I.

Jacksonian Democracy
- Change from Jeffersonian democracy to Jacksonian Democracy.
o Jefferson: Government for the people, governed as little as possible.
o Jackson: Government by the people (Led to the spoils system)
- New Democracy based on universal white manhood suffrage. (No property qualifications)
o Blacks were disenfranchised, by Civil War they could only vote in New England
o South was the last to increase suffrage. (After West and East)
o Frederick Jackson Tuner: The Significance of the Frontier on the American History
Existence of cheap land in W shaped America to be more democratic/egalitarian
(equal)
- Rise of workingmens parties: demanded free education for kids, end debtors prisons, 10-hr work
day
o Locos Focos: radical NY democrats in 1820 wanted labor reforms. Resulted to the Specie
Circular.
o Ended caucus: caucus viewed for elitists.
II.
Causes of New Democracy
- Panic of 1819: BUS/ speculators for foreclosures on farms
o People became more politically involved: Sought to control
BUS(McCulloughv.Maryland), States opposed debtor prison.
- Missouri Compromise: Prime Goal of White South: Control govt to preserve S.
- New political parties: Democrats vs. National Republicans/whigs , increased suffrage
III.
Election of 1824 Corrupt Bargain of republicans (Jackson, Clay, Crawford, J.Q.Adams)
- Jackson received most popular votes but not majority electoral votes. House of Representatives
elected Adams as president with help from Clay.
IV.
John Quincy Adams Presidency
- Hated spoils system; party workers dismayed for no reward for their loyalty.
- Sectionalism increased; hatred for Clay/Adams vs. Jackson.
- Tariff of Abominations: increase of tariff from 23 to 37%.
o Daniel Webster (N) was for it, John C. Calhoun (S) was against
o Calhouns Southern Carolina Exposition and Protest: tariff is unconstitutional,
nullified
V.
Election of 1828 (Jackson (Democratic Rep) vs Adams (Nat. Repub) Jackson wins
- Jackson was from the West. (support was from the West, South, laborers, common people. )
- Balance of power shifting from East to expanding West.
VI. Jacksonian Democracy (political)
- In favor of states rights; Hated Clays American System (he wanted to reduce roles of govt)
- Condemened as King Andrew I for vetoing Congress 12 times.
- Spoils System: Van Buren engineered spoils system in NY Albany Regency
-Allowed as many citizens to hold office; resulted to be corrupt and ineffective.
- Webster-Hayne Debate : Curb sale of public lands.
-Hayne: (SC) condemned NE for War of 1812, protective tariffs (tariff of abominations);
he wanted to protect southern interests. (pro states rights)
- Webster(NE): Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable (pronational)
- Result: Both sides thought its champion had won.
- Jefferson Day Toast(1830)
- Jackson: Our Union: It must be preserved (fed govt over states)

- Calhoun: The union, next to our liberty, most dear (states over govt)
- Peggy Eaton Affair: Calhouns wife snubbed Peggy. Andrew felt more animosity towards
Calhoun.
- Tariff Controversy of 1832 became major controversy between Calhoun and Jackson.
- Calhouns Resignation in 1832: Calhoun became senate fighting for slavery and state rights;
sectional
- concurrent majority plan: Two presidents between north and south, both having veto
power over congress.
- Tariff of 1832 in response to SC anger.
- Lowered tariff to 35%, but still did not satisfy South.
- South threatened to secede from union.
- Clay proposed Compromise Tariff of 1833: Reduced tax 10% over 8 yrs.
- Force Bill passed to save Congress. Allowed pres. to use army to collect federal
tariffs.
VII. Election of 1832 Clay (n.repub) vs. Jackson(Democ, Old Hickory)
- Clay was author of American System, was War Hawk, and West Senator.
o Advantage: funded by easterners & BUS, Webster supported, newspaper editors favored
Clay more.
- Jackson defeated Clay in popular vote. He had the support of masses over rich.
- New Political Party: Anti-Masonic party (first 3rd party)
o Attracted middle class, evangelical groups.
o Opposed secrecy of Masonic Order who used rationalist Christian doctrine. (Jackson was
a mason)
Jacksonians against any govt meddling in social and economic life.
VIII. Jacksonian Democracy (Economic / States rights)
- Main aim: Divorce govt from economy; laissez faire
- Returned to Jeffersonian democracy: Govt role should be limited, more power to states.
JACKSONS WAR ON BANK OF US.
o Clay pushed a re-charter of BUS. If Jackson vetoed, he would alienate wealthy. If he
signed it, he would alienate his western support. (ultimately BUS was VETOED)
o Jackson criticized Biddle, BUS forced foreclosures in West, executive branch>judicial
o STRENTHS: Reduced bank failures, economic expansion, safe desposit, only natl
institution in US.
o Jackson removed fed. deposits from BUS and put them in pet banks. (weaken BUS)
o Specie Circular: public lands had to be purchased with hard money. Wildcat money
had been unreliable in the West. Locos Focos played huge role in this. Inflation.
- General Incorporation Laws: (1) state government charters were typically monopoly-oriented.
(2) free incorporations no charter (3) Limited Liability: Business owners were separate from
their corporation.
- Charles River Bridge decision (Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge)
o Significance: Encouraged economic devlpmt in transportation and other public facilities
with free competition. (Very Jacksonian) State rights to prevent monopolies.
- Maysville Road veto: Jackson refused to spend fed. money for roads in Kentucky.
IX.
Transplanting of Native American Tribes
- Jackson felt it unwise to regard tribes as separate nations within individual states but saw them as
uncivilized.

Indian Removal Act: Jackson proposed bodily removal of remaining Indians, even the 5
Civilized Nations: Cherokee, Creek, Choctaw, Chickasaw, and Seminoles.
- Cherokee settled on precious N/E Georgia land and were invaded for its gold and land. Despite
Cherokees recognition to land in Treaty of 1791, many Georgians ignored the fed. laws.
o Cherokee Nation v. Georgia: Supreme Court ruled Natives as dependent of U.S. and are
not a foreign nation therefore must abide by their laws.
- Worcester v. Georgia: John Marshall stated that Georgia had no right to rule Cherokee. GA made
him say an oath but he refused and was put in jail. (Jackson ignored this)
- Trail of Tears: Natives removed to Oklahoma.
- Black Hawk War: Illinois and Wisconsin resisted eviction of lands W. of Lake Huron. After they
were defeated by U.S. troops, lands became open for white settlement.
- Seminoles and Creek slave owners were forced to merge. They refused and started Second
Seminole War. 4/5 were forced to move to Oklahoma.
X.
Birth of Texas
- Mexico granted Stephen Austin Texas under circumstances that immigrants were Catholics and
properly Mexicanized. (But were ignored)
- Mexico was also against slavery.
- Texas declared its independence in 1836 against Mexican dictator Santa Anna, led by Sam
Houston. Houston was victorious at San Jacinto.
- Was recognized after Jackson left office. (Admittance as slave state disputes btwn N and S)
XI.
Election of 1836 (Harrison vs. Van Buren)
- Birth of the Whigs (heirs of Hamilstons Federalist ideas) in combined effort against Jacksons
killing of the BUS.
XII.
Jackson Summary
- Pro: (1) strong executive leadership in tariff controversy (2) champion of common people
(3)United people into Democratic Party
- Liabilities: (1) Spoils System (2) Killing BUS (3) Specie Circular (4) Flouted authority of
Supreme Court with Cherokee/ BUS (5) Trail of Tears (6) animosity towards Calhoun
XIII. Van Burens Presidency
- Principle architect of 2nd American System
a) Albany Regency :Political organiztn dominating NY politics.
b) Tactics: patronage (sponsored) policies
- Caroline Incident: Rebellion in Canada threatened to trigger war with Br.
- Antislavery issues of annexation of Texas.
- Panic of 1837
o Causes: (1) over speculation (2) Jacksonian finance (3) Flour Riot rise in grain price
(4)Failure in Br. Banks
o Results: (1)Banks collapsed(2)Inflation & Unemployment
- Divorce Bill: Because Van Burn rejected Whig advice to raising taxes etc. He proposed this bill
which divorced govt from banks.
o Independent Treasury System: govt could lock its surplus in vaults in several of the
larger cities. CON: NO investment.
XIV. Election of 1840 (Harrison, Van Buren, Clay) Harrison won.
- Tippecanoe and Tyler Too (John Tyler was v.p. for Harrison)
- False myths of Harrison of being a poor farmer: Log Cabin and Hard Cider
- Significance: Propoganda and silly slogans set unfortunate futures.
- Liberty Party: 1st anti-extension of slavery party with James G. Birney as its candidate.
Whigs
Democrats

Supported N industrialists and merchants

(wealthy)
Supported American System
Reduce Spoils System
Southern states rights advocates angry at
Jacksons stand on nullification
Evangelicals from Anti-Masonic party
joined
Later supported moral reforms
Use natl govt to solve problems

Supported by common people

States Rights
Favored spoils system
Anti-monopoly favored increased
competition
Believed Fed. govt should not be involved
with personal lives

Forging the National Economy

Western Mvmt: tobacco exhausted land, ecological imperialism, appreciation for American
wilderness (ex: Catlin & Natl parks)
Black Forties, Irish, came to Boston but especially New York. The illiterate Irish were hated
also for being Catholic. They had to compete for jobs with Africans. Ancient Order of
Hibernians helped aid Irish.
o Appealed to politics and filled police dept. (Tammany Hall)
Germans had much more $ than Irish so went West and settled in Wisconsin.
Nativists prejudiced foreigners. Catholicism(immigrants) became major group over protestant
US.
o Nativists met in secrecy, known as the Know-Nothing party. They fought for restriction
on immigration, naturalization and deportation of alien paupers.
Industrial Rev. in US (TRIC Textiles, railroads, iron and coal)
o Samuel Slater: Father of the factory System , cotton thread spinner
o Eli Whitney: Cotton Gin that saved the South. & interchangeable parts
o Elias Howe, Isaac Singer: Invented sewing machine, enhanced sewing machine
respectively
o SIGNIFICANCE OF INDUSTRIAL REV.
Growth of cities: Social stratification, unresolvable problems
no longer needed skilled labor
increase of labor unions (workingmen)
Commonwealth v. Hunt: MA ruled labor unions not illegal as long as
peaceful
Agricultural Rev. in West (Mostly Ohio Territory became nations food source)
o John Deere: steel plow; Cyrus McCormick: mower-reaper
o Produced more than South.
Transportation Rev. (Desire of E to get W. resources)
o Turnpikes (Lancaster), Cumberland/ National Road (Maryland to Illinois)
o Steamboat: Robert Fulton
o Erie Canal connected West and East economically.
o Railroads: B&O railroads, all-weather transportation
o SIG: Regional specialization: S- Cotton to NE; W Grain&Livestock for E; E-machines,
textiles for S/W
o Cyrus Fields laid cable between US and Euro.

o Pony Express replaced by telegraph made my Samuel FB Morse.

REFORM AND CULTURE
I.
Second Great Awakening inspired by perfectionism (Puritan ideal)
Abolitionism: slavery
Temperance: American Temperance Society, Neal Dow: Father of Prohibition & Maine
Law(1851)
o T.S. Arthurs Ten Nights in a Barroom and What I Saw There resulted to less drinking
amongst women, many states passed prohibition laws but were eventually overturned.
Womens Suffrage: Traditional View of women: Republican Motherhood and Cult of
Demoesticity
o Seneca Falls Convention by Stanton and Mott (Womens Rights Convention)
o Declaration of Sentiments: All men and women are created equal.
o Susan B. Anthony: Quaker, militant lecturer of womans rights
o Stanton: Left out obey in marriage ceremony.
o Mott: Quake who was denied recognition as delegate for antislavery convention.
o Lucy Stone: Developed first national womens rights convention.
o Grimke Sisters: against slavery and in favor in womens rights
o Amelia Bloomer: Popularized wearing short skirt
o Overshadowed by slavery issue.
o Results: Increase in college admittance, own property starting from Mississippi.
Education: tax-supported free public edu.
o Horace Mann, Secretary of MA Board of Educ, argued for better trained teachers
o Increased suffrage pushed for better education.
o Webster: Schoolmaster of the Republic/ dictionary; McGuffey: emphasized morality,
patriotism and idealism.
o Willard established the Troy Female Seminary
o Oberlin College open to men, women, and in 1837, blacks
o Dix: Helped the mentally disabled, prison reform
o American Peace Society: End war
o Catherine Beecher encouraged women to become teachers.
Change in Religion: Second Awakening a reaction to liberalism: Unitarianism, Transcend,
deism
o Unitarianism: God is one person, not a trinity
o Transcendentalism: Believed in inner light of person, individualism
o circuit riders (traveling preachers) : Methodist Cartwright, Finney: greatest revival
preachers
Burned-over District: damnation sermons
Adventists(Millerites): Christ would return Oct. 22, 1844.
o N/S churches split over slavery issues
Wilderness Utopias: Brook Farm plain living high thinking; Oneida Colony love
marriage, New Harmony, Amana perfection, Mormons , Shakers celibacy