The Growth of

Democracy
1824-1840
Chapter 11

Philadelphia craftsman emblem and motto.

Pennsylvania enfranchised all men who were
taxpayers in 1776.

During the winter of 1826-1827, more than 800 Philadelphians were jailed
in a debtors' prison as a consequence of not having paid off their loans.[2]
One anonymous prisoner working from his prison cell wrote an open letter,
"To the Mechanics and Working-Men of the Fifth Ward, and those friendly
to their Interests," describing the difficult work conditions suffered by
working-class Philadelphians. The letter inspired a few outspoken writers
to publish a widely circulated article demanding the workday be cut from
twelve hours to ten hours. In June 1827, carpenters in Philadelphia struck
for a 10-hour workday, agreeing to no reduction in wages. According to
ExplorePAhistory.com:
"When [the carpenters] stopped working, housing and business
construction nearly halted. By August, bricklayers, painters, typographers,
glaziers, and craftsmen in other trades had walked off their jobs or
threatened to do so."[2]
By October, the protesters had established the Mechanics' Union of Trade
Associations, the first trade union to cross craft lines

The Working Men's Parties (whose members were known as "the Workies") were the
first labor-oriented political organizations in the United States. The first Working
Men's Party was founded in Philadelphia in 1828 by William Heighton. Similar parties
were also established in New York City and Boston. Additionally, party member
George Henry Evans established the Working Mans Advocate, the first labor
newspaper, in 1829.[1]
The political platforms of the Working Men's Parties included such planks as statesupported public education, universal male suffrage, protection from debtor
imprisonment, compulsory service in the militia, and shorter working hours. One of its
most eloquent proponents was Samuel Whitcomb jr., who wrote speeches and
lobbied behind the public political scenarios to promote public education.[2] The
Workingmen's Party attacked both the Whigs and the Democrats for their lack of
interest in labor, and they achieved sizable votes in municipal elections.[3]
Despite some local electoral successes, the Workingmen's Parties effectively died
out in the early 1830s. Likely causes for this decline and disappearance include lack
of experience with political organization, factional disputes over doctrine and
leadership, and incursions by the increasingly pro-labor Democratic Party

The New
Democratic
Politics in North
America

While Europe was more conservative with the end of

Napoleon and the rise of the Conservative Treaty of Vienna
where legitimacy took a stronger role the United States and
the Western Hemisphere took on a more democratic
position

The early years of the 1800 allowed growth with the

evolution more democratic movement with popular
democracy took its place. The were events in which
slavery ended or was question and there were
expansions with Suffrage.

Inexpensive
Newspapers
gave the
common man
more insight

The Boston Athenaeum was one of Boston's leading

cultural institutions. The library, shown in this engraving,
was probably the finest in the country in the early 19th
century.

The New York Sun and New York Herald

introduced a new style of journalism appealing
to a mass audience by emphasizing
sensationalism. Crime stories and exposes of
official misconduct. By 1840 according to one
estimate the total weekly circulation of
newspapers in the United States whose
population was 17 million exceed that of Europe
with 233 million people.

Steam Engine Printing Press

Freedom of discussion will take force with John Calhoun (South

Carolina) and Henry Clay (Kentucky).

Struggles over
Popular Rights:
Mexico, the
Caribbean, Canada

Haiti was given end of

slavery with British
passing 1834
Abolishment of slavery
bill. In Haiti the sugar
industry then plummeted
because of no
exploitation of labor.

In 1821 Colonel
Agustin de
Iturbiee declared
Mexico a
Constitutional
Monarchy

Expansion and
Limits of Suffrage

After the war of 1812 the

was a change in many
states in voting since
property less men called
up for militia service in
the war questioned why
they were eligible to fight
but not vote. States such
as Rhode Island, Virginia
and Louisiana eventually
gave into allowing males
to vote and by 1840
more than 90 percent of
adult white male could
vote.

Universal white manhood suffrage was for from true

universal suffrage, the right to vote remained barred to
most of the nations free African American males and to
women of any race. Only in five New England states
(Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts and
Rhode Island could free African American Men vote
before 1865

Even wealthy single women who lived alone were

considered subordinate to male relatives and denied
the right to vote. New Jersey was the only state where
women could vote if you had property until 1807.

Racism was the reason for blacks not to vote. The

assumption that African Americans were a different and less
capable people accounted for much of this train of thought.
Northern Democrats side with the slave south did not want
the Africans Americans to vote.

The extension of
suffrage to property
less farm workers and
members of the
laboring poor in the
nations cities left
European observers
wondering mob rule
possibly could
succeed.

The Election
of 1824

Henry Clay gets southern electorate points to get

John Q, Adams to become president. In return
Adams receives the position of Secretary of State.

John Q Adams
Presidency

John Quincy Adams was

the sixth President of
the United States. He
served as American
diplomat, Senator, and
Congressional
representative.

A image from a broadside

from the campaign of 1824,
promoting the American
System of government
sponsored economic
development.

Domestic accomplishments of President Adams:

Supported infrastructural and educational
improvements in the shape of federal projects like
road and canal building, a national university, and a
national bank, but met with stiff opposition from
supporters of Andrew Jackson in Congress
Foreign policy accomplishments of President Adams:
Signed the "Tariff of Abominations" in 1828, which
protected American manufacturers but raised prices on
many goods, especially in the South
Renowned as one of America's greatest diplomats
before his presidency and one of American's greatest
congressmen after his presidency, but was not a
particularly effective president

The New Popular

Democratic Culture

Expansion of Democracy

Mass campaigns huge political allies parades and

candidates with wide name recognition such as military
heroes were the hall marks of the new popular
democratic culture. So were less savory customs such
as the distribution of lavish food and drink at polling
places.

In New York State master

political tactician Martin Van
Buren forged a tightly
organized broad based
political group nicknamed the
Albany Regency that wrested
political control away from the
former elite. In doing so he
became a major architect of
new democratic politics of
mass participation.

The Albany Regency was a

group of politicians who
controlled the New York state
government between 1822
and 1838. The group was
among the first American
political machines. In the
beginning they were the
leading figures of the
Bucktails faction of the
Democratic-Republican Party,
later the Jacksonian
Democrats and finally
became the Hunkers faction
of the Democratic Party

The Bucktails may refer to one of two organizations that were particularly
characterized and identified by the wearing of the tail of a buck (male deer)
in their hat.
1) The Bucktails (18181826) were the faction of the DemocraticRepublican Party in New York State opposed to the canal policy of
Governor DeWitt Clinton. It was influenced by the Tammany Society. The
name derives from a Tammany insignia, a deer's tail worn in the hat. The
name was in use as early as 1791 when a bucktail worn on the headgear
was adopted as the "official badge" of the Tammany Society. The wearing
of the bucktail was said to have been suggested by its appearance in the
costume of the Tammany Indians in the vicinity of New York.
2) Also, during the American Civil War, the members of the 13th
Pennsylvania Reserves were widely known in the Union Army as Bucktails
because each soldier wore a bucktail in his hat. The flagstaff of the
companies which formed the nucleus of this regiment was a green hickory
pole surmounted by a bucktail.

Bucktail headquarters and meeting center

Richmond Junto, Nashville Junto and New Hampshire

Concord Regency were groups which aspired to create faith in
the capacity of the masses of people to govern themselves
and exercise voting.

Motivation of these various Juntos came from Ben Franklin

The Junto was a club for mutual improvement established in 1727

by Benjamin Franklin in Philadelphia. Also known as the Leather
Apron Club, its purpose was to debate questions of morals,
politics, and natural philosophy, and to exchange knowledge of
business affairs.

The print revolution had begun in 1826 when a reform

organization the American Tract Society installed the
countrys first steam powered press and rapidly turned out
300,000 bibles and 6 million religious tracts. The number of
newspapers soared from 376 to 1810 to 1200 in 1835

Philadelphia Artisan Association used banners, fireworks,

party slogans, songs, badges of candidates. They created a
movement of democratic force.

This large piece of cheese was given to political

campaigners. Candidates wanted to gain support
through giving gifts.

Election of
1828

A broadside from the 1828

campaign illustrates how
Andrew Jacksons supporters
promoted him as a military
hero and man of the
people.

Adams supporters depicted Jackson as an illiterate

backwoodsman, a murderer, he ordered the execution of
deserters in the Tennessee militia and adulterer ;he married
Rachel Robards before her divorce was final. Calhoun was the
vice president for John Quincy Adams.

When Andrew Jackson migrated to Nashville, Tennessee in 1788,

he boarded with Rachel Stockley Donelson, the mother of Rachel
Donelson Robards. Shortly after, they married in Natchez,
Mississippi, believing that her husband had obtained a divorce.[1]
[2] As the divorce had never been completed, their marriage was
technically bigamous and therefore invalid.[2] Historians found
that a friend of Lewis Robards had planted a fake article in his
own newspaper, saying that the couple's divorce had been
finalized.[citation needed] The Jacksons later found out about
Robards' action in planting the article, and that he had never
completed the divorce. Later, Rachel ensured the divorce was
completed.[citation needed] She and Jackson remarried in 1794.
During the presidential election campaign of 1828, supporters of
John Quincy Adams, Jackson's opponent, accused his wife of
being a bigamist, among other things. Despite the accusations

The Jackson
Presidency

When Jackson was elected this was victory for the common
man. The common man ransack the White House and Jackson
spent the night of his Inauguration in a hotel.

Domestic accomplishments of President Jackson: Forefather of the

modern Democratic Party
Dismantled the Second Bank of the United States in 1832 on policy
grounds
Faced down South Carolina during the Nullification Crisis when
state politicians declared they had the right to nullify tariff legislation
and any other Federal law that went against state interests
Strengthened the power of the presidency and expanded the spoils
system to strengthen his political base through patronage
First and only president to pay off the entire national debt, although
severe economic depression from 1837 to 1844 caused it to
increase again two years later
Foreign policy accomplishments of President Jackson:
Initiated forced relocation and resettlement of Native American
tribes from the Southeast to west of the Mississippi River through the
Indian Removal Act
Negotiated an exchange of shipping rights with the British West
Indies in 1830

Photographs of Birthplace of Rachel Donelson Jackson Wife of President Andrew Jackson

When they emigrated to America in 1765, Jackson's parents

probably landed in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. They would have
traveled overland down through the Appalachian Mountains to the
Scots-Irish community in the Waxhaws region, straddling the
border between North and South Carolina.[7] They brought two
children from Ireland, Hugh (born 1763) and Robert (born 1764

Large conventions where state

leaders gathered to hammer out a
platform . Newspapers played a
greater and greater role in
politics. Nearly 400 were
published in 1830 compared to 90
in 1790. Democratic and Whig
papers whose job was not so
much to report the news as to
present the partys position on
the issues of the day

Jacksons birth place

The Kitchen Cabinet of Jackson did not include John Calhoun the
vice president or either of the two great sectional representatives,
Henry Clay and Daniel Webster. Jackson never forgave Clay for
his role in the Corrupt bargain and he saw Daniel Webster as just
the privileged elite.

The Kitchen Cabinet was a term used by political opponents of President of the
United States Andrew Jackson to describe the collection of unofficial advisers he
consulted in parallel to the United States Cabinet (the "parlor cabinet") following his
purge of the cabinet at the end of the Eaton affair and his break with Vice President
John C. Calhoun in 1831.[1][2]
In an unprecedented dismissal of five of the eight Cabinet officials in the middle of
his first term, Jackson dismissed Calhoun's allies Samuel D. Ingham, John Branch,
and John M. Berrien as well as his own supporters, Secretary of State Martin Van
Buren and Secretary of War John Eaton. However, Jackson retained Van Buren in
Washington as the minister to Great Britain.
Jackson's Kitchen Cabinet included his longtime political allies Martin Van Buren,
Francis Preston Blair, Amos Kendall, William B. Lewis, Andrew Jackson Donelson,
John Overton, and his new Attorney General Roger B. Taney. As newspapermen,
Blair and Kendall were given particular notice by rival papers.[2][3]
Blair was Kendall's successor as editor of the Jacksonian Argus of Western America,
the prominent pro-New Court newspaper of Kentucky. Jackson brought Blair to
Washington, D.C. to counter Calhounite Duff Green, editor of The United States
Telegraph, with a new paper, the Globe. Lewis had been quartermaster under
Jackson during the War of 1812; Andrew Donelson was Jackson's adoptive son and
private secretary; and Overton was Andrew Jackson's friend and business partner
since the 1790s

The Kitchen Cabinet was a term used by political opponents of President of the
United States Andrew Jackson to describe his ginger group, the collection of
unofficial advisers he consulted in parallel to the United States Cabinet (the "parlor
cabinet") following his purge of the cabinet at the end of the Eaton affair and his
break with Vice President John C. Calhoun in 1831.[1][2]
Secretary of State Martin Van Buren was a widower, and since he had no wife to
become involved in the Eaton controversy he managed to avoid becoming entangled
himself. In 1831 he resigned his cabinet post, as did Secretary of War John Eaton, in
order to give Jackson a reason to re-order his cabinet and dismiss Calhoun allies.
Jackson then dismissed Calhounites Samuel D. Ingham, John Branch, and John M.
Berrien. Van Buren, whom Jackson had already indicated he wanted to run for Vice
President in 1832, remained in Washington as a member of the Kitchen Cabinet until
he was appointed as Minister to Great Britain. Eaton was subsequently appointed
Governor of Florida Territory.
Jackson's Kitchen Cabinet included his longtime political allies Martin Van Buren,
Francis Preston Blair, Amos Kendall, William B. Lewis, Andrew Jackson Donelson,
John Overton, Duff Green, Isaac Hill, and his new Attorney General Roger B. Taney.
As newspapermen, Blair and Kendall were given particular notice by rival papers.

About 1816, at age 17, Margaret O'Neale

married John B. Timberlake, a 39-year-old
purser in the Navy. Her parents gave them
a house across from the hotel, and they
met many politicians who stayed there. In
1818 they met and befriended John Henry
Eaton, a 28-year-old widower and newly
elected senator from Tennessee. Margaret
and John Timberlake had three children
together, one of whom died in infancy.[3]
John Timberlake died in 1828 while at sea
in the Mediterranean, in service on a fouryear voyage. When Margaret married
Senator John Henry Eaton (17901856)
shortly after the turn of the year, there were
rumors that Timberlake had committed
suicide because of despair at an alleged
affair between the two.

Margaret "Peggy" O'Neale (or O'Neill or O'Neal) was the daughter of William O'Neale, who owned a Washington, D.C.
boarding-house called the Franklin House, a social center for many politicians. Margaret was well-educated; she studied
French, among other subjects, and was known for her ability to play the piano.[1] She was also renowned for having a
"vivacious" temperament. In 1816, Margaret married her first husband John B. Timberlake, a purser in the United States
Navy. She was 17, and he was 39. Timberlake had been heavily in debt for years. They had three children together, with one
dying in infancy.
The Timberlake couple had been friends with Senator John Henry Eaton since 1818, when Eaton was a 28-year-old widower
and newly-elected U.S. Senator. After Timberlake told Eaton about their financial problems, Eaton unsuccessfully attempted
to get the Senate to pass a petition to pay Timberlake's debts accrued while in the Navy. While away on a four-year sea
voyage on the USS Constitution, Timberlake died of pulmonary disease in 1828, although there were allegations he
committed suicide.[1]
Scandal[edit]
With the encouragement of President Andrew Jackson, who liked them both, Peggy and Eaton married shortly after her
husband's death, although according to the social mores of the day, it would have been more proper for them to wait for a
longer mourning period. Their actions scandalized respectable people of the capital, especially many women. Second Lady
Floride Calhoun, the wife of Vice President John C. Calhoun, led a phalanx of other Cabinet wives in an "anti-Peggy"
coalition. Andrew Jackson's wife, Rachel, had a niece, Emily Donelson, whom Jackson called on as his surrogate "First Lady";
she sided with the Calhoun faction. Martin Van Buren, a widower and the only unmarried member of the Cabinet, allied
himself with the Eatons.
Jackson was sympathetic to the Eatons, in part, perhaps, because his own beloved late wife, Rachel Donelson Robards, had
been the subject of innuendo, as it was revealed that her first marriage had not yet been legally ended at the time of her
wedding to Jackson. Jackson believed such rumors were the cause of Rachel's heart attack and death on December 22,
1828, several weeks after his election.
Jackson appointed Eaton as his Secretary of War, hoping to limit the rumors, but the scandal intensified. Jackson felt political
opponents, especially those around Calhoun, were feeding the controversy.[1] The controversy finally resulted in the
resignation of almost all members of the Cabinet over a period of weeks in the spring of 1831. Postmaster General William T.
Barry would be the lone member to stay.

Andrew Jackson
King Andrew

Nullification
Crisis

A cartoon during the

nullification controversy,
shows John C. Calhoun
climbing steps, including
those marked nullification,
treason, and civil war
toward the goal of

John Calhouns Political Theory:

Exposition and Protest which was the
Nullification Theory for states to break off
from the Union.
Conflicts in the Cabinet:
Calhoun's wife Floride, Washington society
women ostracized Peggy Easton the wife of
Jacksons secretary of war because she was
the daughter of Washington tavern Keeper.

The Tariff of Abomination was an attack

on Free-Trade.

Henry Clay

Henry Clay engineered

a second Missouri
Compromise according
to which Congress
accepted the states
constitution as written
but instructed Missouri
that if could not deprive
the citizens of any
states of their rights
under the US
Constitution. Missouri
largely ignored this
provision

American System
A younger generation of Republicans led
by Henry Clay and John Calhoun believed
these infant industries deserved national
protection. Tariffs
Wanted a centralized Bank
More elastic with presidential control
Wanted Soft Currency or Loans:

Indian Removal

Black Hawk and his son, Whirling

Thunder, painted after the Black
Hawk War.

Sequoia with the alphabet of the

Cherokee language that he
developed.

Johnson versus McIntosh

the Court had proclaimed
that Indians were not in
fact owners of their land
but merely had a right of
occupancy. Chief Justice
John Marshall himself a
speculator in western
lands, claimed that from
the early colonial era
Indians had lived as
nomads.

Marshall described
Indians as ward of the
Federal; government.
They deserved paternal
regard and protection
but were not citizens.
The justices could not
block Georgias effort to
extend its jurisdiction
over the tribe. Yet will
change its mind with
Worcester v. Georgia.

The court seemed to change

its mind holding that Indian
nations were a distinct
people with the right to
maintain a separate political
identify. They must be dealt
with by the federal
government not the states
and Georgia's action violated
the Cherokees treaties with
Washing. Jackson refuse to
recognize the validity of the
Worcester ruling

John Ross was

elected as the
principal chief under
the Cherokee
constitution adopted
a policy of passive
resistance it work
for a while . Yet
Federal soldiers
forcibly removed
18,000 Indians with
the Trail of Tears.

Procession of Victuallers,
commemorating a parade of
butchers through the streets of
Philadelphia on 1821.

Liberty means
absence of
government
from private
affairs. Need
for Free
Agency

Internal
Improvements

Jackson veto the Maysvill Road Bill and other

infrastructure improvements. He was fine with private
business or states. but not government spending.

The states actually spent more than the federal

government on internal improvements with five fold
increase from 1820 to 1840 ($26 million to $108 million).
By 1842 nine states (Arkansas, Florida, Illinois, Indiana,
Louisiana, Maryland, Michigan, Mississippi and
Pennsylvania).

Federal State Support

for Private Enterprise

The Federal Court vetoed

the poser of the state
government to sell the
monopoly of trade on the
Hudson River.

Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge, 36 U.S. 420 (1837),[2] was a case
regarding the Charles River Bridge and the Warren Bridge of Boston,
Massachusetts, heard by the United States Supreme Court under the
leadership of Chief Justice Roger B. Taney.
In 1785, the Charles River Bridge Company had been granted a charter to
construct a bridge over the Charles River connecting Boston and
Cambridge. When the Commonwealth of Massachusetts sanctioned
another company to build the Warren Bridge, chartered 1828, that would be
very close in proximity to the first bridge and would connect the same two
cities, the proprietors of the Charles River Bridge claimed that the
Massachusetts legislature had broken its contract with the Charles River
Bridge Company, and thus the contract had been violated. The owners of
the first bridge claimed that the charter had implied exclusive rights to the
Charles River Bridge Company. The Court ultimately sided with Warren
Bridge. This decision was received with mixed opinions, and had some
impact on the remainder of Taney's tenure as Chief Justice.

The Panic of
1819 and
Federal
Reserve Bank

The Panic of 1819 was the first major peacetime financial crisis in the United States [1] followed by a general
collapse of the American economy persisting through 1821.[2] The Panic announced the transition of the nation
from its colonial commercial status with Europe [3] toward a dynamic economy, increasingly characterized by the
financial and industrial imperatives of laisser-faire capitalism[4] - and susceptible to boom and bust cycles.[5][6]
Though driven by global market adjustments in the aftermath of the Napoleonic wars,[7] the severity of the
downturn was compounded by excessive speculation in public lands,[8] fueled by the unrestrained issue of paper
money from banks and business concerns.[9]
The Second Bank of the United States (BUS), itself deeply enmeshed in these inflationary practices,[10] sought
to compensate for its laxness in regulating the state bank credit market by initiating a sharp curtailment in loans
by its western branches, beginning in 1818.[11] Failing to provide metallic currency when presented with their
own bank notes by the BUS, the state-chartered banks began foreclosing on the heavily mortgaged farms and
business properties they had financed.[12] The ensuing financial panic, in conjunction with a sudden recovery in
European agricultural production in 1817[13] led to widespread bankruptcies and mass unemployment.[14]
The financial disaster and depression provoked popular resentment against banking and business enterprise,[15]
and a general belief that federal government economic policy was fundamentally flawed.[16] Americans, many for
the first time, became politically engaged so as to defend their local economic interests.[17]
The "New" Republicans and their American System [18] tariff protection, internal improvements and the BUS
were exposed to sharp criticism, eliciting a vigorous defense.[19]
This widespread discontent would be mobilized by Democratic-Republicans in alliance with "Old" Republicans,
and a return to the Jeffersonian principles of limited government, strict construction of the Constitution and
Southern preeminence.[20] The Panic of 1819 marked the end of the Era of Good Feelings [21] and the rise of
Jacksonian nationalism

Panic of 1837

The Bubble of 1837 was when the government sold

20 million acres of federal land in 1836 ten time the
amount sold in 1830 nearly all of the it paid for in
paper money often of questionable value in July 1846
the Jackson administration issued the Specie Circular
declaring that hen forth it would only accept gold and
silver as payment for public land. At the same time
the Bank of England demanded that American
merchants pay their creditors in gold. Prices feel by
25 % in the first year of the down turn. Jobs disappear.
Labor collapsed.

The Whigs abandoned their most prominent leader Henry

Clay and nominated William Henry Harrison. Like Jackson
when he first sought presidency.

By the time only North

Carolina, Rhode Island,
and Virginia still retained
property requirements.
The large slaveholders
who dominated Virginia
politics successfully
resisted demands for
changes in voting
qualifications in 1829. By
1860 no qualifications for
land for voting were
needed.

This 1832 cartoon uses that theme to show Jackson,

dressed as a king, trampling on the Constitution.
While the cartoon garnered support for the opposing
Whig Party, it did little to thwart Jackson's desire to
increase the power of the presidency.

Bank of the
United States

To break up the Federal Bank

money was given to Pet Banks
Favorite banks of the federal
government

The Downfall of Mother Bank

Portland, Maine bank

was a Pet Bank it was
run by Levi Woodbury
a member of Jacksons
cabinet.

A satire, probably issued during August or September 1837, on the tug-of-war for influence on
the President between Jacksonian Democrats and the "soft money" or conservative elements
of the party. Here the artist portrays Van Buren as indecisive and secretive about his treasury
policy.
Sitting on a rail fence, Van Buren is pulled to the left by former President Andrew Jackson,
Senator Thomas Hart Benton, and other representatives of the hard money faction. One man
holds up the June 1836 "Letter to Sherrod Williams" published during the presidential
campaign as a statement of Van Buren's views on monetary matters, internal improvements,
and other cogent issues. On the opposite side Van Buren is pulled by a man (possibly editor
Thomas Allen) holding a copy of the "Madisonian," a conservative Democratic newspaper
initiated in August 1837, and four others. Jack Downing stands to the far right, watching and
commenting, "Well I swan, if the Old Gineral aint pullin' tu! Look out Matty or you'll commit
yourself this time!"
Jackson: "Oh! Major Jack Downing, The base treachery & perfidy of the Deposite Banks! The
money making concerns, devoid of patriotism & interest. By the Eternal! They are & ever have
been a curse."
Benton: "Gold! Gold! Gold! . . . Solitary & alone I still cry Gold! . . Partially obscured man
behind Benton: "The proud Isle! Every man, woman & child is taxed to pay her our debts."
Van Buren: "Take care gentlemen, you'll have me off the fence."
"Madisonian" man: "Preserve & regulate the spoils but do not destroy them."

The issue of the Banks future came to a head in 1832.

Although persuaded Congress to approve a bill extending
it for another twenty years. Jacks saw the tactic as form of
black mail. Jackson veto tough the institutions charter
would not expire until 1836. Biddles allies he renewal.
Jackson was the first president to use the Veto for
something of importance

Biddle was born in Philadelphia, the son of Charles Biddle and Hannah Shepard.
Biddle's mother was the daughter of a North Carolina merchant; his father was a
successful merchant. Biddle was a precocious student and was admitted to the
University of Pennsylvania when he was ten years old. His parents took a keen
interest in his education. At age thirteen they had him transferred to Princeton
University as a sophomore. He graduated in September 1801. At the age of fifteen,
Biddle was the highest ranking student in his class.
In 1804 Biddle went to France as a member of the American legation, where he
worked on claims resulting from the Louisiana Purchase. After one year, he took a
tour of Europe and Greece, then settled in London where he worked for two years as
secretary for future President James Monroe (18171875). During the time he spent
overseas, Biddle acquired valuable insights into the problems and techniques of
international finance.

Girard College is an independent boarding school on a 43-acre (17 ha) campus in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,
in the United States.
Girard is for academically capable students, grades one through 12, and awards a full scholarship with a yearly
value of approximately $42,000 to every child admitted to the school. The scholarship covers most of the costs
of attending Girard, including tuition, room and board, books, and school uniforms. The scholarship is
renewable yearly until high-school graduation. Applicants must be at least six years old, demonstrate good
social skills and the potential for scholastic achievement, and come from a single-parent, lower-income family.
Girard accepts students on the basis of school records, admissions testing, a visit, and interviews, without
preference for race, gender, religion, or national origin.
Girard's mission is to prepare students for advanced education and life as informed, ethical, and productive
citizens through a rigorous educational program that promotes intellectual, social, and emotional growth

Steve Girard gave

his money for a
college prep
school and
Nicholas Biddle
outlined the plan
for Girard College
(high school in
Philadelphia.
Became an elite
school in the world
1845)
Girard College, Philadelphia

In 1822 Biddle assumed the presidency of the Second Bank of the United Statesthe first effective central
bank in U.S. history. The bank carried out regular commercial functions, and also acted as a collecting and
disbursing agent for the federal government. Under Biddle's guidance, the bank expanded to twenty-nine
branches and controlled one-fifth of the country's loans and bank notes in circulation.
Biddle was a brilliant administrator who maintained complete control over the Bank of the United States. His
political instincts, however, were less astute: He believed that any reasonable person must agree with him on
the value of the bank to the nation's economy. His hardheaded convictions proved disastrous for the bank.
By 1828 the central bank was under attack from President Andrew Jackson (18291837) whose personal
experience had given him a deep mistrust of financial institutions. Uncertain of the bank's future, Biddle
decided to press for re-chartering the bank in 1832, four years before the bank's original charter required the
action. Jackson vetoed the move, publicly denouncing the bank as a monopoly that was under foreign
influence. Though the reputation of the bank had improved under Biddle's leadership, public opinion favored
Jackson's position.

Soft Money easy more money made versus Hard

money which limit supply of money

The value of bank notes in circulation rose from $10

million in 1833 to $149 million in 1837

Arts and
Letters

In New York City the immensely popular penny

papers began appearing in 1833 fostered a
distinctive urban culture.

Penny Newspapers were much apart of American culture

Police Gazette was one o the

populate penny papers.
Violence and gossip was sold

Franklin Evans
was a dime novel
written by Walt
Whitman. These
dime novels
increased the
appetite for
people to read.

Frank Leslies Penny papers

and Beadles Dime Novels
were much apart of the
market for everyday reading
in 19th century America

Samuel Morse was

able to send
messages across
the name
instantaneously.
The first message
was from
Washington to
Baltimore in 1844.
Communication was
never the same
after the Morse
Code invention.

What hath God

wrought is the
first message
of the Morse
Code.

Massachusetts General hospital

took notice of studying
international and worked with
Harvard for new methods of
Medicine.

Boston Anthenaeum was a

gentlemen's library and
reading room. It was an elite
library and made Boston an
attractive place to come.
Great universities of Boston
used and complimented this
library.

The Christian Advocate was the first paper published weekly under the authority of the General Conference of
the Methodist Episcopal Church. It was commenced in New York City, 9 September 1826. It continued
publication for many years as the first official and leading paper of the M.E. denomination.
Zion's Herald, published in Boston, actually preceded The Christian Advocate, but was not officially owned by
the General Conference. It was later merged with The Missionary Journal. Later, Methodists in New England reestablished Zion's Herald as a separate publication.[1]
The Missionary Journal, published in Charleston, was another publication which preceded The Christian
Advocate. Neither, however, was owned by the General Conference.
The Christian Advocate and Journal and Zion's Herald was a merger of The Christian Advocate with the earlier
Zion's Herald and The Missionary Journal.
The Western Christian Advocate was another early publication of the M.E. General Conference. It was published
in Cincinnati especially to serve the needs of the Methodist Church as it spread westward with the frontier.
The Christian Recorder was the title of an early official periodical of the African Methodist Episcopal Church,
begun in 1863. It was published in Philadelphia.
The Ladies' Repository was the monthly magazine founded in 1841 by Cincinnati Methodists.
The Nashville Christian Advocate was a weekly newspaper, founded in 1836, that served as the official organ
and preeminent weekly of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South Carolina.

Thomas Hinde was a Methodist

writer for the Advocate but spoke
at the Second Great Awakening.

The story is set in 1790 in the countryside around the Dutch settlement of Tarry Town (historical
Tarrytown, New York), in a secluded glen called Sleepy Hollow. Sleepy Hollow is renowned for its
ghosts and the haunting atmosphere that pervades the imaginations of its inhabitants and visitors.
The most infamous spectre in the Hollow is the Headless Horseman, said to be the ghost of a
Hessian trooper who had his head shot off by a stray cannonball during "some nameless battle" of
the American Revolutionary War, and who "rides forth to the scene of battle in nightly quest of his
head".
The "Legend" relates the tale of Ichabod Crane, a lean, lanky and extremely superstitious
schoolmaster from Connecticut, who competes with Abraham "Brom Bones" Van Brunt, the town
rowdy, for the hand of 18-year-old Katrina Van Tassel, the daughter and sole child of a wealthy
farmer, Baltus Van Tassel. Crane, a Yankee and an outsider, sees marriage to Katrina as a means
of procuring Van Tassel's extravagant wealth. Bones, the local hero, vies with Ichabod for
Katrina's hand, playing a series of pranks on the jittery schoolmaster, and the fate of Sleepy
Hollow's fortune weighs in the balance for some time. The tension between the three is soon
brought to a head. On a placid autumn night, the ambitious Crane attends a harvest party at the
Van Tassels' homestead. He dances, partakes in the feast, and listens to ghostly legends told by
Brom and the locals, but his true aim is to propose to Katrina after the guests leave. His
intentions, however, are ill-fated.

Emerson and New York Herald stated a woman

had no rights

Artists

Thomas Cole (February 1, 1801

February 11, 1848) was an American
artist. He is regarded as the founder of
the Hudson River School, an
American art movement that
flourished in the mid-19th century.
Cole's Hudson River School, as well
as his own work, was known for its
realistic and detailed portrayal of
American landscape and wilderness,
which feature themes of romanticism

Oxbow painting

Layout of
the
American
Womans
Home

We find a remarkable model home in an 1869 book, The

American Woman's Home. Written by two famous sisters,
the book is devoted to the wide range of subjects known in
the 19th century as "domestic economy," which included
cooking, care of children, and all things related to the
home.

A guide to domestic life by the

Beecher sisters Catharine
Beecher and Harriet Beecher
Stowe.

Catharine Esther Beecher was an

American educator known for her
forthright opinions on female education
as well as her vehement support of the
many benefits of the incorporation of
kindergarten into children's education.

The Principles of universal suffrage declared the United

States Magazine and Democratic Review in 1851. White
males of age constituted the political nation. Universal
did not mean blacks and women

Radical Democracy

In Rhode which required voters to

own real estate valued at $134 or
rent property for at least $7 per
year. In October 1841 proponents
of democratic reform organized a
Peoples Convention. It
enfranchised all adult whit men
while eliminating entirely blacks,
who previously could vote if they
owned the required land. Thomas
Dorr a prominent Rhode Island
lawyer as governor. Dorr would not
allow President John Tylers troops
to come in to stop law. Dorr was
thrown in jail but

William Apess
wrote How much
better it would be
if the whites
would act like
civilized people
and give every on
his due.

A piece of sheet
music from 1843