Litologia

J1
GEOLOGIA :
Jaime Surez Daz
LITOLOGA
erosion.com.co
Las caractersticas geolgicas determinan el relieve, y el

relieve es el resultado de la tectnica, la erosin
y los deslizamientos.
CADA FORMACIN GEOLOGICA

EN UN AREA DETERMINADA
POSEE UNAS DETERMINADAS
PROPIEDADES GEOTECNICAS
EN TODA OBRA CIVIL
ELABOR : JAIME SUAREZ DIAZ
LA GEOLOGIA ES DETERMINANTE
Desde el punto de vista litolgico los materiales se

clasifican de acuerdo a su gnesis o formacin
diferencindose dos grupos de materiales diversos
que son:
La roca
El suelo
CLASIFICACIN GENERAL DE INGENIERA DE LOS DIVERSOS

MATERIALES LITOLGICOS.
TIPO DE
MATERIAL
FORMACIN
CARACTERSTICAS
DETALLES PRIORITARIOS
IGNEA
METAMRFICA
ROCAS
FORMADAS
CRISTALES DE MINERALES
SEDIMENTARIA (DEBE
DEFINIRSE EL TIPO DE
ROCA EN LA FORMA
MS
DETALLADA
POSIBLE).
ROCAS FORMADAS POR GRANOS

CEMENTADOS, DEPOSITADOS EN
CAPAS.
PLANOS DE ESTRATIFICACIN.
ROCA
METEORIZADA
(SAPROLITO)
IGNEA
METAMRFICA
SEDIMENTARIA
PERMANECEN ALGUNOS RASGOS

DE LA ROCA PERO STA SE
ENCUENTRA DESCOMPUESTA, EN
LAS DISCONTINUIDADES.
ESTRUCTURA GEOLGICA
DISCONTINUIDADES
ESTADO DE METEORIZACIN.
SUELO
RESIDUAL
ROCA METEORIZADA EN LA CUAL

YA
NO
APARECEN
LAS
CARACTERSTICAS FSICAS DE
LA ROCA.
ESTRUCTURA GEOLGICA.
DISCONTINUIDADES.
PROPIEDADES FISICOQUMICAS.
ALUVIAL
COLUVIAL.
GLACIAL
LOESS
GRUPOS DE PARTCULAS
BLOQUES DE SUELO O ROCA.
PROPIEDADES FSICAS.
ROCA,
ROCA
METEORIZADA, SUELO.
MEZCLA
DE
MATERIALES EN
PERFIL.
ROCA
MATERIALES
HETEROGNEOS
POR
DIVERSOS
UN MISMO
FRACTURAS.
DISCONTINUIDADES.
METEORIZACIN.
PROPIEDADES FISICOQUMICAS.
http://www.volcanoworld.org/vwdocs/vwlessons/lessons
GRUPOS LITOLOGICOS
ROCAS VOLCANICAS
ROCAS SEDIMENTARIAS
ROCAS METAMORFICAS
ROCAS IGNEAS INTRUSIVAS
ROCAS IGNEAS INTRUSIVAS
- PRODUCTO DE ENFRIAMIENTO DEL MAGMA ANTES DE AFLORAR A LA

SUPERFICIE
- FORMAN 98% DEL VOLUMEN DE LA CORTEZA TERRESTRE
- ESTAN FORMADOS POR CRISTALES CON UNIONES MUY FUERTES

- MICROESTRUCTURA DESORDENADA E ISOTROPICA
- EN ESTADO NATURAL SON MUY DENSAS Y DURAS
- AL FRACTURARSE Y METEORIZARSE SON BLANDAS Y DEBILES
- COMPORTAMIENTO CONTROLADO POR LA ESTRUCTURA
PRINCIPALES ROCAS IGNEAS INTRUSIVAS
DIORITA
GABRO
DOLERITA (BAJO CONTENIDO DE CUARZO)
GRANITO (ALTO CONTENIDO DE CUARZO)
SECCION DELGADA DE
GRANITO VISTA AL
MICROSCOPIO
GRANITO
GRANITO
ROCA
- ACIDA
- GRANO GRUESO
BATOLITOS
GRANDES MASAS DE GRANITO
DIQUES
INTRUSIONES MENORES
- IGNEA
Granito
DIORITA
CUARZO
FELDESPATOS
PLAGIOCLASA
HORNBLENDA (FERRO MAGNESIANO DE COLOR VERDE)
LA DIORITA SE ENCUENTRA EN MASAS MAS PEQUEAS QUE

EL GRANITO
LA GRANODIORITA ES UN MATERIAL INTERMEDIO ENTRE EL

GRANITO Y LA DOLERITA
Granodiorita
Roca de textura fanertica

compuesta por
fenocristales de muscovita, cuarzo, feldespato
potsico y plagioclasas.
GABRO Y DOLERITA
SECCIONES DELGADAS DE GABRO Y DOLERITA
DOLERITA
ALTO CONTENIDO DE: MAGNESIO
CALCIO O SODIO
COLOR OSCURO
MUY RESISTENTE EN ESTADO NATURAL
SE METEORIZA A ARCILLA COLOR CAFE
ROCA IGNEA BASICA (MUY POCO CUARZO)
ROCAS IGNEAS EXTRUSIVAS (VOLCANICAS)
SUS PRORIEDADES INGENIERILES DEPENDEN DEL GRADO DE

SOLIDIFACION
ROCAS PIROCLASTICAS
ROCAS VOLCANICAS PRINCIPALES
-RIOLITAS
-TOBAS
(POROSAS, RICAS EN VIDRIO)
- ANDESITAS
-BASALTOS
(BAJO CONTENIDO DE CUARZO
GRANO FINO)
(ALTO CONTENIDO DE CUARZO

MEGACRISTALES)
LAVA ANDESITICA
- PUMITA
PIEDRA POMEX
Bombas Piroclsticas
Roca con variaciones texturales entre fanertica y

afantica constituido por fragmentos de rocas
volcnicas con oquedades semejantes a la piedra
pmez
SECCIONES DELGADAS DE ANDESITA Y BASALTO
BASALTO
COLOR OSCURO
SANO ES DURO Y DIFICIL DE EXCAVAR
METEORIZA A ARCILLA
SUELO RICO EN POTASIO Y FOSFORO (NUTRIENTES)
ACIDEZ DE LAS ROCAS IGNEAS
MODO DE OCURRENCIA
CIDA
>66%SIO2
INTERMEDIA
52-66% SIO2
BSICA
< 52% SIO2
RIOLITA
ANDESITA
BASALTO
DIQUES E INTRUSIONES
MENORES
CUARZO
PORFIRITA
PORFIRITA
DOLERITA
INTRUSIONES MAYORES
PLUTNICAS
GRANITO
DIORITA
GABRO
EXTRUSIVA
VOLCNICA
ROCAS METAMORFICAS
RECRISTALIZACION DE ROCAS IGNEAS O SEDIMENTARIAS

LAS ROCAS SUFREN CAMBIOS DE TEXTURA Y MINEROLOGIA
METAMORFISMO
ROCAS METAMORFICAS
aaaa
Rocas metamrficas
Rocas deformadas por los esfuerzos
Definition of Metamorphism
The alteration of a preexisting igneous,
sedimentary, or
metamorphic rock (called
the parent rock or
protolith) by the
application of heat and/or
pressure. Complete
melting does not occur.
Metamorfismo
Recristalizacin
Reacciones qumicas en
el estado slido
No se alcanzan a fundir
Factores que afectan el metamorfismo
La Roca madre
La temperatura
La presin
Presin
litosttic
a
Presin
direccion
al
Resultados de la presin direccional
Foliacin
Foliacin vista al microscopio
Grado de metamorfismo
Tipos de metamorfismo
Alta T baja P
Metamorfismo por contacto
Aumento de T y P
Metamorfismo
regional
Metamorfismo regional
Fludos calientes
Metamorfismo hidrotermal
Identificacin de rocas metamrficas
Texturas metamrficas
cristalinas
No foliada
Foliada
Foliacin
Minerales
Foliated Metamorphic Rocks

Slate: compact, very finegrained, metamorphic
rock with a welldeveloped cleavage.
Freshly cleaved surfaces
are dull
Phyllite: a rock with a
schistosity in which very
fine phyllosilicates
(sericite/phengite and/or
chlorite), although rarely
coarse enough to see
unaided, impart a silky
sheen to the foliation
surface. Phyllites with
both a foliation and
lineation are very
common.
a: Slate
b: Phyllite
Figure 22.1. Examples of foliated metamorphic rocks. a. Slate. b. Phyllite. Note the difference in reflectance on the foliation
surfaces between a and b: phyllite is characterized by a satiny sheen. Winter (2001) An Introduction to Igneous and
Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall.
Pizarra
METAMORPHISM OF AN ARGILLITE
THE TEXTURAL STORY

Just as progressive metamorphism of an argillite or
mudstone parent rock gives rise to a characteristic
succession of minerals with increasing grade or intensity,
so too it gives rise to a characteristic succession of
textures, based on the arrangement or orientation of the
grains. The rock names derive from the names of the
textures, and so we see in order of increasing grade the
rocks slate, phyllite, schist, and gneiss, which will be
illustrated in turn. The corresponding textural terms are
slaty cleavage, phyllitic cleavage, schistosity, and
gneissosity, all of which are admittedly awkward terms.
Slate.
This represents
the lowest
grade of
metamorphism.
There is grain
reorientation
without
appreciable
grain growth.
The reorientation of fine sheet silicates in response to the directed
stress leads to slaty cleavage, wherein the rock splits very cleanly
along essentially planar surfaces. A red shale would be less compact
and lack the sheen of the cleavage surfaces of this red slate.
Slate Exploiting its Properties
These discards from the roofing material used (by one of Edmontons
more prosperous citizens) in preference to shakes or asphalt
shingles could be cleaved more finely [green arrows]. Alignment of
the platy grains makes the material impermeable, and the fact it
splits into thin sheets makes the weight manageable. Note the low
sheen on the cleavage planes, which pass between grains.
Slate Original Identity Preserved
In this low grade metamorphic rock, the original identity of the parent
rock can be seen. We see graded beds [purple arrows] with light,
coarse grains at the base grading to dark, fine grains at the top. As
well, we notice that the foliation and cleavage, parallel to the broad
faces of the sample, are unrelated to the original bedding, whose
planes are parallel to the light blue arrows.
Filita
Phyllite.
This is also a
low grade
metamorphic
rock, but is of a
higher grade
than slate.
Cleavage
planes are
highlighted by
yellow stars.
With higher metamorphic grade comes increased crystal size. The
faces of the larger grains are more reflective than smaller grains, and
so the cleavage planes of the rock have a greater sheen than they do
in slate. Even irregular fracture surfaces have a sheen [blue star].
Phyllite.
As with slate,
cleavage is a
bulk property of
the rock and
passes
between
grains, unlike
mineral
cleavage which
passes through
crystals.
This phyllite has less regular cleavage planes and a higher sheen due
to the coarser grains. The intermediate stress has influenced the
growth of these crystals such that they form ridges and swales aligned
parallel to the green arrows and perpendicular to this stress.

Schist: a metamorphic
rock exhibiting a
schistosity. By this
definition schist is a
broad term, and slates
and phyllites are also
types of schists. In
common usage, schists
are restricted to those
metamorphic rocks in
which the foliated
minerals are coarse
enough to see easily in
hand specimen.
Figure 22.1c. Garnet muscovite schist. Muscovite crystals are visible and silvery, garnets occur as large dark porphyroblasts.
Winter (2001) An Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall.
Esquisto
Schist.
This texture
also appears
first at low
grades, but
higher than
both slate and
phyllite. The
significance of
the stars is
explained on
the next slide.
This schist has a reasonably coarse grain size, wherein individual
grains of biotite in particular are readily distinguished with the unaided
eye. This low grade schist is friable, that is, can easily be crumbled with
normal finger pressure. This is not generally seen in slate or phyllite.
Schistosity and Weathering - 1
The foliation produced by alignment of the biotite grains is the

schistosity, and accounts for the easy way in which this rock splits
[green arrows]. This exposes the fresh surface [yellow stars], which
is nearly black as expected for biotite, whereas the weathered
surface [blue stars] is brown because of oxidation [rusting] of the
iron content of the mafic sheet silicate biotite.
Schistosity and Weathering - 2
Again, the iron content of biotite causes the weathered surface [blue
stars] to turn brown, as distinct from the dark fresh surface [yellow
stars]. This sample is of higher grade than the previous one, as
indicated by the coarser crystal size. The coarser grains result in a
loss of well developed cleavage planes; the rock splits very
irregularly, but still parallel to the foliation [green arrows].
Schist.
At a higher
grade, in this
case medium
grade, new
minerals such
as garnet
[yellow arrows]
may appear,
within a matrix
of muscovite in
this case.
The garnet crystals have a strong force of crystallization, and will
usually be larger in size than surrounding micas. Such larger crystals
are called porphyroblasts, and generally their appearance marks the
onset of medium grade metamorphism, still within schists.
Schist.
Generally at a
higher grade
than for garnet,
staurolite [blue
arrows] may
appear as
porphyroblasts.
In this case, the disparity in grain size between staurolite

porphyroblasts and the biotite of the matrix is extreme. Even though the
sample is not bounded by large planar surfaces, the biotite grains at its
surface are parallel to each other and define the foliation.
Schist
with a
Twist.
In this sample,
the grains of
various
minerals are
clearly not
uniformly
distributed.
Alignment of micas produces a strong foliation [green arrow]. Parallel to
the foliation is a thin band of quartzofeldspathic [mix of quartz plus
feldspars] material. If this was introduced to the sample later, it could
be a schist, but the banding is suggestive of another rock, gneiss.

Gneiss: a metamorphic
rock displaying gneissose
structure. Gneisses are
typically layered (also
called banded), generally
with alternating felsic and
darker mineral layers.
Gneisses may also be
lineated, but must also
show segregations of
felsic-mineral-rich and
dark-mineral-rich
concentrations.
Figure 22.1d. Quartzo-feldspathic gneiss with obvious layering. Winter (2001) An Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic
Petrology. Prentice Hall.
Neis
Gneissose Banding
Neis!
Gneiss A High Grade Metamorphic Rock
At the highest grades, minerals segregate into distinct compositional

bands. Generally there will be dark bands dominated by mafic
minerals such as biotite and amphibole, and white/grey/pink bands
[arrows] dominated by quartz plus feldspars. Feldspars may occur
as discrete pockets called augen, from the German for eyes
[stars]. Left view is cut surface, right is weathered.
Gneiss.
This is called a
granitic gneiss
because its
mineralogy
matches that of
the igneous
intrusive rock
granite. Its
texture marks it
as
metamorphic.
The orientation of the sample in this view means that we are not
looking parallel to the fabric. Nevertheless, the distinct segregation into
compositional bands is apparent. Turning a sample around will often
show things not apparent in your first view.
Twice as Gneiss (Sorry, couldnt resist it!)
Two more examples of gneiss illustrate differing degrees of segregation

between mafic and quartzofeldspathic minerals. The left sample
exhibits a discrete layer of dark, mafic minerals parallel to what is
otherwise a barely developed foliation [green arrow], whereas the
right sample shows alignment of distinct elongate pods of the lighter
minerals that have nevertheless not coalesced into bands.
Gneiss Banding Without Segregation
The foliation [blue arrow] is defined by banding, with alternating biotiterich dark layers [yellow arrows and stars] representing
metamorphism of mudstones, and quartz-plus-feldspar-rich light
layers representing metamorphism of sandstones. In this case
banding does not reflect high grade metamorphism, but rather low to
medium grade metamorphism of layered sedimentary rocks.
Migmatita
Prograde: slatephyllite-schistgneissMIGMATITE.
MIGMATITE:
strongly veined
rock as it has
partially melted.
0065
Milonita
Rocas metamrficas foliadas
QuickTime and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.

Foliation
Slaty cleavage
breaks into
flat plates
Schistosity
Platy foliation
due to mica
grains
Gneissic (light
& dark) banding
Grain Size
microscopic
to very fine
very fine to
fine
Composition
Other
Parent
Rock
Grade
Name
clay minerals
Cleavage surfaces
usually have dull
luster; color
variable
Shale
low
SLATE
clay, mica
Fine-grained;
micaceous minerals
give surface a satiny
luster
Shale
low
PHYLLITE
includes
mica, garnet
Commonly does not

contain feldspars;
large mica grains
create sparkly
surface
Shale,
siltstone,
graywacke
medium
SCHIST*
blue
amphibole
Blueish-gray color;
mostly
nonmicaceous
Basalt
medium
to high
BLUESCHIST
includes
quartz,
feldspar,
amphibole,
pyroxene
mostly
nonmicaceous
minerals; light and
dark layers
common; may also
contain biotite and
garnet
Shale,
siltstone,
graywacke,
felsic
igneous
high
GNEISS*
medium to
coarse
coarse
*Descriptive adjectives should be added to the rock name to describe the minerals it contains.
(For example, a schist containing garnet and muscovite would be called a garnet-muscovite schist.)
Rocas metamrficas no foliadas

Non-foliated Metamorphic Rocks
Composition
Grain
Size
Other
Parent Rock
Grade
Name
Calcite
(acid reaction)
commonly
coarse
Crystalline texture; does not

scratch glass; color variable usually white, pink, gray
Limestone
low to
high
MARBLE
Quartz
(scratches glass)
fine to
coarse
Crystalline texture; color

variable - usually white, pink,
tan, brown, red, purple
Quartz,
Sandstone
low to
high
QUARTZITE
Rock fragments
coarse
Sometimes deformed, rock

fragments; rock breaks through
individual clasts
Conglomerate
low to
medium
METACONGLOMERATE
Pyroxene,
amphibole,
plagioclase
fine
Dense, commonly dark in color;

can be similar to basalt; formed
from contact metamorphism
Shale,
siltstone,
basalt
low
HORNFELS
Chlorite,
amphibole,
plagioclase
fine to
medium
Greenish gray to greenish

black; massive
Basalt,
Gabbro
low to
medium
GREENSTONE
Serpentine
fine to
medium
Dunite,
gabbro
medium
to high
SERPENTINITE
Amphibole
coarse
Basalt,
Gabbro
medium
to high
AMPHIBOLITE
Greenish to black; commonly

mottled or streaked; often shiny
(may be fiberous)
Dark green to black; also may
contain biotite, plagioclase, and
garnet; (This rock may show
lineation - a parallel alignment
of "pencil"-shaped minerals.
However, in many samples the
lineation will not be obvious.)
Interpretacin de rocas metamrficas
Rocas no foliadas
Roca madre
Caliza
Mrmol
(Bajo a alto grado)
Rocas no foliadas(cont.)
Roca madre
Cuarcita
Arenisca
Metaconglomer
Conglomerado
Composicin y ensamble de minerales
Geotermmetro de composicin de minerales
Staurolita Forma a 500-750

Garnet Forma a 450-700C
Moscovita Formsa a300-55
Roca se forma :
500-550C
Metamorfismo y tipo de roca
Rocas metamrficas foliadas
Roca madre - Shale
QuickTime and a
Pizarra (Bajo grad

Filita (Bajo grado)
Rocas foliadas(cont.)
Esquisto (Grado medio)
QuickTime and a
Filita (Grado bajo )
Rocas foliadas (cont.)
Roca madre flsica
Neiss( AltoGrado)
Migmatita (Muy alto grado)
CLASIFICACIN DE TEXTURA DE ROCAS METAMRFICAS
TEXTURA
ROCA
CARACTERSTICAS
GRANULAR
CHERT,
CUARCITA
GRANO
FINO
CON
PREDOMINIO
PARTCULAS DE CUARZO
MRMOL
GRANOS FINOS A GRUESOS, PARTCULAS

DE CALIZA O DOLOMITA
BANDEADA
NEISS
GRANOS
DE
MINERALES
ELONGADOS
CON
COMPOSICIONAL
FOLIADA
ESQUISTO,
SERPENTINIT,
PIZARRA,
FILITA
ROCAS
FOLIADAS
FINAS
CON
PROPORCIONES ALTAS DE FILOSILICATOS
DE
LAMINARES
BANDEADO
SECCIONES DELGADAS DE ROCAS METAMORFICAS
NEIS
- ROCA BANDEADA O FOLIADA
- BANDAS PARALELAS DE CUARZO Y DE FELDESPATOS
- BANDAS DE BIOTITA Y HORNBLENDA
- ROCA MUY RESISTENTE EN ESTADO NATURAL
ORIGEN EN GRANITOS
ORIGEN EN ROCAS SEDIMENTARIAS
ORTONEISS
PARANEISS
Neis
CORONA
DESLIZAMIENTO
K3+200
MASAEN
MOVIMIENTO
102
ESQUISTOS
CRISTALES PLANOS DE
- MICA
- CLORITA
- HORNBLENDA
- CUARZO
SON FISILES (SE ROMPEN CON FACILIDAD)
SON MATERIALES MUY INESTABLES
ESQUISTO
Caractersticas de los suelos

residuales
Residual de neis
Residual de anfibolita
105
PIZARRA
ROCA DURA DE MINERALES
LAMINARES
PUEDE RESQUEBRAJARSE
SON DERIVADAS DE ROCAS

SEDIMENTARIAS O DE TOBAS
VOLCANICAS
MARMOL
El marmol tuvo su origen en la

cristalizacion de la caliza por lo tanto
puede efervecer con acido clorhdrico
ROCAS SEDIMENTARIAS
FORMADAS POR SEDIMENTACION Y CEMENTACION DE GRANOS

FORMAN PLANOS DE DEPOSITACION O ESTRATIFICACION
ROCAS SEDIMENTARIAS MAS COMUNES
CONGLOMERADOS Y BRECCIAS
ARENISCAS
LIMOLITAS
LUTITAS Y ARCILLOLITAS (LODOLITAS)
CALIZAS Y DOLOMITAS
EVAPORITAS
SECCION DELGADA DE
ARENISCA
CARACTERSTICAS DE LAS ROCAS SEDIMENTARIAS

ROCA
COMPONENTE
CARACTERSTICAS
CONGLOMERA
DO
PARTCULAS
GRANDES
REDONDEADAS
DE
ROCA
Y
FRAGMENTOS DE MINERALES.
MS DEL 50% DE LOS GRANOS

MAYORES DE 2 MM Y MENOS DEL 25%
DE ARCILLA
BRECCIA
PARTCULAS ANGULARES DE ROCA MS DEL 50% DE LOS GRANOS

Y FRAGMENTOS DE MINERALES
MAYORES DE 2 MM Y MENOS DEL 25%
DE ARCILLA
ARENISCA
PARTCULAS
REDONDEADAS
MENORES DE ROCA
MS DEL 50% DE LOS GRANOS ENTRE

2 Y 0.06 MM Y MENOS DEL 25% DE
ARCILLA.
LIMOLITA
PARTCULAS DEL TAMAO DE LIMOS
MS DEL 50% DE LOS GRANOS

MENORES DE 0.06 MM Y MENOS DEL
25% DE ARCILLA
ARCILLOLITA
PARTCULAS DE ARCILLA
MS DEL 50% DE ARCILLA.
LODOLITA
ROCAS ARCILLOSAS
CONTENIDO DE LIMOS
CALIZA
GRANOS DE CALCITA
CON
ALTO
MS DEL 50% DE LOS LIMOS.

MS DEL 50% DE CALCITA Y MENOS
DEL 25% DE ARCILLA.
CONGLOMERADO Y BRECCIA
CONGLOMERADO (GUIJARROS REDONDEADOS)

BRECCIA (GUIJARROS ANGULOSOS)
POROSIDAD MUY ALTA
ACUIFEROS IMPORTANTES
CONGLOMERADO
ARENISCAS
DEPOSITOS DE ARENA ENDURECIDA
GRANO:
FINO
MEDIO
GRUESO
CEMENTANTE:
CUARCITA : ARENISCA DE CUARZO
- CALCITA
- SILICE
- OXIDO DE HIERRO
- DIOXIDO DE HIERRO
ARENISCA DE GRANO GRUESO
ARENISCA DE GRANO FINO
SECCIONES DELGADAS DE ARENISCAS Y LUTITAS
LUTITAS - LIMOLITAS - ARCILLOLITAS - LODOLITAS
ARENOSAS
ARCILLOSAS
LIMOSAS
CALCAREAS
SON MATERIALES MUY COMPLEJOS
LAS LODOLITAS SON MUY SUSCEPTIBLES A DESLIZAMIENTOS
CALIZAS Y DOLOMITAS
ROCAS SOLUBLES
ALTO CONTENIDO
MAGNESIO
DE
CARBONATO
DE
CALCIO
DE
CALIZAS
- MAS DEL 50% DE CARBONATO DE CALCIO
- PRESENCIA DE CONCHAS O FOSILES
- SE FORMAN GRANDES CAVERNAS
- TOPOGRAFIA KARSTICA
MARGAS: ARCILLOLITAS CALCAREAS
CALIZA
-
CALIZA FOSILIFERA
-
GRUPOS LITOESTRUCTURALES
NICHOLSON Y HENCHER (1997)

- CARACTERISTICAS LITOLOGICAS
- RESISTENCIA
- SUSCEPTIBILIDADES
1. ROCA FUERTE MASIVA
- RESISTENTE A LA MAYORIA DE PROCESOS DE DETERIORO

- ALGO SUSCEPTIBLE A LA METEORIZACION
EJ: GRANITO, GABRO, DOLERITA, BASALTO,

METACUARCITA, NEISS, CALIZA, MARMOL
RIOLITA,
2. ROCA FUERTE DISCONTINUA
- FRACTURADA
- SUSCEPTIBLE A CAIDOS, DESMORONAMIENTO E INCLINACIONES
ARENISCA Y CONGLOMERADOS CON JUNTAS ORTOCUARCITA,

ROCAS PIROCLASTICAS, CALIZAS, DOLOMITAS, MARMOLES Y
ROCAS IGNEAS FISURADAS.
3. ROCA COMPUESTA
INTERCALACIONES DE ROCAS DURAS Y BLANDAS O CON

INTRUSIONES
- METEORIZACION DIFERENCIAL
- COLAPSO DE BLOQUES
4. ROCA DEBILITADA TECTONICAMENTE
SUSCEPTIBLE A DESMORONAMIENTO, COLAPSO Y CAIDOS
ROCA FALLADA CON FRACTURAS Y ZONAS DE BRECCIA
5. ROCA DEBIL GRANULAR
ROCAS CON GRANOS POBREMENTE CEMENTADAS, UNIONES

DE ARCILLAS, CALCIO O YESO
SUSCEPTIBLE A FRAGMENTACION, CAIDOS, LAVADO DE
GRANOS.
6. ROCA KARSTICA
ROCAS SOLUBLES EN AGUA
7. ROCA ANISOTROPICA
LUTITAS, PIZARRAS, FILITAS, ESQUISTOS

- FORMACIN DE CASCARAS Y LAMINAS
- SUSCEPTIBLE A PROCESOS DE EROSION
ESTRUCTURA LAMINAR
8. ROCA CON APARIENCIA DE SUELO
SUSCEPTIBLE A EROSIN EN SURCOS Y CARCAVAS
- MATERIALES MUY DEBILES O MUY METEORIZADOS
ESTRUCTURA Y MICROESTRUCTURA
- MINERALES
- TEXTURA
- FABRICA
- DISCONTINUIDADES
MINERALES
FELDESPATOS
SICOALUMINATES DE POTASIO,
SODIO Y CALCIO
OTROS: HORNBLENDA, PIROXENOS, MICAS, CLORITA,

GRANOTE, EPIDOTITA, CARBONATOS, ARCILLAS,
YESO, ANHIDUITA, SALES.
CUARZO
PARTICULAS
- > 300 MM
CANTOS
- 150 A 300 MM
GRAVAS
- 4.76 A 150 MM
ARENAS
- 0.074 A 4.76 MM
LIMOS
- GRANULARES MENOS DE 0.074 MM
ARCILLAS
- PLASTICAS
BLOQUES
ARCILLAS
- PARTICULAS LAMINARES
HIDROXIDOS DE ALUMINIO MICROCRISTALINO FORMANDO

CAPAS DE SILICATOS
TIPOS PRINCIPALES DE ARCILLAS
ILLITA
MONTMORILLONITA
CAOLINITA
CAPACIDAD DE INTERCAMBIO CATINICO DE LAS ARCILLAS
ARCILLA
CAPACIDAD DE INTERCAMBIO CATINICO EN

MILIEQUIVALENTES POR CIEN GRAMOS
CAOLINITA
3-15
ALOISITA 2H2O
5-10
ALOISITA 4 H2O
10-40
ILLITA
10-40
MONTMORILLONITA
8-150
VALORES DE LMITES DE ATTERBERG PARA LOS

MINERALES DE ARCILLA
ARCILLA
LMITE LQUIDO
%
LMITE
PLSTICO %
LMITE DE
CONTRACCIN %
30 100
25 - 40
25 29
ALOYSITA 2H2O
35 - 55
30 - 45
ALOYSITA 4H2O
50 - 70
47 60
ILLITA
60 - 120
35 - 60
15 17
MOTMORILLONITA
100 - 900
50 - 100
8.5 - 15
CAOLINITA
SUELOS
RESIDUALES
ALUVIALES
COLUVIALES
EOLICOS
GLACIALES
ORGANICOS
VOLCANICOS
SUELOS ALUVIALES
TAMAO
GRANOS
FORMA Y DISTRIBUCION DE LOS
LITOLOGIA DE LOS GRANOS
SUELOS MATRIZ-SOPORTADOS
SUELOS CLASTO-SOPORTADOS
FABRICA O ARREGLO DE LOS GRANOS
ESTRATIFICACION DE LOS SUELOS ALUVIALES
NIVELES FREATICOS COLGADOS EN SUELOS

ESTRATIFICADOS
SUELOS COLUVIALES (COLUVIONES)
- SUELOS TRANSPORTADOS Y DEPOSITADOS POR LA FUERZA

DE GRAVEDAD
- MUY SUSCEPTIBLES A DESLIZAMIENTOS
COLUVION
MASA INCOHERENTE
DE
MATERIALES
SUELTOS
Y
HETEROGNEOS DE SUELO Y FRAGMENTOS DE ROCA
DEPOSITADOS POR LAVADO DE LA LLUVIA, REPTACION O
DESLIZAMIENTO
COLUVION TIPICO
MEZCLA DE FRAGMENTOS ANGULARES EN MATRIZ DE
MATERIALES FINOS.
COLUVIONES
DESDE PARTICULAS DE ARCILLA HASTA ROCAS DE VARIOS
METROS DE DIAMETRO
INESTABILIDAD DE LOS COLUVIONES
SE TOCA Y SE MUEVE
ES COMUN QUE SE ENCUENTREN EN EQUILIBRIO LIMITE
Los coluviones son muy susceptibles a los

deslizamientos
SUELOS RESIDUALES CUBIERTOS POR COLUVIONES

LA MAYORIA DE REAS DE SUELOS
RESIDUALES
ESTAN
CUBIERTAS
DE
DEPOSITOS COLUVIALES QUE VARIAN DE
ESPESOR DESDE ALGUNOS CENTMETROS
HASTA DECENAS DE METROS
ABANICOS COLUVIALES EN EL PIE DE LADERAS
COLUVIONES DE VARIOS KILOMETROS CUADRADOS CON

MOVIMIENTOS RELATIVOS DENTRO DE LA GRAN MASA
COLUVIAL
TALUS
FRAGMENTOS DE ROCA APOYADOS SOBRE LA BASE DE LADERAS

DE PENDIENTE MUY ALTA
TALUS
ACUMULANDO
AL CAER LOS DEPOSITOS SE VAN

FORMANDO UN CONO CON BASE ANCHA
ANGULO DE REPOSO 34 A 45
ANGULO MAXIMO
COLUVIONES SECOS
GENERALMENTE GRANULARES
COLUVIONES SATURADOS
GENERALMENTE ARCILLOSOS
CONTACTO INFERIOR DEL COLUVION
ARCILLOSO
PERMEABLE
CAPA PERMEABLE SOBRE MANTO ARCILLOSO
COLUVIONES
- CLASTOS
- GRANULARES
- ARCILLOSOS
TIPO DE MATERIAL
ESTRUCTURA DE SOPORTE
- MATRIZ-SOPORTADOS
- CLASTO-SOPORTADOS
CLASIFICACION DE
LOS COLUVIONES
POR LA ESTRUCTURA
DE SOPORTE
PERMEABILIDAD Y POROSIDAD
INDICE DE MOVILIDAD
AMI = HUMEDAD DEL SUELO SATURADO

LIMITE LIQUIDO
SUSCEPTIBILIDAD A LA LICUEFACCION
FACILMENTE SE ACTIVAN POR MOVIMIENTOS SISMICOS
RELACIONES DE VACIO MUY GRANDES
ESPESOR
A
MAYOR
ESPESOR
MENOR VELOCIDAD
COBERTURA VEGETAL
LAS RAICES DE LOS

ARBOLES
AYUDAN
EN
FORMA IMPORTANTE A LA
ESTABILIDAD
TIPO DE FALLA
CORTE INTERNO
LA BASE
CLASIFICACION DE LOS COLUVIONES POR LA

ESTRUCTURA DE SOPORTE
SUELOS VOLCANICOS
MATERIALES
PIROCLASTICO
DE ACTIVIDAD
EXPLOSIVA
- POLVO
- CENIZA
- LAPILLI
- ESCORIA
- BLOQUES
CENIZAS VOLCANICAS
AGLOMERADOS VOLCANICOS
FLUJOS DE LAVA
DEPOSITOS
FLUVIOVOLCANICOS
LOS SUELOS VOLCANICOS SON
- POROSOS (ACUMULAN AGUA FACILMENTE)

- PRESENTAN
VOLCANICOS
MINERALES
PROPIOS
- CON FRECUENCIA SON EXPANSIVOS
DE
LOS
SUELOS
ACUMULAN CANTIDADES IMPORTANTES DE AGUA
DEPOSITOS VOLCANICOS A MEDIA LADERA

SOBRE MATERIALES RESIDUALES
FACILITAN LA OCURRENCIA DE DESLIZAMIENTOS DE GRAN

MAGNITUD

Litologia

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J1

Jaime Surez Daz

Las caractersticas geolgicas determinan el relieve, y el

CADA FORMACIN GEOLOGICA

EN TODA OBRA CIVIL

ELABOR : JAIME SUAREZ DIAZ

Desde el punto de vista litolgico los materiales se

CLASIFICACIN GENERAL DE INGENIERA DE LOS DIVERSOS

ROCAS FORMADAS POR GRANOS

PERMANECEN ALGUNOS RASGOS

ROCA METEORIZADA EN LA CUAL

ELABOR : JAIME SUAREZ DIAZ

ROCAS IGNEAS INTRUSIVAS

ROCAS IGNEAS INTRUSIVAS

- PRODUCTO DE ENFRIAMIENTO DEL MAGMA ANTES DE AFLORAR A LA

- ESTAN FORMADOS POR CRISTALES CON UNIONES MUY FUERTES

PRINCIPALES ROCAS IGNEAS INTRUSIVAS

ELABOR : JAIME SUAREZ DIAZ

GRANITO (ALTO CONTENIDO DE CUARZO)

GRANDES MASAS DE GRANITO

ELABOR : JAIME SUAREZ DIAZ

ELABOR : JAIME SUAREZ DIAZ

LA DIORITA SE ENCUENTRA EN MASAS MAS PEQUEAS QUE

ELABOR : JAIME SUAREZ DIAZ

LA GRANODIORITA ES UN MATERIAL INTERMEDIO ENTRE EL

Roca de textura fanertica

SECCIONES DELGADAS DE GABRO Y DOLERITA

ALTO CONTENIDO DE: MAGNESIO

ELABOR : JAIME SUAREZ DIAZ

ROCA IGNEA BASICA (MUY POCO CUARZO)

ROCAS IGNEAS EXTRUSIVAS (VOLCANICAS)

SUS PRORIEDADES INGENIERILES DEPENDEN DEL GRADO DE

ELABOR : JAIME SUAREZ DIAZ

ROCAS VOLCANICAS PRINCIPALES

ELABOR : JAIME SUAREZ DIAZ

(ALTO CONTENIDO DE CUARZO

ELABOR : JAIME SUAREZ DIAZ

ELABOR : JAIME SUAREZ DIAZ

Roca con variaciones texturales entre fanertica y

SECCIONES DELGADAS DE ANDESITA Y BASALTO

ELABOR : JAIME SUAREZ DIAZ

ACIDEZ DE LAS ROCAS IGNEAS

RECRISTALIZACION DE ROCAS IGNEAS O SEDIMENTARIAS

ELABOR : JAIME SUAREZ DIAZ

Rocas deformadas por los esfuerzos

Factores que afectan el metamorfismo

Resultados de la presin direccional

Foliacin vista al microscopio

Metamorfismo por contacto

Identificacin de rocas metamrficas

Foliated Metamorphic Rocks

THE TEXTURAL STORY

Slate Exploiting its Properties

Slate Original Identity Preserved

Foliated Metamorphic Rocks

Schistosity and Weathering - 1

The foliation produced by alignment of the biotite grains is the

Schistosity and Weathering - 2

In this case, the disparity in grain size between staurolite

Foliated Metamorphic Rocks

Gneiss A High Grade Metamorphic Rock

At the highest grades, minerals segregate into distinct compositional

Twice as Gneiss (Sorry, couldnt resist it!)