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CONTROLENGINEERING
The Bode plot is the frequency response plot of the transfer function of a system. A Bode
plot consists of two graphs. One is the plot of magnitude of sinusoidal transfer function versus
log .The other is a plot of the phase angle of a sinusoidal function versus log .
13. What are the main advantages of Bode plot?
The main advantages are:
Multiplication of magnitude can be in to addition.
A simple method for sketching an approximate log curve is available.
It is based on asymptotic approximation. Such approximation is sufficient if rough information
on the frequency response characteristic is needed.
The phase angle curves can be easily drawn if a template for the phase angle curve of 1+ j is
available.
14. Define Corner frequency?
The frequency at which the two asymptotic meet in a magnitude plot is called corner
frequency.
15. Define Phase lag and phase lead?
A negative phase angle is called phase lag.
A positive phase angle is called phase lead.
16. What are M circles?
The magnitude of closed loop transfer function with unit feed back can be shown to be in
the for every value if M.These circles are called M circles.
17. What is Nichols chart?
The chart consisting if M & N loci in the log magnitude versus phase
diagram is called Nichols chart.
18. What are two contours of Nichols chart?
Nichols chart of M and N contours, superimposed on ordinary graph. The M contours are
the magnitude of closed loop system in decibels and the N contours are the phase angle locus of
closed loop system.
19. How is the Resonant Peak(Mr), resonant frequency(Wr ) , and band width determined
from Nichols chart?
The resonant peak is given by the value of .contour which is tangent to G(j ) locus.
The resonant frequency is given by the frequency of G(j ) at the tangency point.
The bandwidth is given by frequency corresponding to the intersection point of G(j )
and 3dB M-contour.
20.What are the advantages of Nichols chart?
The advantages are:
It is used to find the closed loop frequency response from open loop frequency response.
Frequency domain specifications can be determined from Nichols chart.
The gain of the system can be adjusted to satisfy the given specification.
Closed loop
1.Innaccurate
Accurate
2.Shifting
3.Initial Value theorem
4.Final value theorem
110.Define Controllability
A system is said to be completely state controllable if it is possible to transfer the system
state from any initial state X(to) to any other desired state X(t) in specified finite time by a
controlvector U(t).
111.Define observability.
A system is said to be completely state observable if every state X(t) can be completely
identified by measuremnts of output y(t) over a finite time interval.
112.Give the Z transform of a unit pulse function
Z((k)) = 1
113. Give the Z transform of a unit step function
Z(u(k)) = z / z-1
114. Give the Z transform of CoswkT
Z(CoswkT) = z (z-coswT)/ z2-2zcoswT +1
115.List the Linearity property
Z( af(k) + bg(k)) = aF(z) + bG(z)
116. List the Shifting property
Z(f(k+1)) = z[F(z) f(0)]
117. Give the Z transform of a unit ramp function
Z[g(k)] = z/ (z-1)2
118. Give the Z transform of Knf(k)
Z[Knf(k)] = [-z d/dz]n F(z)
119. List the Scale change property
Z[akf(k)] = F(z/a)
120.What is state observer
A device ( or a computer program ) that estimates or observes the state variables is state
observer.
121.List the different methods of discretization
1.Impulse Invariant transformation
2. Impulse Invariant transformation and artificial holds
3.Mapping of differentials
4.Bilinear transformation
5. Bilinear transformation and frequency prewarping
6.Matched Z transform
122.List the properties which characterize the compensation filter.
1.No . of poles and zeros
2.bandwith
3.DC gain
4.Phase margin
123.List the properties of Impulse Invariant transformation
1) D(z) has the same impulse response as D(s)
2) If D(s) is stable so is D(z)
3) D(z) does not preserve the frequency response of D(s)
124.What is the procedure to be followed to avoid aliasing problem.
Low pass filter H(s) can be cascaded with D(s) resulting in new modified filter.This filter
is called a guard filter.
125. What are the drawbacks of guard filter.
1.It introduces a time lag which causes degradation in performance.
2.Modified discrete filter is more complicated.
126. List the properties of Impulse Invariant transformation
1) If D(z) is not properly tabulated it requires partial fraction expansion
2) If D(s) is stable so is D(z)
3) D(z) does not preserve the frequency response of D(s)
127. What is the main disadvantage of forward differences method.
It generates unstable filters.
128. What is the other name for bilinear transformation
It is also called Tutsin transformation and Trapezoid integration method.
129. What is bilinear transformation
S = 2( 1 z-1)/ T(1 + z-1)
130. List the properties of bilinear transformation
1) It is easy to apply.
2) If D(s) is stable so is D(z)
3) D(z) does not preserve the frequency response of D(s)
UNIT 1
1.Determine the transfer function X1(S) / F(S) and X2(S) / F(S) of the mechanical system
shown in figure.
2. Write the governing differential equations of the mechanical system shown in figure.
3. Write the governing differential equations of the mechanical system shown in figure.
4. Obtain the closed loop transfer function C(S) / R(S) of the system whose block
diagram is shown in figure. Use Block diagram reduction technique and verify the
transfer function with signal flow graph technique.
10. Determine the transfer function Y2(S)/F(S) of the system shown in fig.
UNIT II
1.Derive the expressions and draw the response of first order system for unit
step
input.
2. Derive the expressions for Rise time, Peak time, Peak overshoot.
3. A potential control system with velocity feedback is shown in fig. What is
the
response of the system for unit step input?