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Parliamentary form
Federalism
Fundamental Right
DPSP
SoP
Judicial Review
Amending Power
Federalism
1. Duchacek - process of combining territorial communities
2. Dicey - distribution of the force
1. Distribuion of power
2. Dual Polity
3. Written Constitution
4. Rigid Constitution
5. Supremacy of Constitution
3. Wheare - method of dividing powers
4. Livington - device by which the federal qualities
Duchaceks 10 Yardsticks
i) Has the central authority exclusive control over diplomacy and defense as befits a
nation-states in relations with other nation states?
(1) US: Article 1, S. 10
(2) India: Art. 246 r/w Entries 1 19 (except 3), 34 and 41. Art. 53, 352, 353 and 355
ii) Is the Federal Union Constituionally immune against dissolution by secession?
(1) US: Article 4, S. 3 r/w Texas v. White
(2) India: Art. 1, 2, 352, 356. 16 Amd (Art. 1992)), 42 Amd (Preamble).
(3) USSR, Burma
iii) Is the exercise of the central authority as it reaches all citizens directly independent of
the individual approval and resources of the component units?
Union to impose tax directly w/o intervention of states
(1) US: Art. 1, S. 8
(2) India: Art 268 281 r/w En. 82 95 (List I)
iv) Who has Ultimate Control Over the Amendments to the federal Constitutions?
(1) US: Art. 5 ratification of of states
(2) Canada: Part V, S. 38 - 49
(a) Can be initiated in House of Commons, Senate or Legislative Assembly
5. South Africa: Constitutional Court (FR and disputes only) > SC > HC >
viii)
District Court
6. Switzerland:
1. Federal Court can declare a Canton law as invalid but not Federal Law.
2. Federal law only when 8 out of 26 cantons asks or 30,000 voters.
Is there a judicial authority in the central authority but Standing above that
Central Authority and the Components Units to determine their respective rights?
Disputes between States
1. US:
(i) Art. 3 original and appellate
(ii) Mccallah v. Marryland (Tax on Bank)
(iii)
Marbory v. Madison
2. India: Art 131 original
3. Judicial Review: Art. 13(2), 32, 136, 226.
4. Canada:
5. Germany:
6. Switzerland: Federal SC
ix) Have the component units retain all the powers that the constitution has not given to
the central authority?
(1) US: States. Art. 1, S. 8 Only 18 Subject matters with Center
(2) India: Union. Art. 368 and Sch. 7, 3 Lists
(3) Canada: Union
(4) Germany: Union
(5) South Africa: Union
(6) Switzerland: Art. 3 Specific powers to Fed and remaining with States
x) Is the territorial division of authority is clear and unambiguous?
(1) US: Art. 1, S. 8 Only 18 Subject matters with Center
(2) India:
(a) Art. 245 territorial division
(b) Art. 246 Subject matter division r/w Art. 368 and Sch. 7, 3 Lists
(c) Art. 254 Doctrine of Repugnancy
(3) Canada: S. 91 (29 Subjects for Centre), S. 92 (16 subjects local in nature)
(4) Germany: Provincial (4) and Concurrent
(5) South Africa: Sch 4 concurrent power. Sch 5 State power
Canada
1. British North American Act
2. Canada, Nova Scotia and New
Germany
South Africa
Switzerland