]
ikyfdxq.Mq] jktqyeaM fxjh vgjkSjk
vkfn LFkkuksa ls feys gSA
izu& loZizFke vkksd ds vfHkys[kksa
dks i<+us esa fdlus lQyrk
izkIr dh\
izu& vkksd ds vfHkys[kksa dks
vf/kdkakr% fdl fyfi esa fy[kk
x;k gS\
izu& vkksd ds fkykys[k fdrusgS\
izu& vkksd ds vfHkys[kksa dks pkj
fdu&fdu Hkkxksa esa ckaVk x;k
gSa\
izu&
vkksd
ds
fkykys[k
fdu&fdu LFkkuksa ls izkIr gq,
gS\
v/;kid dFku& LrEHk ys[kksa dh
la[;k lkr gS tks N% fHkUu&fHkUUk
LFkkuksa esa ik"kk.k LrEHkksa ij mRdh.kZ
ik;s x;s gSaA fnYyh Vksijk] esjB]
ykSfj;k] vjjkt] ySfj;k uanu x<]
jk;iq[kk ,oa iz;kx esa fLFkr gSaA
vkksd dh jktdh; ?kks"kk.kk;sa ftu
LraHkks Ikj mRdh.kZ gS] mUgas lk/kkj.k rkSj
ls y?kq LraHk ys[k dgk tkrk gSA ;s
lkaph] lkjukFk] dkSkEch] :fEeusnbZ o
fuXyhok LFkkuksa ls feys gSA
cks/kizu&

mRrj&
'kkgoktx<h]
ekulsgjk dkylh fxlkj]
/kkSyh vkfnA

1- LrEHk ys[kks dh
Nk= /;kuiwoZd lqudj la[;k lkr gSA
fy[ksaxsA
2vkksd
dh
jktdh;
?kks"kk.kk;sa
ftu
LraHkks
ij
mRdh.kZ
gS
mUgsa
y?kqLraHk ys[k dgk
mRrj& lkRkA
x;k gSA
mRrj& fnYyh] esjB]
ykSfj;k] vjjkt] jkeiq[kk
vkfn LFkkuksa ls izkIr gq,
gSaA
mRrj& y?kqLrEHk ys[k

Nk= /;kuiwoZd lqusaxsA

v'kksd us ,d foKfIr
ds ek/;e ls i'kqvksa
dk o/k djus ij
izfrca/k yxk fn;kA

38

izu& vkksd ds LraHk ys[kksa dh mRrj& vfHkys[kksa }kjkA

la[;k fdruh gS\
izu&
vkksd
ds
LrEHkys[k mRrj& ckS)/keZ ds izpkj
fdu&fdu LFkkuksa ls izkIr gq, ds fy;sA
gS\
izu& vkksd dh jktdh; ?kks"k.kk;sa
ftu LraHkks ij mRdh.kZ gS] mUgsa
D;k dgk x; gS\
v/;kid dFku& vkksd foo
bfrgkl esa egkure lezkVksa esa LFkku
j[krk gSA og Hkkjr dk izFke 'kkld
Fkk] ftlus ;q) fot; dh uhfr dks
R;kxdj /keZ fot; dh uhfr dks
viuk;kA izFke 'kkld Fkk] ftlus
vfHkys[kksa ds ek/;e ls viuh iztk dks
lacksf/kr fd;kA
vkksd u dsoy ekuo oju lHkh ds
izfr mnkjrk dk n`f"Vdks.k j[krk FkkA
mlus ;K ds fy, Hkh i'kqvksa dk o/k
djus ij izfrca/k yxk fn;kA panzxqIr
ekS;Z }kjk Hkkjr dks ,d jktuhfrd
lw= esa cka/kus ds iz;Ru dks vkksd us
iw.kZ fd;kA mlus ckS) /keZ ds
izpkj&izlkj ds fy;s vius iq=&iq=h
dks Jhyadk rd HkstkA
izu& vkksd us iztk dks fdl
ek/;e ls lacksf/kr fd;k\
izu& vkksd us vius iq=&iq=h dks
fdls fy, Jhyadk Hkstk\
iqujko`fRr izu %&
izu& vkksd ds fkykys[kksa dks fdrus Hkkxksa esa ckaVk x;k gS\
izu& vkksd dk jkT;kfHk"ksd dc gqvk\
izu& vkksd ds ^/kEe* ds ckjs esa crykb;s\
izu& vkksd egku lezkV D;ksa dgykrk gS\

39

izu& vkksd dh /kEe ;k=k ds ckjs esa crykb;s\

40

ewY;kadu izu%&
fuEufyf[kr fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ dhft;s %&
1loZizFke 1837 bZ- esa ---------uked fo}ku us vkksd ds vfHkys[kksa dks i<+us esa
lQyrk gkfly dh FkhA
2vkksd ds vfHkys[k vf/kdkkar%------------fyfi esa fy[ks x;s gSA
3vkksd us ;q) fot; uhfr dks R;kxdj---------------dks viuk;kA
4------------esa vkksd us dfyax ij vke.k fd;kA
v'kksd dk okLrfod jkT;kfHk"ksd ------------esa gqvk FkkA
56jkT;kfHk"ksd ds lkr o"kZ ckn vkksd us -----------rFkk-------------ds vuasd {ks=ksa dks
vius lkezkT; esa feyk fy;kA
x`g dk;Z %&
izu& vkksd }kjk dh xbZ dfyax fot; ij laf{kIr fVi..kh fy[kdj ykbZ;sA

41