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Memberdesign
FromSteelconstruction.info
Thisarticledescribestheverificationofsteelmemberssubjecttoshear,bendingmomentsandaxialforces.
Themembermustprovideadequatecompression,tension,bendingandshearresistance.Wherethemember
issubjectedtoaxialandlateralloadingsimultaneously,additionalresistancerequirementschecks,taking
intoaccountthecombinationoftheseloadingeffectswillberequired.
MemberdesignfollowstherequirementsgiveninBSEN199311[1].Theoverallprocessofmember
designincludes:
Classificationofcrosssections
Crosssectionresistance
Memberbuckling(bucklingunderaxialcompressionorlateraltorsionalbucklingunderbending)
Combinedaxialloadingandbending,whereapplicable.
SCIP362formsthebackgroundtomemberdesignpresentedinthisarticleandprovidesmore
comprehensiveguidance.

Contents
1Partialfactorsforresistance
2Classificationofcrosssections
3Resistanceofcrosssections
3.1General
3.2Materialstrength
3.3Sectionproperties
3.3.1Grosscrosssection
3.3.2Netsections
3.4Tension
3.5Compression
3.6Bending
3.7Torsion
3.8Shear
3.9Bendingandshear
3.10Bendingandaxialforce
3.11Bending,shearandaxialforce
4Bucklingresistanceofmembers
4.1Uniformmembersincompression
4.1.1Bucklingresistance
4.1.2Flexuralbuckling(only)
4.2Uniformmembersinbending
4.2.1Lateraltorsionalbucklingresistance
4.2.2Reductionfactorforlateraltorsionalbucklingofrolledsections
4.3Uniformmembersinbendingandaxialcompression
4.4Columnsinsimpleconstruction
5References
6Furtherreading
7Resources
8Seealso
9Externallinks
10CPD

Partialfactorsforresistance
ThepartialfactorsMthatareappliedtothevariouscharacteristicvaluesofresistanceinmemberdesign
are:
Resistanceofcrosssection:M0=1.00
Resistanceofmemberstoinstability:M1=1.00(usedinbucklingresistance)
Resistanceofcrosssectionsintensiontofracture:M2=1.10
ThevaluesarethosegivenintheUKNationalAnnextoBSEN199311[2].

Classificationofcrosssections
FourclassesofcrosssectionsofaredefinedinBSEN199311[1]:
Class1crosssectionsarethosewhichcanformaplastichingewiththerotationcapacityrequiredfor
plasticanalysiswithoutreductionoftheresistance.
Class2crosssectionsarethosewhichcandeveloptheirplasticmomentresistance,butwhichhave
limitedrotationcapacitybecauseoflocalbuckling.
Class3crosssectionsarethoseinwhichthestressintheextremecompressionfibreofthesteel
memberassuminganelasticdistributionofstressescanreachtheyieldstrength,butlocalbuckling
preventsdevelopmentoftheplasticmomentresistance.
Class4crosssectionsarethoseinwhichlocalbucklingwilloccurbeforetheattainmentofyield
stressinoneormorepartsofthecrosssection.
TheclassofthecrosssectionisdeterminedfromTable5.2ofBSEN199311[1],whereacrosssectionis
classifiedaccordingtothehighest(leastfavourable)classofitscompressionparts.SeealsoSCIP362.
Sectionclassificationisalsogiveninresistancetables,suchasSCIP363(the'BlueBook').SCIP363gives
axialloadratioswhere(underincreasinglevelsofaxialload)asectionbecomesClass3andClass4.
Class4crosssectionsarenotconsideredinthisarticle.

Resistanceofcrosssections
General
Thedesignvalueofanactioneffectineachcrosssectionshouldnotexceedthecorrespondingresistance
andifseveralactioneffectsactsimultaneously,thecombinedeffectshouldnotexceedtheresistancefor
thatcombination.Asaconservativeapproximationforallcrosssections,alinearsummationofthe
utilizationratiosforeachresistancemaybeused.ForthecombinationofNEd,My,EdandMz,Edthismethod
maybeappliedusingthefollowingcriteria:

NRd,My,RdandMz,Rdarethedesignvaluesoftheresistancedependingonthecrosssectionalclassification
andincludinganyreductionthatmightbecausedbysheareffects.
Moregenerally,theEurocodesprovidespecificclausesforcommoncombinedeffects(forexample
Bendingandshear,BendingandaxialforceandBending,shearandaxialforce)whichshouldbeusedin
preferencetothissimplifiedapproach.

Materialstrength
AccordingtotheUKNationalAnnextoBSEN199311[2],yieldstrengthfyandultimatestrengthfumust

betakenfromtheproductstandardnotTable3.1ofthedesignstandard.Moreover,ifarangeofultimate
strengthsisgivenintheproductstandard,thelowestvaluemustbeadopted.Yieldstrengthsandultimate
strengthsforhotrolledsteelworkaregiveninBSEN100252[3].

Sectionproperties
Grosscrosssection

Thepropertiesofthegrosscrosssectionshouldbedeterminedusingthenominaldimensions.Holesfor
fastenersneednotbededucted,butallowanceshouldbemadeforlargeropenings.Splicematerialsshould
notbeincluded.
Netsections

Thenetareaofacrosssectionshouldbetakenasitsgrossarealessappropriatedeductionsforallholesand
otheropenings.Forcalculatingnetsectionproperties,thedeductionforasinglefastenerholeshouldbethe
grosscrosssectionalareaoftheholeintheplaneofitsaxis.Forcountersunkholes,appropriateallowance
shouldbemadeforthecountersunkportion.

Tension
ThedesignvalueofthetensionforceNEdateachcrosssectionshouldsatisfy:

Forsectionswithoutholes,thedesigntensionresistanceNt,Rdshouldbetakenasthedesignplastic
resistanceofthegrosscrosssection:

where
Aisthegrosscrosssection
Forsectionswithholes,thedesigntensionresistanceNt,Rdshouldbetakenasthesmallerof:
Theplasticresistanceofthegrosscrosssection(givenabove)and
Thedesignultimateresistanceofthenetcrosssectionatholesforfasteners:

Foranglesconnectedthroughoneleg,refertoBSEN199318[4]Clause3.10.3.
Similarconsiderationshouldalsobegiventoothertypesofsectionsconnectedthroughoutstands.

Compression
ThedesignvalueofthecompressionforceNEdateachcrosssectionshouldsatisfy:

ThedesignresistanceofthecrosssectionforuniformcompressionNc,Rdshouldbedeterminedasfollows:

forclass1,2or3crosssections
Sectionclassificationisgiveninresistancetables,suchasSCIP363(the'BlueBook').
Formembersofuniformcrosssectionsinaxialcompressionthedesignbucklingresistance,Nb,Rdalmost
alwaysgoverns.
Compressionresistancedesigntool

Bending
ThedesignvalueofthebendingmomentMEdateachcrosssectionshouldsatisfy:

WherethedesignresistanceforbendingaboutoneprincipalaxisofacrosssectionMc,Rdisdeterminedas
follows:

forClass1or2crosssections

forClass3crosssections
and
Wel,mincorrespondstothefibrewiththemaximumelasticstress.
Forbendingaboutbothaxes,thefollowingcriterionmaybeusedforIandHsections.

Bendingresistancedesigntool

Torsion
Beamssubjecttoloadswhichdonotactthroughthepointonthecrosssectionknownastheshearcentre
normallysuffersometwisting.FordoublysymmetricalsectionssuchasUKBorUKC,theshearcentre
coincideswiththecentroid,whileforchannelsitissituatedontheoppositesideofthewebfromthe
centroid.
Iftorsioncannotbeavoided,atorsionallystiffsection,suchasahollowsection,shouldbeused.Thetwist
ofanopensectionmaybeverysignificantandmustbeconsideredifthistypeofsectionisused.
MoreinformationontorsionalresistanceisgiveninSCIP385.

Shear
ThedesignvalueoftheshearforceVEdateachcrosssectionshouldsatisfy:

where:
Vc,RdisthedesignplasticshearresistanceVpl,Rd.
Intheabsenceoftorsion,thedesignplasticshearresistanceisgivenby:

where:
Avisthesheararea.
ForrolledIandHsections,withloadparalleltotheweb,theshearareaAvisgivenby:
Av=A2btf+(tw+2r)tf
Theshearresistancemaybelimitedbyshearbuckling.Forsuchsituations,referenceistobemadeto
BSEN199315[5].Shearbucklingisrarelyaconsiderationwithhotrolledsections.

Bendingandshear
Whereshearispresent,allowanceshouldbemadeforitseffectonthebendingresistance.

WhereVEd<0.5Vpl,Rdtheeffectoftheshearforceonthebendingresistancemaybeneglected,except
whereshearbucklingreducesthesectionresistance.
WhereVEd0.5Vpl,Rdthereducedmomentresistanceshouldbetakenasthedesignresistanceofthecross
section,calculatedusingareducedyieldstrength:
(1)fyforthesheararea,where:

andVpl,Rdiscalculatedasdescribedhere.

Bendingandaxialforce
Whenanaxialforceispresent,allowanceshouldbemadeforitseffectontheplasticmomentresistance.
ForClass1and2crosssections,thefollowingcriteriashouldbesatisfied:
MEdMN,Rd
where:
MN,RdisthedesignplasticmomentresistancereducedduetotheaxialforceNEd.
FordoublysymmetricIandHsectionswithincertainlimits,theeffectofaxialforcemaybeneglected.
Thisiscoveredinclause6.2.9ofBSEN199311[1]:
ForClass3crosssectionsthemaximumlongitudinalstressduetomomentandaxialforce,takingaccount
offastenerholes,whererelevant,shouldnotexceedfy/M0.
Combinedaxialcompressionandbendingresistancedesigntool

Bending,shearandaxialforce
WhereVEd0.5Vpl,Rd,noreductionoftheresistancesdefinedforbendingandaxialforceneedbemade.
WhereVEd>0.5Vpl,Rd,thedesignresistanceofthecrosssectiontocombinationsofmomentandaxial
forceshouldbecalculatedusingareducedyieldstrength,asgivenforbendingandshear.

Bucklingresistanceofmembers
Uniformmembersincompression
BSEN199311[1]coversthreemodesofbucklingwhensubjecttoaxialcompression:

Flexuralbuckling(commonlyknownasstrutbuckling)
Torsionalbuckling,whichmaybecriticalforcruciformsectionssubjecttoaxialcompression
Torsionalflexuralbuckling,whichmaybecriticalforasymmetricsectionssubjecttoaxial
compression.
Bucklingresistance

Acompressionmemberisverifiedagainstbucklingbytherelationship:

where:
NEdisthedesignvalueofthecompressionforce
Nb,Rdisthedesignbucklingresistanceofthecompressionmemberwhere:

forClass1,2and3crosssections,and
isthereductionfactorfortherelevantbucklingmode
Foraxialcompressioninmembers,thevalueoffortheappropriatenondimensionalslenderness is
determinedfromtheappropriatebucklingcurveaccordingto:

but1
where:
whereisanimperfectionfactor.
Thenondimensionalslenderness isgivenby:

whereNcristheelasticcriticalforcefortherelevantbucklingmode.
Foreachmodeofbuckling,thevalueofNcrisdetermined.
Opensections(UKB,UKC)(bisymmetricsections)arenotsubjecttotorsionalflexuralbuckling.Open
sectionsdoexhibittorsionalbuckling,butforanygivenlength,minoraxisflexuralbucklingiscritical.SCI
P363(theBlueBook)providesflexuralbucklingresistancesinbothaxisandthetorsionalbuckling
resistance.
Forangles,aneffectiveslendernessshouldbecalculatedfromAnnexBB.1.2ofBSEN199311[1].A
similareffectiveslendernesscanbecalculatedforchannelswhichareonlyconnectedthroughtheweb.

SeetheCompressionresistancedesigntool.
Flexuralbuckling(only)

Forflexural,orstrut
buckling,Ncr,theEuler
load,isequalto
andthenondimensional
slenderness isgiven
by:

for
Class1,2and3cross
sections,where:
Lcristhebuckling
lengthintheaxis
considered
iistheradiusof
gyrationaboutthe
relevantaxis,
determinedusing
thepropertiesof
thegrosscross
section
1=86forgrade
S275steel
1=76forgrade
S355steel
Theimperfectionfactor
correspondingtothe
appropriatebuckling
curveisobtainedfrom
thetablebelow.The
choiceofbucklingcurve
isobtainedfromthe
tabletotheright.

Selectionofflexuralbucklingcurveforacrosssection
PermissiontoreproduceextractsfromBritishStandardsisgrantedbytheBritishStandards
Institution(BSI).Nootheruseofthismaterialispermitted.BritishStandardscanbeobtainedinPDF
orhardcopyformatsfromtheBSIonlineshop:http://shop.bsigroup.comorbycontactingBSI
CustomerServicesforhardcopiesonly:
Tel:+44(0)2089969001,Email:cservices@bsigroup.com

Imperfectionfactorsforflexuralbucklingcurves
Bucklingcurve
a
b
c
d
Imperfectionfactor
0.21 0.34 0.49 0.76

Thevalueofmaybecalculated,ormaybeobtainedfromagraphoratable.Thegraphicalpresentationis
showninthefigurebelow,takenfromSCIP362.

Bucklingcurvesfor

Uniformmembersinbending
Lateraltorsionalbucklingresistance

Alaterallyunrestrainedmembersubjecttomajoraxisbendingisverifiedagainstlateraltorsionalbuckling
bytherelationship:

where:
MEdisthedesignvalueofthemoment
Mb,Rdisthedesignbucklingresistancemoment.
Beamswithsufficientrestrainttothecompressionflangearenotsusceptibletolateraltorsionalbuckling.
Thedesignbucklingresistanceofalaterallyunrestrainedbeamisgivenby:

where:
Wyistheappropriatesectionmodulusasfollows:
Wy=Wpl,yforClass1and2crosssections
Wy=Wel,yforClass3crosssections
LTisthereductionfactorforlateraltorsionalbuckling.
SeetheBendingresistancedesigntool.
Reductionfactorforlateraltorsionalbucklingofrolledsections

Forrolledsectionsofconstantcrosssectioninbending,thevalueofLTfortheappropriatenon
dimensionalslenderness LTisdeterminedfrom:

butLT1
where:

Forrolledsections:
LT,0=0.4
=0.75
TheuseofthesevaluesisendorsedbytheUKNationalAnnex[2].

where:
Wyistheappropriatesectionmodulusforthesectionclassification
Mcristheelasticcriticalmomentforlateraltorsionalbuckling
AnexpressiontoevaluateMcrisnotgiveninBSEN199311[1],however,methodswhichenableMcrtobe
determinedinclude:
Method1

NCCIdocumentSN003provides
appropriateexpressionstocalculateMcr.
Forloadswhicharenotdestabilizing,
andfordoublysymmetricsections,i.e.
UKBandUKC:

where:
E,Garematerialproperties
Iz,It,Iwaresectionproperties
obtainedfromSCIP363(theBlue
book)
Listhebucklinglengthofthe
member
C1isafactorthatdependsonthe
shapeofthebendingmoment
diagramseefigureontheright.

Method2
Mcrmaybedeterminedusingthe
softwareLTBeam.

ValuesofC1and

Alternatively,Mcrmaybedetermined
usingtheElasticcriticalmomentfor
lateraltorsionalbuckling(Mcr)calculationtool.

forvariousmomentconditions(loadis
notdestabilizing)

Other(simplified)approachesaredescribedinSCIP362Section6.3.2.3.
ThevalueoftheimperfectionparameterLTcorrespondingtotheappropriatebucklingcurveisgivenby
thetablebelowandthechoiceofbucklingcurvegiveninthesubsequenttable.
Imperfectionfactorsforlateraltorsionalbuckling
curves
Bucklingcurve
a
b
c
d
ImperfectionfactorLT
0.21 0.34 0.49 0.76
Recommendationsfortheselectionoflateraltorsionalcurve
Buckling
Crosssection
Limits
curve
h/b2
b
RolleddoublysymmetricIandHsections
2<h/b3.1
c
andhotfinishedhollowsections
h/b>3.1
d

h/b>3.1
Angles(formomentsinthemajorprincipalplane)
Allotherhotrolledsections
Coldformedhollowsections

h/b2
2h/b<3.1

d
d
d
c
d

Thelateraltorsionalbucklingcurvesforrolledsectionsareshowninthefigurebelow,takenfromSCI
P362.

Lateraltorsionalbucklingcurvesforrolledsections

HavingcalculatedLTandselectedtheappropriatecurve,thereductionfactorLTmaybecalculatedor
determinedfromlookuptablesinSCIP362,orbyusingtheabovefigure.

Uniformmembersinbendingandaxialcompression
Formembersofstructuralsystems,verificationofbucklingresistanceofdoublysymmetriccrosssections
maybecarriedoutonthebasisoftheindividualsinglespanmembersregardedascutoutofthesystem.
Secondordereffectsoftheswaysystem(Peffects)shouldbetakenintoaccount,eitherbytheend
momentsofthememberorbymeansofappropriatebucklinglengthsabouteachaxisfortheglobal
bucklingmode.
Memberswhicharesubjectedtocombinedbendingandaxialcompressionshouldsatisfy:

Where:
NEd,My,EdandMz,Edarethedesignvaluesofthecompressionforceandthemaximummoments
abouttheyyandzzaxesalongthemember,respectively
Nb,y,RdandNb,z,Rdarethedesignbucklingresistancesofthememberaboutthemajorandminoraxis
respectively
Mb,Rdisthedesignbucklingresistancemoment
Mcb,z,Rd

forClass1and2sections

Mcb,z,Rd
forClass3sections
kyy,kyz,kzy,kzzareinteractionfactors,whichmaybedeterminedfromAnnexAorBof
BSEN199311[1].
AnnexBisrecommendedasthesimplerapproachformanualcalculations.UseofeitherAnnexis
permittedbytheUKNationalAnnex[2].
Insomecases,aconservativevalueofthekfactorsmaybesufficientforinitialdesign.Thefollowingtable
givesmaximumvalues,basedonAnnexBoftheStandard,andassumingthesectionsaresusceptibleto
torsionaldeformations,i.e.nothollowsections.
kfactors
Interactionfactor
kyy

Maximumvalues
Class3
Class1and2
Cmy1.6
Cmy1.8

kyz

kzz

0.6kzz

kzy

1.0
Cmz1.6

1.0
Cmz2.4

kzz

TheequationstocalculatetheinteractionfactorsaregiveninSCIP362AppendixD.Aseriesofgraphsare
providedinSCIP362fromwhichaccuratevaluesoftheinteractionfactorsmaybedeterminedasan
alternativetocalculation.
SeetheCombinedaxialcompressionandbendingresistancedesigntool.

Columnsinsimpleconstruction

DesignofcolumnsinsimpleconstructionisbasedonNCCIdocumentSN048inwhichacolumninsimple
constructionsubjecttonominalbendingmomentsandaxialcompressionmaybeverifiedusingsimplified
interactioncriteria.
SeetheColumnsinsimpleconstructiondesigntool.

References
1. ^1.01.11.21.31.41.51.61.7BSEN199311:2005,Eurocode3:Designofsteelstructures.General
rulesandrulesforbuildings,BSI
2. ^2.02.12.22.3NAtoBSEN199311:2006.UKNationalAnnextoEurocode3:Designofsteel
structuresGeneralrulesandrulesforbuildings,BSI
3. ^BSEN100252:2004Hotrolledproductsofstructuralsteels.Technicaldeliveryconditionsfor
nonalloystructuralsteels,BSI.
4. ^BSEN199318:2005.Eurocode3:Designofsteelstructures.Designofjoints,BSI
5. ^BSEN199315:2006.Eurocode3:DesignofsteelstructuresPlatedstructuralelements.BSI

Furtherreading
LTBeam(http://www.steelbizfrance.com/telechargement/desclog.aspx?idrub=1&lng=2)isasoftware
toolwhichdealswiththeelastic'LateralTorsionalBucklingofBeamsunderbendingactionabout
theirmajoraxis.
SteelDesigners'Manual7thEdition.(http://shop.steelsci.com/products/231steeldesignersmanual
7thedition.aspx)EditorsBDavison&GWOwens.TheSteelConstructionInstitute2012,Chapters
14,15,16,17and19

Resources
SCIP361SteelBuildingDesign:IntroductiontotheEurocodes,2009
SCIP362SteelBuildingDesign:ConciseEurocodes,2009
SCIP363SteelBuildingDesign:DesignData,2013.
Aninteractiveonlineversion,oreBlueBook(http://tsbluebook.steelsci.org/),isalsoavailable.
SCIP364SteelBuildingDesign:WorkedExamplesOpenSections,2009
SCIP385Designofsteelbeamsintorsion,2011.
NCCI:SN003bENEUElasticcriticalmomentforlateraltorsionalbuckling.
NCCI:SN048bENGBVerificationofcolumnsinsimpleconstructionasimplifiedinteraction
criterion.
Memberdesigntools:
Compressionresistancedesigntool
Bendingresistancedesigntool
Combinedaxialcompressionandbendingresistancedesigntool
Columnsinsimpleconstructiondesigntool
Elasticcriticalmomentforlateraltorsionalbucklingcalculationtool
Concretefilledstructuralhollowsectiondesigntool

Seealso
Steelconstructionproducts
Designcodesandstandards
Modellingandanalysis
Designsoftwareandtools

Externallinks
LTBeam(http://www.cticm.com/content/ltbeamversion1011)

CPD
IntroductiontoEurocode3
WorkedexamplestoEurocode3
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