Class XII

CHEMISTRY

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Introduction:
Organic compounds play a vital role on this earth. Organic chemicals appear in
materials like clothing, fuels, polymers, and dyes. Organic chemistry is around two hundred
years old. The formation of acetic acid by Kolbe method showed that organic compounds
could also be prepared from inorganic
norganic-compounds.
Page | 1
Organic chemistry is the branch of science
science in which we study the properties,
reactions, and uses of organic compounds.
Hydrocarbons are those compounds in which a carbon atom is directly attached to
hydrogen atoms.
All hydrocarbons are organic compounds but not all organic compounds are
hydrocarbons.
All carbon compounds except for a few inorganic carbon compounds are organic.
Inorganic carbon compounds include the oxides of carbon, the bicarbonates, and carbonates
of metal ions, metal cyanides, and a few others.
Nomenclature of Organic Compounds:
There are huge numbers of organic compounds are known. One might think that the
study of organic chemistry is very difficult. However it is not so because organic compounds
are classified into the various families on the basis of their properties.
propert
Classifications of Organic compounds are divided into various classes as follows.

1. Acyclic Compounds: Compounds in which all the carbon atoms are linked to one another
to form open chains(straight chain) are called acyclic, open chain or aliphatic.
aliphatic. These may be
saturated or unsaturated. For example,
Examples: Methane
1 CH4
Methyl alcohol
2 CH3OH
CH=CH2
Buta-1,3-diene
3 CH2=CH-CH=CH
2. Cyclic compounds:: Cyclic compounds which is made up of only one type of atom, the
compound is known as homo-cyclic
cyclic and if the ring contains one heteroatom (N, S, and O),
the compound is known as heterocyclic compound.

www. shinehill.in

shinehill4iitjee@gmail.com

Class XII
CHEMISTRY

(a) Homocyclic compounds: these types of compounds contain ring, which are made up of
only one type of atoms. The organic compounds contain of only carbon atoms, it is also
known as carbo-cyclic
cyclic compounds. They are divided into two partsparts
(i) Alicyclic compounds: Carbocyclic compounds which resemble aliphatic compounds in Page | 2
their properties are called alicyclic compounds. These are the compounds
compounds in which, the
carbon atoms are joined by the covalent bonds to form the ring structures.

(ii) Aromatic compounds:: Organic compounds containing one or more fused or isolated
benzene rings (a six-member
member ring of carbon atoms with alternate single or double bonds) are
called aromatic compounds.

(b) Heterocyclic compounds:: These are the compounds containing ring structure in which
one or more carbon atoms are replaced by hetro atoms (N, S, O etc) are known as
heterocyclic compounds. These are of two types:
t
(i) Alicyclic Heterocyclic Compounds: Heterocyclic compounds, which resemble aliphatic
compounds in their properties are called alicyclic heterocyclic compounds.

(ii) Aromatic Heterocyclic Compounds: heterocyclic compounds, which resemble aromatic

compounds in most of their properties, are called aromatic heterocyclic compounds or non
nonbenzenoid aromatic compounds.

Functional Group or Characteristic Groups: An atom or group of atoms, which largely

determines the properties of the organic compound particularly
particularly the chemical properties, is
called a Functional group.
Organic compounds are classified into various families on the basis of their properties
most of the organic compound can be divided into two parts
(a) Reactive part called functional group.
(b) A Skelton of carbon and hydrogen atoms, which is called as alkyl or aryl group.
The properties of the compounds are generally controlled by functional groups.
For example- The properties of Ethyl alcohol (C2H5OH) and Ethylamine (C2H5NH2) are
different though their alkyl radicals are same. The difference in properties due to the different
www. shinehill.in

shinehill4iitjee@gmail.com

Class XII
CHEMISTRY

functional group attached to the alkyl chain. The OH and NH2 groups are the functional
groups of alcohols and amines respectively.
Homologous Series: A series of closely related organic compounds, which can be
represented by a general formula, is called Homologous Series.
Characteristics of Homologous Series: All member of a series can be represented by a
general formula.

Page | 3

IUPAC Name
General Formula
S.No.
Alkane
CnH2n+2
1
Alkene
CnH2n
2
Alkyne
CnH2n-2
3
Alkyl
CnH2n+1
4
All members obey the same general formula.
Every successive member differs by a methylene (-CH
(
2-) group.
They have
ve similar chemical properties.
Their physical properties such as melting point, boiling point, density, solubility etc shows
the regular gradation with the increase in molecular mass.
Nomenclature of Organic Compounds: - There are two methods by which naming of
organic compounds are done.
(A) TRIVIAL SYSTEM: - In this system, compounds are named after the source from
which they are obtained. Some compounds and their sources are given below:
Compound
NH2CONH2
HCOOH
CH3COOH
CH3 CH2 CH2COOH

Name

Source

Urea
Formic Acid
Acetic acid
Butyric acid

Urine
Formica (ant)
Acetum(sour)
Butyrum (butter)

(B) IUPAC SYSTEM: The nomenclature of the organic compounds is done by the systematic nomenclature system
given by IUPAC in 1950. The most widely used system is substitutive nomenclature. The
substitutive name of an organic compound is based on its principal group and principal chain.
IUPAC: - International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. The IUPAC compounds
contains three parts namely-

Root Word- This is the basic unit, which indicate the carbon chain in the molecule structure.
It tells us the number of carbon atoms in the principle chain. Depending upon the numbers of
Carbon atoms the root words are as follows:

www. shinehill.in

shinehill4iitjee@gmail.com

Class XII
CHEMISTRY

Page | 4

Suffix:: Suffix is added indicating the saturated or unsaturated nature of the parent chain and
the functional group present in the molecule.
There are two types of Suffixes(i) Primary Suffix
(ii) Secondary Suffix
(i) Primary Suffix: - It tells the linkage between the carbon atoms.

(i) Secondary Suffix: It tells the characteristic functional group present in the organic
compound. It is added to the name, after the primary suffix. Some common secondary
suffixes are given below.

www. shinehill.in

shinehill4iitjee@gmail.com

Class XII
CHEMISTRY

Page | 5

Note- When we are using these secondary suffixes, the carbon of the functional group (if any)
is counted in the principle chain.
Prefixes:: The prefix depends upon the carbon atom present in a parent chain.

Prefix indicates the substituent of other atoms or groups in place of hydrogen atom in the
main chain of carbon
bon atoms. Most commonly used prefixes are alkyl groups and groups or
atoms, which are not regarded as principle functional groups. Some of these prefixes are
given
below.

For Alcohol Group (OH) e ---- ol- Alkane in place of e - ol will come.

www. shinehill.in

shinehill4iitjee@gmail.com

Class XII
CHEMISTRY

For example-

Page | 6

For Ether Group (ROR) Small group

group-Oxi /Oxy and the remaining group-Alkane
Alkane

Nomenclature of saturated branched hydrocarbons: Position of Locants: A locant is numeral (1, 2, 3.) or a letter (o, m, pp- etc) used to locate
the position of a substituents or a carbon-carbon
carbon carbon multiple bond. These locants are placed
immediately before the part of the name of which they relate. For example, according to
www. shinehill.in

shinehill4iitjee@gmail.com

Class XII
CHEMISTRY

IUPAC names to the latest rules for Pent-2-ene,

Pent
name like Pentene-2 or 2-Pentene
Pentene are not
correct.
Numerical Prefixes: Numerical prefixes are used to describe a multiplicity of identical
feature of a structure in chemical nomenclature. These are derived from Greek or Latin
number names. Some common numerical prefixes are given below.
Page | 7

Numerical
ical prefixes such as bis, tris,
t
tetrakis etc are used to indicate a multiplicity of a
substituted substituents.

Bracket or Parenthesis: The brackets or Parenthesis is used around

round prefixes defining
substituents after the numerical multiplicative prefix, if any.
Use of Hyphen: The use of hyphen, brackets, and numerical prefixes are illustrated in the
following examples;
A hyphen separates a locant from the words of the name. F
For example,
-A

Nomenclature of simple alkanes: The names of first ten alkanes are given in the following tables: -

www. shinehill.in

shinehill4iitjee@gmail.com

Class XII
CHEMISTRY

Page | 8

Nomenclature of branched alkanes: 1. Selection of Parent chain: Rule1: - Select the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms as a parental (principal) chain.
All other carbon atoms, which are not included in this chain, are regarded as substituents and
denoted as prefixes.
Example: -

The given alkane is named as a derivative of the alkane representing the parent chain. It is
noted the longest chain may or may not be straight but it must be continuous.

Rule2: - If two and more than two longest chains are the present in the compound then the
chain having larger number
mber of side chains will be principal chain.

www. shinehill.in

shinehill4iitjee@gmail.com

Class XII
CHEMISTRY

The chain (written in blue color) has side chains at 2, 3, 4, 5 carbon atoms, while the chain
(written in pink color) has side chains at 2, 3, 4 carbon atoms. Therefore, longest chain will
be the chain named in blue color.
Rule3: - Numbering of the Principle Chain: (Lowest Number of Rule): The selected
carbon chain is numbered from the end nearest to the side chain or substituents to give the Page | 9
lowest no. to the carbon having the side chain.
The sums of the number assigned to the substituents are mini-mum.
mini
Locant is used to denote
the number indicating the substituents attached.
attached

In the above structure, if we start the numbering from left hand-side,

hand
then substituted group
comes at carbon number-55 while if we do the numbering from the right-hand
right hand side, then
substituted group comes at carbon-number-3.
carbon
3. Therefore, Numbering from right hand side is
correct.

From the above figure, it is clear that in figure-2

figure the lowest set of locant is applicable.
Rule 4: - Numbering Same Substituents at Different Position
Position:: When the same substituents
occurs more than one time in a parent chain, the positional number of each substituents is
separated by commas and suitable numerical
numerical prefixes such as di, tri, tetra, etc., are attached to
the same. In case the same substituents occur twice on the same carbon atom, its positional
number is repeated twice with a comma in between.

www. shinehill.in

shinehill4iitjee@gmail.com

Class XII
CHEMISTRY

Page | 10

In this structure, methyl group is repeated thrice, so in the naming of the structure, we have
used tri before methyl.
Rule5: - Alphabetic Order of Substituents:
If more than one group attached to the carbon chain, they should be arranged
alphabetically.
While deciding alphabetical order of simple substituents numerical affixes such as di,
tri,
tetra etc (if any) are not considered.
When two or more identical substituents are present prefix
prefix- di, tri, tetra- etc are used.
The position of substituents is separated by commas
Example: -

Such substituted substituents or

Rule6: - Naming of Univalent Branched Chain Radicals: Such
complex radicals are derived from the name of the alkane representing the longest chain. The
numbering should be done in the way that the carbon atom with free valence gets number 1.

Note: IUPAC has retained following semi systematic names for branched chain alkanes,
provided they are not substituted. However, these semi systematic names are not yet widely
accepted in IUPAC nomenclature.

www. shinehill.in

shinehill4iitjee@gmail.com

Class XII
CHEMISTRY

Special Case of Nomenclature of Branched Chain Alkanes:

Al
1. Deciding the Order of complex substituents: Complex radicals are alphabetized under
the first letter of their complete names i.e., including the numerical affix (if any). This is clear
from the following compounds.
Page | 11

Here dimethylpropyl as a complex single substituents is alphabetized underd and as

such written before e of ethyl.
In the case where the names of complex radicals are composed of identical words priority is
decided by considering the locants in the complex radicals. For example,

In second figure, numbering of the carbon atoms is done in wrong way. At carbon number
number-5,
the attached group has substitute at carbon-2,
carbon while at carbon-number-6,
6, the attached group
has substitute (methyl) at carbon-1.
carbon 1. We know that, numbering should be do
done from the
lowest locant side.
2. Numbering of Different Substituents at Equivalent Positions
Positions:: When two different
substituents are present at equivalent positions, the numbering of parent chain is done in such
a way that the substituent, which comes firstt in the alphabetical order gets the lower number.
For example-

www. shinehill.in

shinehill4iitjee@gmail.com

Class XII
CHEMISTRY

Page | 12

In this example, ethyl is written before methyl group because E comes before M.
3. Deciding the Principal Chain When there are two or More Chains of Equal Lengths
Lengths:
When there are two orr more chains of equal length, then the chain with greater number of
side chains as substituents should be selected as principal chain for example,

In case if there are two or more chains of equal lengths have the same number of side chains,
then the chain whose side chain have the lowest numbered locants is selected as principal
chain.
For example,

Here the set of locant s 2, 4, 5 is lower than the

th set 2, 4, 6
Example1: -Name
Name the following compound using IUPAC substitutive nomenclature?

Solution: Principle chain contain 7 carbon atoms, hence it is substituted

heptane. The branches are at C-22 with methyl group and C-4
C with ethyl
group.
According to IUPAC, rules if more than one group attached to
the carbon chain, they should be arranged alphabetically, and the sum
of the number assigned to the substituents are minimum. It is 4-Ethyl-2-methyl-heptane.
heptane.
Some important tips: 1. Branching group are generally termed as substituents.
substitu
The name of an un
un-branched
alkyl substituent is derived by replacing ane by yl.
www. shinehill.in

shinehill4iitjee@gmail.com

Class XII
CHEMISTRY

2. The prefix n-(normal)

(normal) refers to a straight chain alkyl group. If the name does not have Page | 13
prefix n, it is assumed that carbon
carb atoms are in continuous chain.

3. The prefix-iso
iso refers that a straight chain contains one methyl group at second carbon
from the opposite end.

4. The prefix-neo
neo is used when a carbon is attached to three other carbons. It is used
mainly in pentane.

5. The prefix-s
s is used when a carbon
carbo is attached to two other carbons.
6. The prefix-t
t is used when a carbon is attached to three other carbons.

7. An acyclic bridge is named as a prefix derived from the hydrocarbon name by

changing the final e to o. The position of a double bond, if present is indicated in
square brackets between the hydrocarbon prefix and the ending -eno
eno or -dieno,

etc.
Compound structure
-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH=CH-CH=CH-CH2
-CH2-CH=CH-CH2-CH=CH-CH=CH-

Name
Methano
Ethano
Etheno
Pro[1]eno
But[2]eno
Buta [1,3]dieno

Nomenclature of acyclic or heterogeneous bridge: -

www. shinehill.in

shinehill4iitjee@gmail.com

Class XII
CHEMISTRY

Page | 14

Important: Common names that you should know are...

isopropyl = 1-methylethyl
isobutyl = 2-methylpropyl
sec-butyl = 1-methylpropyl
tert-butyl = 1,1-dimethylethyl
neo-pentyl = 2,2-dimethylpropyl
dimethylpropyl
iso-pentyl = 3-methylbutyl
Example2: - Name the following compound using the IUPAC nomenclature.

(a) 4-propylheptane
(c) 2-methyl-3-propyl
propyl hexane

(b) 4-(1-methylethyl) heptanes

(d) 4-propyl-5-methyl hexane

Answer: - (b)

The principal chain contains seven carbons; hence, it is substituted as heptane.. At carbon
carbon-4,
we have a branch of three carbons.
This branch is called isopropyl or 1-methylethyl.
1
Therefore, name of the compound is 4-(1-methylethyl)heptane
Example3: - Name the following compound using the IUPAC nomenclature.

www. shinehill.in

shinehill4iitjee@gmail.com

Class XII
CHEMISTRY

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

2,4-dimethyl-5-propylheptane
propylheptane
5-propyl-2,3-dimethylheptane
dimethylheptane
2,4-dimethyl-5-ethyloctane
ethyloctane
5-ethyl-2,4-dimethyloctane
dimethyloctane

Answer: - (d)

Page | 15

The principal chain contains eight carbons; hence, it is substituted as octane. There are three
branches is attached to the principal chain. Two branches are methyl group and one branch is
ethyl group.
ethyl-2, 4-dimethyloctane
The name of the compound is 5-ethyl
(Ethyl will come before methyl)
Example4: - Name the following compound
compounds using the IUPAC nomenclature.

Answer:(A) The IUPAC name of the compound is 3,3-dimethylhexane

3,3

(B) The name of the compound is 4-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-heptane

4

www. shinehill.in

shinehill4iitjee@gmail.com

Class XII
CHEMISTRY

(C) The name of the compound is 5-ethyl-3-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-nonane

nonane

Page | 16

Example5: - IUPAC name of neo

neo-pentane is
Answer: -

IUPAC name is 2,2-dimethylpropane

dimethylpropane
Example6: - Find out the primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary carbon in the
following compound.

Answer: Type of carbon

Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Quaternary

Position
1,9,11
2,3,5,8
6,7, 10
4

Example7: - Write the IUPAC name of the following compound?

www. shinehill.in

(IIT-JEE-1990)
1990)

shinehill4iitjee@gmail.com

Class XII
CHEMISTRY

Answer: -

Page | 17

IUPAC name is 5,6-diethyl-3-methyldecane

methyldecane

www. shinehill.in

shinehill4iitjee@gmail.com