ENTROPY

Entropy Change during an Isothermal Process

1.A piston-cylinder device contains a liquid-vapor mixture of water at 300 K. During a constantpressure process, 750 kJ of heat is transferred to the water. As a result, part of the liquid in the
cylinder vaporizes. Determine the entropy change of the water during this process.
Entropy Generation during Heat Transfer Processes
2.A heat source at 8 0 0 K loses 2 0 0 0 kJ of heat to a sink at (a) 5 0 0 K and (b) 7 5 0 K. Determine
which heat transfer process is more irreversible.
3. An energy-source at 1000 K transfers heat to a completely reversible heat engine. This engine
transfers heat to a sink at 300 K. How much heat must be transferred from the energy-source to
increase the entropy of the energy-sink by 20 kJ/K?
4. Heat in the amount of 100 kJ is transferred directly from a hot reservoir at 1200 K to a cold
reservoir at 600 K.Calculate the entropy change of the two reservoirs and determine if the increase of
entropy principle is satisfied.
5. In the previous problem, assume that the heat is transferred from the cold reservoir to the hot
reservoir contrary to the Clausius statement of the second law. Prove that this violates the increase of
entropy principleas it must according to Clausius.
6. A completely reversible heat pump produces heat at a rate of 300 kW to warm a house maintained
at 24C. The exterior air, which is at 7C, serves as the source. Calculate the rate of entropy change
of the two reservoirs and determine if this heat pump satisfies the second law according to the
increase of entropy principle.
7. A refrigerator with a coefficient of performance of 4 transfers heat from a cold region at 20C to
a hot region at 30C. Calculate the total entropy change of the regions when 1 kJ of heat is transferred
from the cold region. Is the second law satisfied? Will this refrigerator still satisfy the second law if
its coefficient of performance is 6?
8. Calculate the rate of entropy change of all the components of a refrigerator that uses 10 kW of
power, rejects 14 kW of heat, and has a high-temperature energy reservoir at 400 K and a lowtemperature energy reservoir at 200 K. What is the rate of cooling produced by this refrigerator? Is
this refrigerator completely reversible?
Entropy Change of Incompressible Substances
9. A 75-kg copper block initially at 110C is dropped into an insulated tank that contains 160 L of
water at 15C. Determine the final equilibrium temperature and the total entropy change for this
process.

10. A 30-kg aluminum block initially at 140C is brought into contact with a 40-kg block of iron at
60C in an insulated enclosure. Determine the final equilibrium temperature and the total entropy
change for this process.
11. A 50-kg iron block and a 20-kg copper block, both initially at 80C, are dropped into a large lake
at 15C. Thermal equilibrium is established after a while as a result of heat transfer between the
blocks and the lake water. Determine the total entropy change for this process.
Entropy Changes of Ideal Gases
12.Air is compressed from an initial state of 100 kPa and 17C to a final state of 600 kPa and 57C.
Determine the entropy change of air during this compression process by using (a) property values
from the air table and (b) average specific heats.
13. Which of the two gases helium or nitrogenexperiences the greatest entropy change as its
state is changed from 2000 kPa and 427C to 200 kPa and 27C?
14. Air is expanded from 2000 kPa and 500C to 100 kPa and 50C. Assuming constant specific
heats, determine the change in the specific entropy of air.
15. A piston-cylinder device contains 0.75 kg of nitrogen gas at 140 kPa and 37C. The gas is now
compressed slowly in a polytropic process during which PV'3 = constant. The process ends when the
volume is reduced by one-half. Determine the entropy change of nitrogen during this process.
16. A constant-volume tank contains 5 kg of air at 100 kPa and 327C. The air is cooled to the
surroundings temperature of 27C. Assume constant specific heats at 300 K. (a) Determine the
entropy change of the air in the tank during the process, in kJ/K, (b) determine the net entropy change
of the universe due to this process, in kJ/K, and (c) sketch the processes for the air in the tank and the
surroundings on a single T-s diagram. Be sure to label the initial and final states for both processes.
17. A container filled with 45 kg of liquid water at 95C is placed in a 90-m3 room that is initially at
12C. Thermal equilibrium is established after a while as a result of heat transfer between the water
and the air in the room. Using constant specific heats, determine (a) the final equilibrium
temperature, (b) the amount of heat transfer between the water and the air in the room, and (c) the
entropy generation. Assume the room is well sealed and heavily insulated.