TABLE OF CONTENTS

TABLE OF
CONTENTS...................................................................................................................................

..................2
SUBMISSION FORM FOR PRACTICALS.........................................................................................................................3

IMPULSE
TEST..................................................................................................................
...............4
(a)
Practical example of an impulse generator
circuit......................................................................4
(b)
A photo of a test impulse generator and description of
it..........................................................5
(c)
The operation of a impulse
generator.........................................................................................5
(d)
Advantages and disadvantages of the impulse
generator...........................................................5
(e)
A standard wave shape of a 1/50 micro second
wave.................................................................6
(f)
The BIL value For a 22kV voltage
regulator..................................................................................6
1

2
TAN
DELTA
TESTING..................................................................................................................................
7
(a)
A construction diagram of a Tan Delta test
circuit.....................................................................7
(b)
A photo of a tan delta tester and description of
it.....................................................................7
(c)
A picture of a typical tan delta test set-up for a
test...................................................................7
(d)
Description of the operation of a tan delta
generator...............................................................7
(e)
A diagram of a basic Schering
Bridge.............................................................................................8
(f)
Formulation of the three important equations applicable to the Schering
Bridge.......................8
3
VOLTAGE
RATIO
TEST
ON
TRANSFORMER..............................................................................................9
(a)
Description of a typical layout diagram of a transformer to be
tested..........................................9
(b)
Construction diagram of a voltage ratio-meter
tester....................................................................9
(c)
Calculate the transformer ratio for Delta-star
transformer............................................................9
(d)
A typical name plate of a three phase
transformer.......................................................................10
(e)
A picture of a typical voltage ratio test set-up for a
test...............................................................10

Page 2 of 13

4.
SAFETY...................................................................................................................................
.....................11
(a)
Actions that you should take before starting any
experiment. ....................................................11
(b)
The responsibility of safety when doing an
experiment...............................................................11

Page 3 of 13

Page 4 of 13

1. IMPULSE TEST:

a)

A 3-stage Marx impulse generator in circuit b connections.

Page 5 of 13

b)

Test impulse generator

8. bell-type insulator

c)
In order that equipment designed to be used on high voltage lines, and others, be able to
withstand surges caused in them during operation, it is necessary to test these equipment with
voltages of the form likely to be met in service.
The apparatus which produces the required voltages is the impulse generator. In high
voltage engineering, an impulse voltage is normally a unidirectional voltage which rises quickly
without appreciable oscillations, to a peak value and then falls less rapidly to zero. A full
impulse wave is one which develops its complete waveshape without flashover or puncture,
whereas a chopped wave is one in which flash-over occurs causing
the voltage to fall
extremely rapidly. The rapid fall may have a very severe effect on power system equipment.
d)

Advantages:
The proposed generator is portable, thereby allowing tests to be made on devices
that cannot be moved from their location.
Testing results obtained with the proposed impulse generator were satisfactory in
terms of time and wave forms compared to other commercial impulse generators
and the standard impulse wave simulator.
Page 6 of 13

low cost implementation - Commercial components and low-cost components were

used in this design
and it's comfortable size for use and ease of transport.

Disadvantages:
designed limitation and built with insulation to only deliver up to 20kV impulse
voltage waves.
e)
A standard wave shape of a 1/50 micro second wave clearly indicating the values of t 0, t1,
t2 and t3

f)

System voltage

System voltage BIL*

kV(rms)

kV(rms) kV(peak)

22

150

SABS 1019 (1985) stipulates the standard insulation levels for distribution systems.

Page 7 of 13

2.

TAN DELTA TESTING

a)

a) Insulator

b) equivalent circuit

c) vector diagram

tan IR/IC
b)

PE-ACDF-1 - Automatic Capacitance & Tan-delta tester 12kV 200mA from ABB
This is a complete integrated Capacitance and Tan-Delta test
set including inbuilt 12kV AC power source Measurement
Bridge and a reference SF6 gas filled Standard Capacitor.
It is simple to use and easy to operate. It has a large backlit
LCD display, and soft touch membrane buttons. The
connections are simple and the set can be operated by
inexperienced operators. The set is extremely light-weight
and portable enough to be carried by a single person.
Equipped with a USB serial output port, users can download
their test results on PCs, or can use the internal 99 test
storage facility. Integrated thermal Printer also allows
printing of results on site. The instruments are calibrated in
our in-house test laboratory to give you results traceable to
national standards.

c)

Tan delta measurement on a grounded cable

d)
Tan Delta is also known as the 'loss angle' or 'dissipation factor'. It is used to test the level
of degradation in insulation materials of electrical machines and power cables. The winding
insulation of an electrical machine, or a cable free from defects, will act as a perfect capacitor,
that is, it will only store energy and not dissipate it.
In an ideal capacitor, the voltage and current are out of phase by 90 degrees and the
current flowing through the insulation is purely capacitive Ic. However, dielectric losses within
the insulation due to deterioration or other factors, will result in the reduction of the resistance
in the insulation. This will in turn increase the resistive
current Ir. The phase angle between
the current and voltage is now less than 90 degrees, and the extent to which this is less than 90
degrees gives the level of degradation in the insulation. So this 'loss angle' is required
to be
Page 8 of 13

measured.
If the angle is Delta, then the tangent of Delta can be calculated by dividing is 'opposite
over adjacent', which is Ir/Ic.
e)
Basic high voltage Schering bridge

f)

(a) For the parallel circuit the dissipation factor is given by:

(b) for the series circuit:

Page 9 of 13

3. VOLTAGE RATIO TEST ON A TRANSFORMER:

a) Delta-star 3 phase transformer

(/Y Connection)

This connection is generally employed where it is necessary to step up the voltage as for
example, at the beginning of high tension transmission system. The connection is shown above.
The neutral of the secondary is grounded for providing 3-phase 4-wire service. In recent years,
this connection has gained considerable popularity because it can be used to serve both the 3phase power equipment and single-phase lighting circuits.
This connection is not open to the objection of a floating neutral and voltage distortion because
the existence of a -connection allows a path for the third-harmonic currents. It would be
observed that the primary and secondary line voltages and line currents are out of phase with
each other by 30. Because of this 30 shift, it is impossible to parallel such a bank with - 'or
Y- Y bank of transformers even though the voltage ratios are correctly adjusted. The ratio of
secondary to primary voltage is

3 times the transformation ratio of each transformer.

b)

c)

kt

V1ph

22000/

31.75

V2ph

400/ 3
step up

Page 10 of 13

d)

Name Plate of a Transformer

e)

I chose a simple typical setup for acquiring the voltage ratio, with the open circuit test.

Page 11 of 13

4.

SAFETY

a)
1.
There must be at least two (2) people in the laboratory/working area while working
on live circuits.
2.

Shoes must be worn at all times.

3.
Remove all loose conductive jewelry and trinkets, including rings, which may come
in contact with
exposed circuits. (Do not wear long loose ties, scarves, or other
loose clothing around machines.)
4.

Consider all circuits to be "hot" unless proven otherwise.

5.
When making measurements, form the habit of using only one hand at a time. No
part of a live circuit
should be touched by the bare hand.
6.
Keep the body, or any part of it, out of the circuit. Where interconnecting wires
and cables are involved,
they should be arranged so people will not trip over them.
7.
Be as neat a possible. Keep the work area and workbench clear of items not used in
the experiment.
8.

Always check to see that the power switch is OFF before plugging into the outlet.
Also, turn instrument or equipment OFF before unplugging from

the outlet.
9.

When unplugging a power cord, pull on the plug, not on the cable.

10.

When disassembling a circuit, first remove the source of power.

11.
"Cheater" cords and 3-to-2 prong adapters are prohibited unless an adequate
separate ground lead is
provided, the equipment or device is double insulated, or
the laboratory ground return is known to be
floating.
12.
No ungrounded electrical or electronic apparatus is to be used in the laboratory
unless it is double
insulated or battery operated.
13.

Keep fluids, chemicals, and beat away from instruments and circuits.

14.
Report any damages to equipment, hazards, and potential hazards to the laboratory
instructor/safety
representative or supervisor.
15.
If in doubt about electrical safety, see the laboratory instructor/safety
representative or supervisor.
Regarding specific equipment, consult the
instruction manual provided by the manufacturer of the
equipment. Information
regarding safe use and possible- hazards should be studied carefully.
Page 12 of 13

b)
Employees/students - anyone doing electrical experiments or work need to understand the
potential hazards and take proper precautions before working around something as dangerous
as electricity. All
employees/students must read and understand the information in that is
contained in the safety policy of their respective work place or institution. Your personal
laboratory/work place safety depends mostly on YOU.
Employees/Students must
adhere to written and verbal safety instructions/procedures throughout their career.

Page 13 of 13