FINAL REPORT PDF PDF

PSPICE simulation of Electronically Tunable Voltage-Mode SIMO Universal Biquad Filter
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Filters are essential to the operation of most electronic circuits. It is therefore in the interest
of anyone involved in electronic circuit design to have the ability to develop filter circuits
capable of meeting a given set of specifications. In circuit theory, a filter is an electrical network
that alters the amplitude and/or phase characteristics of a signal with respect to frequency. Filters
are often used in electronic systems to emphasize signals in certain frequency ranges and reject
signals in other frequency ranges.
Universal filters are filters that can realize second order low pass (LP), band pass (BP),
high pass (HP), band stop (BS) and all pass (AP) filters simultaneously. They play an important
role in the fields of electronic measurement, communication, automatic control and neural
networks. The voltage-mode active filters with high input impedance are of great interest
because several cells of this kind can be directly connected in cascade to implement higher order
filters. On the other hand, the active filters employing grounded capacitors are beneficial from
the point of view of integrated circuit implementation.
The Operational transconductance amplifier (OTA) is popular for implementing voltage

controlled oscillators (VCO) and filters (VCF) for analog music synthesizers. Viewed from a
slightly different angle an OTA can be used to implement an electrically tunable resistor that is
referenced to ground, with extra circuitry floating resistors are possible as well.
The voltage-mode universal biquad filter simulated in our project, with single input and
five outputs based on single-ended OTAs and grounded capacitors has advantage in view of
integrated circuit implementation, is presented. The filter in our project can realize high input
impedance voltage-mode LP, BP, HP, BS and AP filters from the same configuration. Hence it
enables easy cascadability without the need of any supplementary buffer circuits. Critical
ECE Department, SRMGPC, Lucknow
Page 1
component matching conditions are not required in this design. The natural frequency (o) can
also be controlled electronically by changing the transconductance value of OTA.
PSPICE simulation results have been performed by us to confirm the theoretical

analysis.
Page 2
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
The main component used in our universal filter circuit is Operational transconductance
amplifier (OTA) which has exhibited some advantages in the circuit design. The OTA provides
a high potential of electronic tunability, a wide tunable range and powerful ability to generate
various circuits. Moreover, OTA based circuits require no resistors and, therefore, are suitable for
integrated circuit implementation [5].
Recently, several OTA-based universal biquad filters with SIMO were proposed [6]-[12].
The circuits in [6]-[10] enjoy high input impedance and use grounded capacitors, but these
structures do not provide five standard filtering functions. While the circuits in [11], [12] can
realize five standard filtering functions and enjoy low sensitivities, but they require component
matching
condition
for
realizing
the
filter responses. Compared with multiple-input
universal filters, the SIMO filter can simultaneously realize LP, BP, HP, BS and AP filter, without
changing the connection of the input signal, and without imposing any restrictive conditions on
the input signal which of special interests in this paper.
2.1 OPERATIONAL TRANSCONDUCTANCE AMPLIFIER

2.1.1 INTRODUCTION
The OTA is popular for implementing voltage controlled oscillators (VCO) and
filters (VCF) for analog music synthesizers, because it can act as a two-quadrant
multiplier as well see later.
For this application the control input has to have a
wide dynamic range of at least 60 dB, while the OTA should behave sensibly when
overdriven from the signal input (in particular, it should not lock up or phase
reverse). Viewed from a slightly different angle an OTA can be used to implement an
electrically tunable resistor that is referenced to ground, wit h extra circuit r y
flo at ing resistors are possible as well [4].
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2.1.2 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
An OTA is a voltage controlled
current source, more specifically the term
operational comes from the fact that it takes the difference of two voltages as the
input for the current conversion. The ideal transfer char act er ist ic is therefore
= ( + )
(2 .1)
Taking the pre-computed difference a s i np u t
(2.2)
In reality the transconductance is also a function of the input differential voltage and
dependent on temperature.
To summarize, an ideal OTA has two voltage inputs with infinite impedance (i.e.
There is no input current). The common mode input range is also infinite, while the
differential signal between these two inputs is used to control an ideal current source (i.e.
The output current does not depend on the output voltage) t hat functions as an output.
The proportionality factor bet ween output current and input different ial voltage is called
transconductance.
FIGURE 2.1. Internal structure of OTA

Page 4
Any real OTA will thus have circuitry to process the input voltages with low input current
over a wide common mode input range, to produce an internal representation of the input
differential voltage and to provide a current to the output that is relatively independent
of the output voltage. Since an OTA can be used without fe e d ba c k , the maximum output
current and with it the transconductance can often be adjusted.
2.1.3 NON IDEAL CHARACTERISTICS

Practical OTA's have some non-ideal characteristics [11]. These include:
Input stage non-linearity at higher differential input voltages due to the characteristics of the
input stage transistors. In the early devices, such as the CA 3080, the input stage consisted of
two bipolar transistors connected in the differential amplifier configuration. The transfer
characteristics of this connection are approximately linear for differential input voltages of
20 mV or less. This is an important limitation when the OTA is being used open loop as
there is no negative feedback to linearize the output. One scheme to improve this parameter
is mentioned below.
Temperature sensitivity of transconductance.
Variation of input and output impedance, input bias current and input offset voltage with the
transconductance control current Iabc
2.2 VOLTAGE MODE
Voltage mode and current mode are the two regulating conditions that control the output of the
supply. Most applications call for a supply to be used as a voltage source. A voltage source
provides a constant output voltage as current is drawn from 0 to full rated current of the supply.
In these applications, the power supply runs in voltage mode, maintaining a constant output
Page 5
voltage while providing the required current to the load. A voltage source is generally modeled
as providing a low output impedance of the supply.
2.3 FILTERS
In circuit theory, a filter is an electrical network that alters the amplitude and/or phase
characteristics of a signal with respect to frequency. Ideally, a filter will not add new frequencies
to the input signal, nor will it change the component frequencies of that signal, but it will change
the relative amplitudes of the various frequency components and/or their phase relationships.
Filters are often used in electronic systems to emphasize signals in certain frequency ranges and
reject signals in other frequency ranges. As an example, we consider a situation where a useful
signal at frequency f1 has been contaminated with an unwanted signal at f2. If the contaminated
signal is passed through a circuit (Figure 2.2) that has very low gain at f2 compared to f1, the
undesired signal can be removed, and the useful signal will remain. We are not concerned with
the gain of the filter at any frequency other than f1 and f2. As long as f2 is sufficiently attenuated
relative to f1, the performance of this filter will be satisfactory.
In general, however, a filter's gain may be specified at several different frequencies, or

over a band of frequencies. Since filters are defined by their frequency-domain effects on signals,
the most useful analytical and graphical descriptions of filters also fall into the frequency
domain. Thus, curves of gain vs. frequency and phase vs. frequency have been used in our
project to illustrate filter characteristics. The most widely-used mathematical tools are also based
in the frequency domain. The frequency-domain behavior of a filter is described mathematically
in terms of its transfer function or network function. This is the ratio of the Laplace transforms of
its output and input signals. The voltage transfer function H(s) of a filter can therefore be written
as:
() =
()
()
(2.3)
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Where VIN(s) and VOUT(s) are the input and output signal voltages.
And s is the complex frequency variable.
The transfer function defines the filter's response to any arbitrary input signal, but we are
also concerned with its effect on continuous sine waves. Especially important is the magnitude of
the transfer function as a function of frequency, which indicates the effect of the filter on the
amplitudes of sinusoidal signals at various frequencies. Knowing the transfer function magnitude
(or gain) at each frequency allows us to determine how well the filter can distinguish between
signals at different frequencies. The transfer function magnitude versus frequency is called the
amplitude response and in audio applications, the frequency response. Similarly, the phase
response of the filter gives the amount of phase shift introduced in sinusoidal signals as a
function of frequency. Since a change in phase of a signal also represents a change in time, the
phase characteristics of a filter become especially important when dealing with complex signals
where the time relationships between signal components at frequencies different are critical.
FIGURE 2.2 Using a Filter to Reduce the Effect of an Undesired Signal at

Frequency f2, while Retaining Desired Signal at Frequency f1
Another quantity used to describe the performance of a filter is the filter's Q. This is a measure
of the sharpness of the amplitude response. The Q of a band-pass filter is the ratio of the center
frequency to the difference between the 3 dB frequencies (also known as the 3 dB bandwidth).
(2.4)
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2.3.1 VOLTAGE MODE FILTERS
The voltage-mode active filters with high input impedance are of great interest because several
cells of this kind can be directly connected in cascade to implement higher order filters. M.
Kumngern and K. Dejhan presented a new electronically tunable voltage-mode universal biquad
filter based on simple CMOS operational transconductance amplifiers (OTAs) and grounded
capacitors [11]. The proposed filter provides second-order low pass, bandpass and high pass
voltage responses at a high impedance input terminal, which enable easy cascadability. The
circuit enjoys realization using a low number of active and passive components, no requirement
with the component choice conditions to realize all filtering functions, and low active and
passive sensitivities performance.
FIGURE 2.3 voltage-mode active filter [11]
Recently, several OTA-based universal biquad filters with SIMO were proposed. The circuits in
fig 2.3 enjoy high input impedance and use grounded capacitors, but these structures do not
provide five standard filtering functions.
While this circuits can realize five standards filtering functions and enjoy low sensitivities,
but they require component matching condition for realizing the filter responses.
Page 8
J. W. Horng presented a new electronically tunable voltage-mode first-order all pass

filter using only three single- ended operational transconductance amplifiers (OTAs) and
one grounded capacitor, which is highly suitable for integrated circuit implementation
[3]. The pole frequency of the filter can be tuned electronically by adjusting the
transconductance value of the OTA. No component-matching conditions are also required for
realizing allpass response.
Vout
Vin
FIGURE 2.4 voltage-mode first-order all pass filter using OTAs.[3]
The proposed circuit employs only three single-ended OTAs and one grounded capacitor which
is suitable of IC implementation. The pole frequency of the filter can be controlled
electronically by adjusting the biasing current of OTA.
2.4 MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS

The mathematical analysis of each filter has been done using the standard equation of filter and
then the transfer function of each filter output has been found. We have then compared the
transfer functions with the standard transfer equations of each filter and thus found out the Q
Factor and Cut Off frequency. The obtained values have been compared with graphical results
obtained after simulation in PSpice.
Page 9
= 1 03 = 01 1
(2.5)
V03
V01
gM1
C1
= 2 01 = 02 2
(2.6)
V01
V02
gm2
Io1
03 = 02 + 01
(2.7)
Vin
OTA5
Vo3
Vo1
OTA6
Page 10
04 = 01
(2.8)
V01
V04
OTA3
vin
OTA4
05 = 04 01
(2.9)
V01
OTA7
V05
V04
OTA8
Page 11
Dividing eq. (2.8) with Vin, We get...

04
=1
01
(2.10)
Similarly Divide Eq. (2.9) with Vin, we get

05
04
01
(2.11)
Put (2.10) in (2.11) we get

05
=12
01
(2.12)
Substituting the value of V03 and V02 from (2.5) and (2.6) in (2.7), we get
01 1
1
= (
2 01
2
+ 01 )
(2.13)
On rearranging this equation we get
01
1 2
2
+
1 2 + 1 2
1 2
(2.14)
Substituting this eqn. (2.5) in (2.6) we get,
02
1 2
2
+
1 2 + 1 2
1 2
(2.15)
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Similarly substituting (2.10) in (2.5) we get,
03
2 1 2
2 1 2 + 1 2 + 1 2
(2.16)
Substituting the value of (2.5) in (2.10) we get,
04
04
=1
2 1
2
+
1 2 + 1 2
1 2
2 1 2 + 1 2
2 1 2 + 1 2 + 1 2
(2.17)
Similarly substituting the value of (2.5) in (2.11) we get
05
05
=1
22 1
2 1 2 + 1 2 + 1 2
2 1 2 1 2 + 1 2
2 1 2 + 1 2 + 1 2
Standard equation of filter is =
(2.18)
2 ( 0 )+ 02
2 +( 0 )+ 02
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Comparing this standard eq. with any above eq. from (2.5),(2.6),(2.7),(2.8) and (2.9) we get,
0=
1 2
1 2
2 1 1 2
As we know
2 = 0
Therefore
0
2
=
2
Where C1=C2=10pF, g
m1
1
1 2
(2.19)
1 2
= g = g =181.97s
m2 m
When we put this in the value of f, we get

f=3
Page 14
CHAPTER 3
PROPOSED METHODOLOGY
The simulation of the universal biquad filter has been done by first dividing the whole circuit
into five sub circuits. Each sub circuit results in the output of one particular type of filter which
are low pass (LP), band pass (BP), high pass (HP), band stop (BS) and all pass (AP) filters.
The block diagram of our circuit is shown in the figure below
Vin
Adder/
Subtractor 1
Adder/
Subtractor 2
Adder/
Subtractor 3
BS
OTA 2
HP
OTA
1
AP
LP
BP
FIGURE3.1: block diagram of universal filter
Page 15
The block diagram shows two types of blocks. One is the adder subtractor block and the other is
the single OTA block.
OTA1 AND OTA2 BLOCK

An
OTA
is a voltage
controlled
current source,
more
specifically the
term
operational comes from the fact that it takes the difference of two voltages as the
input for the current conversion. The circuit symbol of the operational transconductance
amplifier (OTA) is shown in Fig. 3.2. It is assumed an ideal voltage-controlled current source
by infinite input and output impedances. Its characteristic of ideal OTA can be described by
= (1 2 )
(3.1)
V1
V2
FIGURE 3.2 Circuit symbol of OTA [1].

Where Io is the output current, gm is the transconductance gain, and V1 and V2
denote non-
inverting and inverting input voltage, respectively.

Any real OTA will thus have circuitry to process the input voltages with low input
current over a wide common mode input range, to produce an internal representation
of the input differential voltage and to provide a current to the output that is relatively
independent of the output voltage. Since an OTA can be used without feedback, the
maximum output current and with it the transconductance can be adjusted.
In our project an OTA has been implemented in CMOS technology by replacing the
current mirrors and the input differential pair with their FET equivalents
Page 16
FIGURE 3.3 CMOS implementation of the simple OTA [1]

Assuming ideal current mirrors and current sources again, the only real change is the
switch to a FET differential pair.
The input resistance is infinite and he nce there is no input current.
drain currents are equal if we neglect leakage currents.
enhancement FET w i t h a threshold voltage of Vth
Also, the source and
The drain curnt of the nMOS

in pinch-off regime is with some
simplifying assumptions
ADDER/ SUBTRACTOR BLOCK

Fig. 3.3 shows the addition/subtraction circuit. , this circuit may be called a pool circuit.
Assuming OTA1 and OTA2 are identical, the voltage Vo can be expressed as
0 = 1 2 + 3
(3.2)
FIGURE 3.4 Addition/Sutractaction circuit
Page 17
Then, the circuit in Fig. 3.4 can be operated as the addition and subtraction voltage signals. The
CMOS implementation of simple OTA can be shown in Fig. 3.4. Assuming MOS transistors
M1 and M2 are matched and operating in saturation region, the transconductance gain (gm) can
be expressed by
(3.3)
Where Iabc is the bias current, is the carrier mobility; Cox is the gate oxide capacitance per unit
area, W and L are the channel width and length, respectively.
Page 18
CHAPTER 4
SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS
The Simulation Program with Integrated Circuit Emphasis (SPICE) circuit simulation tool
was first developed in the early 1970s. It was written in the FORTRAN programming language
and was intended to support the early data entry methods of this period. SPICE was immediately
valuable to allow circuit designers to analyze circuit systems, in particular as the complexity of
circuits began to expand with the arrival of the first integrated circuits. It is certainly one of the
most important tools in Electrical Engineering and is an example of one of the first tools for
Computer Aided Design.
In this project we have simulated our circuit on PSpice A/D.

PSpice A/D is a simulation program that models the behavior of a circuit containing any mix of
analog and digital devices. Used with Orcad Capture for design entry, PSpice A/D is a softwarebased breadboard of our circuit that we have used to test and refine our design before ever
touching a piece of hardware.
PSpice A/D simulates analog-only, mixed analog/digital, and digital-only circuits. PSpice
A/Ds analog and digital algorithms are built into the same program so that mixed analog/digital
circuits can be simulated with tightly coupled feedback loops between the analog and digital
sections without any performance degradation.
Minimum hardware requirements for running PSpice:

Intel Pentium 90MHz or equivalent processor
Windows 95, Windows 98 or Windows NT
16MB RAM (32MB recommended)
90MB of free hard disk space
CD-ROM drive
Mouse or similar pointing device
Page 19
Command reference for PSpice and PSpice A/D
PSpice command
Description
.AC (AC analysis)
frequency response
.DC (DC analysis)
DC sweep
.FOUR (Fourier analysis)
Fourier components
.NOISE (noise analysis)
Noise
.TRAN (transient analysis)
Transient analysis
.OP (bias point)
bias point
.ENDS (end sub circuit)
end of sub circuit definition
.END (end of circuit)
end of circuit simulation description
.MODEL (model definition) modeled device definition
.SUBCKT (sub circuit)
to start sub circuit definition output

control
.PLOT (plot)
to send an analysis plot to output file

(line printer format)
Page 20
.PRINT (print)
to send an analysis table to output file
.PROBE (Probe)
to send simulation results to Probe data

file
.AC (AC analysis)

Purpose:
The .AC command calculates the frequency response of a
circuit over a range of frequencies.
General form:
.AC <sweep type> <points value>

+ <start frequency value> <end frequency value>
Arguments and options: <sweep type>

This must be LIN, OCT, or DEC, as described below.
Parameter
Description
Description
LIN
linear sweep
The frequency is swept

linearly from the
starting to the ending
frequency. The
<points value> is the total
number of points in
the sweep.
OCT
sweep by octaves

logarithmically by
octaves. The <points value> is
Page 21
the number of
points per octave
DEC
sweep by decades

logarithmically by
decades. The <points value> is
the number of
points per decade
<Points value>
Specifies the number of points in the sweep, using an integer.
<Start frequency value> <end frequency value>
The end frequency value must not be less than the start frequency value, and both must be
greater than zero. The whole sweep must include at least one point. If a group delay (G suffix) is
specified as an output, the frequency steps must be close enough together that the phase of that
output changes smoothly from one frequency to the next
A .PRINT (print), .PLOT (plot), or .PROBE (Probe) command must be used to get the results of
the AC sweep analysis.
AC analysis is a linear analysis. The simulator calculates the frequency response by linearizing
the circuit around the bias point.
All independent voltage and current sources that have AC values are inputs to the circuit. During
AC analysis, the only independent sources that have nonzero amplitudes are those using AC
specifications. The SIN specification does not count, as it is used only during transient analysis.
.END (end of circuit)

Purpose The .END command marks the end of the circuit. All the data and every other command
must come before it. When the .END command is reached, PSpice does all the specified analyses
on the circuit.
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General form: .END
There can be more than one circuit in an input file. Each circuit is marked by an .END command.
PSpice processes all the analyses for each circuit before going on to the next one. Everything is
reset at the beginning of each circuit. Having several circuits in one file gives the same results as
having them in separate files and running each one separately. However, all the simulation
results go into one .OUT file and one .DAT file. This is a convenient way to arrange a set of runs
for overnight operation.
Page 23
CHAPTER 5
IMPLEMENTATION
The proposed circuit of Fig. 5 was simulated using PSPICE simulations. The simple OTA given
in Fig. 3 were realized by using 0.35m CMOS process from TSMC and W/L=5m/1m and
W/L=10 m/1m for nMOS and pMOS transistors, respectively [15]. The power supplies are
selected as VDD= VSS=1.65V. The bias currents for OTA3 to OTA8 are chosen as 20A.
FIGURE 5.1 voltage-mode SIMO universal filter using single-ended OTAs [1]
Page 24
5.1 CODING
The coding of the circuit in fig. 5.1 in PSPICE is as follows
UF MOS
VIN
26
AC 1V
VDD
1.65V
VSS
-1.65V
C1
10PF
C2
10PF
IREF1
16
20UA
IREF2
17
20UA
IREF3
18
20UA
IREF4
19
20UA
IREF5
20
20UA
IREF6
21
20UA
IREF7
22
50UA
IREF8
23
50UA
* D G S B
M1
16
NMOD W=5U L=1U
M2
4 26 16
NMOD W=5U L=1U
M3
PMOD W=10U L=1U
M4
PMOD W=10U L=1U
M5
17
NMOD W=5U L=1U
M6
17
NMOD W=5U L=1U
M7
PMOD W=10U L=1U
Page 25
M8
M9
PMOD W=10U L=1U
10 26
18
NMOD W=5U L=1U
M10
18
NMOD W=5U L=1U
M11
10
PMOD W=10U L=1U
M12
10
10
PMOD W=10U L=1U
M13
11
19
NMOD W=5U L=1U
M14
19
NMOD W=5U L=1U
M15
11
PMOD W=10U L=1U
M16
11
11
PMOD W=10U L=1U
M17
12
20
NMOD W=5U L=1U
M18
20
NMOD W=5U L=1U
M19
12
PMOD W=10U L=1U
M20
12
12
PMOD W=10U L=1U
M21
13
21
NMOD W=5U L=1U
M22
21
NMOD W=5U L=1U
M23
13
PMOD W=10U L=1U
M24
13
13
PMOD W=10U L=1U
M25
14
22
NMOD W=5U L=1U
M26
22
NMOD W=5U L=1U
M27
14
PMOD W=10U L=1U
M28
14
14
PMOD W=10U L=1U
M29
15
23
NMOD W=5U L=1U
M30
23
NMOD W=5U L=1U
M31
15
PMOD W=10U L=1U
Page 26
M32
15
15
PMOD W=10U L=1U
.MODEL NMOD NMOS (

+TOX
= 7.9E-9
LEVEL = 3
NSUB
+PHI
= 0.7
+UO
= 436.256147
+KP
= 2.055786E-4 VMAX
+RSH
+XJ
= 3E-7
NFS
LD
= 2.82E-10
= 1E-3
+CJSW
GAMMA = 0.5827871
= 0.5445549
ETA
= 0.0559398
+CGDO
+CJ
VTO
= 1E17
DELTA = 0
=0
THETA = 0.1749684
= 8.309444E4
= 1E12
KAPPA = 0.2574081
TPG
=1
= 3.162278E-11 WD
CGSO = 2.82E-10
PB
= 0.9758533
= 3.777852E-10 MJSW
= 7.046724E-8
CGBO
MJ
= 1E-10
= 0.3448504
= 0.3508721
.MODEL PMOD PMOS (
LEVEL = 3
+ TOX = 7.9E-9
GAMMA = 0.4083894
NSUB = 1E17
+ PHI
= 0.7
+ UO
= 212.2319801
ETA = 9.999762E-4
+ KP
= 6.733755E-5
VMAX = 1.181551E5
+ RSH
+ XJ
VTO = -0.7140674
= 30.0712458
= 2E-7
LD
+ CGDO = 3.09E-10
+ CJ
= 1.419508E-3
NFS
DELTA = 0
= 1E12
THETA = 0.2020774
KAPPA = 1.5
TPG
= 5.000001E-13 WD
CGSO = 3.09E-10
PB
= 0.8152753
+ CJSW = 4.813504E-10 MJSW = 0.5
= -1
= 1.249872E-7
CGBO = 1E-10
MJ
= 0.5
.AC DEC 10kHZ 100HZ 100MEGHZ

.PROBE
.END
Page 27
CHAPTER 6
TESTING AND VALIDATION
Our circuit consists of OTAs and grounded capacitors only, so for simulation of the complete
circuit we first simulated a single OTA and verified the results.
The coding of a single OTA is as shown below.
Vin 1
AC 100MV
VS1 7 0
-1.65V
Iref1
20UA
Iref2
20UA
Iref3
10
20UA
Iref4
11
20UA
Iref5
12
20UA
Iref6
13
20UA
Iref7
14
50UA
Iref8
15
50UA
C1
10pF
C2
10pF
10
v1
v2
vout Iref
.SUBCKT OTA 5
4 8
VDD
1.65V
VSS
-1.65V
V1
AC 0V
Page 28
V2
AC 100mV
V3
DC 0V
M1
NMOD W=5U L=1U
M2
NMOD W=5U L=1U
M3
PMOD W=10U L=1U
M4
PMOD W=10U L=1U
.MODEL NMOD NMOS (

+TOX
= 7.9E-9
LEVEL = 3
NSUB
+PHI
= 0.7
+UO
= 436.256147
+KP
= 2.055786E-4 VMAX
+RSH
+XJ
= 3E-7
+CJSW
NFS
LD
= 2.82E-10
= 1E-3
GAMMA = 0.5827871
= 0.5445549
ETA
= 0.0559398
+CGDO
+CJ
VTO
= 1E17
DELTA = 0
=0
THETA = 0.1749684
= 8.309444E4
= 1E12
KAPPA = 0.2574081
TPG
=1
= 3.162278E-11 WD
CGSO = 2.82E-10
PB
= 0.9758533
= 3.777852E-10 MJSW
= 7.046724E-8
CGBO
MJ
= 1E-10
= 0.3448504
= 0.3508721
.MODEL PMOD PMOS (
LEVEL = 3
+ TOX = 7.9E-9
GAMMA = 0.4083894
NSUB = 1E17
+ PHI
= 0.7
+ UO
= 212.2319801
ETA = 9.999762E-4
+ KP
= 6.733755E-5
VMAX = 1.181551E5
+ RSH
+ XJ
VTO = -0.7140674
= 30.0712458
= 2E-7
+ CGDO = 3.09E-10
LD
NFS
DELTA = 0
= 1E12
= 5.000001E-13
CGSO = 3.09E-10
THETA = 0.2020774
KAPPA = 1.5
TPG
WD
= -1
= 1.249872E-7
CGBO = 1E-10
Page 29
+ CJ
= 1.419508E-3
PB
= 0.8152753
+ CJSW = 4.813504E-10 MJSW = 0.5
MJ
= 0.5
*.AC DEC 10 10HZ 1000MEGHZ

*.DC V2 0V 200MV 100UV
*.PLOT AC VM(4) VP(4)
*.PROBE
.ENDS
*
v1
v2 vout
X1
2 8 OTA
X2
2 9 OTA
X3
3 10 OTA
X4
3 11 OTA
X5
5 12 OTA
X6
5 13 OTA
X7
4 14 OTA
X8
6 15 OTA
.AC DEC 1kHz 1000HZ 100MEGHZ

*.PLOT AC VM (2) VP (2)
.PROBE
.END
Page 30
The OTA has two inputs V1 and V2. For testing of our coding we first gave 0Volt input at V1
and obtained a linearly decreasing graph between the frequency and output current plot. Since
V2 is the negative terminal of OTA, hence the obtained graph is correct
10uA
0A
-10uA
-20uA
-30uA
-40uA
-50uA
20mV
0V
I(V3)
40mV
60mV
80mV
100mV
120mV
140mV
160mV 180mV 200mV
V2
FIGURE 6.1 frequency vs. output current
Page 31
Next we gave 0Volt at V2 and obtained a linearly increasing graph between V1 (the positive
terminal) and frequency.
50uA
40uA
30uA
20uA
10uA
0A
0V
20mV 40mV 60mV 80mV 100mV 120mV 140mV 160mV 180mV200mV
I(V3)
V1
FIGURE 6.2 frequency vs. output current
Page 32
CHAPTER 7
RESULTS
1.2V
1.0V
0.8V
0.6V
0.4V
0.2V
0V
300Hz
100Hz
V(1)
1.0KHz
3.0KHz
10KHz
30KHz
100KHz
300KHz
1.0MHz
3.0MHz
10MHz
30MHz
100MHz
Frequency
FIGURE 7.1 Simulated Band-Pass Responses

100d
1
1.0V
2
50d
0d
0.5V
-50d
-100d
>>0V
10KHz
1
30KHz
2
P(V(V01))
100KHz
300KHz
M(V(V01))
1.0MHz
3.0MHz
10MHz
30MHz
100MHz
300MHz
1.0GHz
Frequency
FIGURE 7.2 Bode plot of Band-Pass filter
Page 33
1.2V
1.0V
0.8V
0.6V
0.4V
0.2V
0V
100Hz
300Hz
1.0KHz
3.0KHz
10KHz
V(2)
100KHz
30KHz
300KHz
1.0MHz
3.0MHz
10MHz
30MHz 100MHz
Frequency
FIGURE 7.3 Simulated Low-Pass Response
180d
1.2V
1
2
135d
0.8V
90d
0.4V
45d
0d
>>
0V
10KHz
30KHz
1
P(V(V02))
100KHz
300KHz
M(V(V02))
1.0MHz
3.0MHz
10MHz
30MHz
100MHz
300MHz 1.0GHz
Frequency
FIGURE 7.4 Bode Plot of Low Pass Response
Page 34
1.2V
1.0V
0.8V
0.6V
0.4V
0.2V
0V
100Hz
300Hz
V(3)
1.0KHz
3.0KHz
10KHz
30KHz
100KHz 300KHz 1.0MHz 3.0MHz
10MHz 30MHz 100MHz
Frequency
FIGURE 7.5 Simulated High-Pass Response

180d 1.2V
1
2
135d
0.8V
90d
0.4V
45d
0d
>>
0V
10KHz 30KHz
P(V(V03))

M(V(V03))
10MHz 30MHz 100MHz 300MHz 1.0GHz
Frequency
FIGURE 7.6 Bode Plot of High-Pass Response

Page 35
1.2V
1.0V
0.8V
0.6V
0.4V
0.2V
0V
100Hz 300Hz
V(4)
1.0KHz 3.0KHz
10KHz 30KHz
100KHz 300KHz 1.0MHz 3.0MHz 10MHz 30MHz100MHz

Frequency
FIGURE 7.7 Simulated Band-Stop Response
300d
-0
1
2
200d
-20
100d -40
>>
0d
-60
10KHz
30KHz
100KHz
1
2
P(V(V04)) DB(V(V04))
300KHz
1.0MHz
3.0MHz
10MHz
30MHz
100MHz
300MHz 1.0GHz
Frequency
FIGURE 7.8 Bode Plot of Band-Stop Response

Page 36
20V
10V
0V
-10V
-20V
10KHz 30KHz
V(V05)
10MHz 30MHz
100MHz 300MHz1.0GHz
Frequency
FIGURE7.9 Simulated Response of All Pass

1
2
180d 20V
95d
0V
0d
-95d
-20V
>>
-190d -29V
10KHz 30KHz 100KHz 300KHz 1.0MHz 3.0MHz 10MHz 30MHz 100MHz 300MHz 1.0GHz
1
2
Frequency
P( V(V05)) M( V(V05))
FIGURE 7.10 Bode Plot of All Pass Response
From the graph below we get the cut off frequency as 3 Mega Hertz
Page 37
1.2V
1.0V
0.8V
0.6V
0.4V
0.2V
0V
100Hz 300Hz 1.0KHz 3.0KHz 10KHz 30KHz 100KHz 300KHz 1.0MHz 3.0MHz 10MHz 30MHz100MHz
V(5) V(1) V(2) V(3) V(4)
Frequency
FIGURE 7.11 Simulated BP,LP,HP,BS and AP Responses
Page 38
CHAPTER 8
8.1 ADVANTAGES
(i) It employs only simple OTAs.
(ii) It can realize the BP, LP, BP, HP and AP filter responses without any component-matching
condition.
(iii) The simulated circuit has high input impedance, therefore is more property enables easy
cascading in voltage-mode operation.
(iv) The parameter 0 of the filter can be tuned electronically.
(v) It provides low active and passive sensitivities.
(vi) All the basic filter characteristics, namely LPF, BPF, HPF, BRF and APF can be obtained
Page 39
8.2 APPLICATIONS
A common need for filter circuits is in high-performance stereo systems, where certain
ranges of audio frequencies need to be amplified or suppressed for best sound quality and
power efficiency.
Equalizers, which allow the amplitudes of several frequency ranges to be adjusted to suit
the listener's taste and acoustic properties of the listening area.
Crossover networks, which block certain ranges of frequencies from reaching speakers. A
tweeter (high-frequency speaker) is inefficient at reproducing low-frequency signals such
as drum beats, so a crossover circuit is connected between the tweeter and the stereo's
output terminals to block low-frequency signals, only passing high-frequency signals to
the speaker's connection terminals. This gives better audio system efficiency and thus
better performance.
Another practical application of filter circuits is in the conditioning of non-sinusoidal
voltage waveforms in power circuits. Some electronic devices are sensitive to the
presence of harmonics in the power supply voltage, and so require power conditioning for
proper operation. If a distorted sine-wave voltage behaves like a series of harmonic
waveforms added to the fundamental frequency, then it should be possible to construct a
filter circuit that only allows the fundamental waveform frequency to pass through,
blocking all (higher-frequency) harmonics.
Page 40
CHAPTER 9
CONCLUSION
In our project, an electronically tunable single input and five outputs voltage-mode universal
filter using ten simple OTAs and two grounded capacitors was simulated. It employs only simple
OTAs and can realize second order low pass (LP), band pass (BP), high pass (HP), band stop
(BS) and all pass (AP) filters simultaneously. The filter responses can be obtained without any
component-matching condition. This circuit has high input impedance, therefore is more
property enables easy cascading in voltage-mode operation. It provides low active and passive
sensitivities. Simulation results have been shown to demonstrate the effectiveness of our
schemes. The simulation results obtained were found to be in good agreement with the theory.
The filters responses can be controlled by electronically tuning the OTAs. This can be done
by varying the reference current Iabc of the OTA. Consequently the cut off frequency and quality
factor can be adjusted. The cut off frequency of our simulated graphical results is same as that
obtained by mathematical analysis.
Page 41
CHAPTER 10
FUTURE SCOPE OF PROJECT
As mentioned previously there are innumerable applications of filters in the modern

world where electronics and communication play a vital role in our lives. The universal filter
may be used to realize oscillators, multipliers, integrators, signal processing etc. Our project will
prove to be of special advantage as it will be possible to simultaneously get the response of all
types of filters without any component matching conditions with only a single input using
Operational transconductance amplifiers (OTAs) which require minimum surface area.
OTAs transconductance gain can be varied electronically which is especially suitable for
analog circuits. The OTA provides a wide tunable range and powerful ability to generate various
circuits. Moreover, OTA based circuits require no resistors and, therefore, are suitable for
integrated circuit (IC) implementation. In future when back end designing will be done on large
scale in India then the designing of the universal filter simulated in our project will be very
advantageous.
Page 42

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PSPICE simulation of Electronically Tunable Voltage-Mode SIMO Universal Biquad Filter

The Operational transconductance amplifier (OTA) is popular for implementing voltage

ECE Department, SRMGPC, Lucknow

PSPICE simulation of Electronically Tunable Voltage-Mode SIMO Universal Biquad Filter

PSPICE simulation results have been performed by us to confirm the theoretical

ECE Department, SRMGPC, Lucknow

PSPICE simulation of Electronically Tunable Voltage-Mode SIMO Universal Biquad Filter

filter responses. Compared with multiple-input

2.1 OPERATIONAL TRANSCONDUCTANCE AMPLIFIER

For this application the control input has to have a

PSPICE simulation of Electronically Tunable Voltage-Mode SIMO Universal Biquad Filter

2.1.2 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION

An OTA is a voltage controlled

current source, more specifically the term

Taking the pre-computed difference a s i np u t

FIGURE 2.1. Internal structure of OTA

PSPICE simulation of Electronically Tunable Voltage-Mode SIMO Universal Biquad Filter

2.1.3 NON IDEAL CHARACTERISTICS

Temperature sensitivity of transconductance.

2.2 VOLTAGE MODE

ECE Department, SRMGPC, Lucknow

PSPICE simulation of Electronically Tunable Voltage-Mode SIMO Universal Biquad Filter

In general, however, a filter's gain may be specified at several different frequencies, or

PSPICE simulation of Electronically Tunable Voltage-Mode SIMO Universal Biquad Filter

FIGURE 2.2 Using a Filter to Reduce the Effect of an Undesired Signal at

ECE Department, SRMGPC, Lucknow

PSPICE simulation of Electronically Tunable Voltage-Mode SIMO Universal Biquad Filter

2.3.1 VOLTAGE MODE FILTERS

FIGURE 2.3 voltage-mode active filter [11]

ECE Department, SRMGPC, Lucknow

PSPICE simulation of Electronically Tunable Voltage-Mode SIMO Universal Biquad Filter

J. W. Horng presented a new electronically tunable voltage-mode first-order all pass

FIGURE 2.4 voltage-mode first-order all pass filter using OTAs.[3]

2.4 MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS

ECE Department, SRMGPC, Lucknow

PSPICE simulation of Electronically Tunable Voltage-Mode SIMO Universal Biquad Filter

ECE Department, SRMGPC, Lucknow

PSPICE simulation of Electronically Tunable Voltage-Mode SIMO Universal Biquad Filter

ECE Department, SRMGPC, Lucknow

PSPICE simulation of Electronically Tunable Voltage-Mode SIMO Universal Biquad Filter

Dividing eq. (2.8) with Vin, We get...

Similarly Divide Eq. (2.9) with Vin, we get

Put (2.10) in (2.11) we get

On rearranging this equation we get

Substituting this eqn. (2.5) in (2.6) we get,

ECE Department, SRMGPC, Lucknow

PSPICE simulation of Electronically Tunable Voltage-Mode SIMO Universal Biquad Filter

Similarly substituting (2.10) in (2.5) we get,

Substituting the value of (2.5) in (2.10) we get,

Similarly substituting the value of (2.5) in (2.11) we get

Standard equation of filter is =

ECE Department, SRMGPC, Lucknow

PSPICE simulation of Electronically Tunable Voltage-Mode SIMO Universal Biquad Filter

When we put this in the value of f, we get

ECE Department, SRMGPC, Lucknow

PSPICE simulation of Electronically Tunable Voltage-Mode SIMO Universal Biquad Filter

FIGURE3.1: block diagram of universal filter

ECE Department, SRMGPC, Lucknow

PSPICE simulation of Electronically Tunable Voltage-Mode SIMO Universal Biquad Filter

OTA1 AND OTA2 BLOCK

FIGURE 3.2 Circuit symbol of OTA [1].

inverting and inverting input voltage, respectively.