Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Gross Anatomy
2015
Components of the CV system
Associated organs
Lungs: Oxygenate blood
spleen, kidney, bone marrow, liver: involved in blood production (hematopoiesis)
breakdown of spent blood cells, filtration/purification.
Heart functions
How does the heart function efficiently?
Isolates oxygenated blood from deoxygenated blood
Transports blood through the chambers and out into circulation
Coordinates chamber contraction
Sustains contractions and responds to variable physiological demands (exercise, stress,
digestion)
The hearts of mammals
and birds have four chambers
The heart has a dorsal base and an apex that faces ventrally, caudally and a bit to the left.
Chambers serve to separate oxygenated from deoxygenated blood
RA and LA
RV and LV
Left ventricle has a considerably thicker wall than the right ventricle.
The hearts of mammals and birds
have four chambers
AV valves have cusps, which open and close depending on the surrounding pressures in the atrial
and ventricular chambers.
Chordae tendineae,
Papillary muscles
Chordae tendineae connect each cusp to two papillary muscles and each papillary
muscle to two cusps.
Parietal cusps and septal cusps.
Aortic and pulmonary valves:
Aortic and pulmonary valves (aka semilunar valves) are formed by cusps only; these
valves have no chordae tendineae.
Aortic and pulmonary valves (aka semilunar valves) are formed by cusps only; these valves have
no chordae tendineae.
Blood flows passively into the right atrium via the cranial and caudal venae cavae and is
directed by an intravenous tubercle towards the right AV valve.
Heart sounds are associated with valves closing
Systole: [sis-tuh-lee] LUB !!!
Right & Left Ventricles Contract
Right & Left AV Valves are Closed
Aortic and Pulmonary Valves are Open
Diastole: [dahy-as-tl-ee] DUB !!!
Right & Left Ventricles Relax
Aortic & Pulmonary Valves are Closed
Blood Circulation is like a figure 8 with the Heart at the middle and the Pulmonary and
Systemic Circulations producing the two loops
Arterial Circulation Leaving the heart
(oxygenated =red, de-oxgenated = blue)
NOTE: Arteries move blood away from the heart; veins bring it back to the
heart.
For the most part, arteries carry oxygenated blood and veins carry
deoxygenated blood. HOWEVER, you will notice that the pulmonary ARTERY
moves deoxygenated blood to the lungs (AWAY from the heart) and the
pulmonary VEINS return oxygenated blood TO the heart.
Venous Circulation Towards the heart (deoxygenated=blue)
SYSTEMIC (capillaries to venules to veins to cranial & caudal vena cava & also
veins of the heart)
Portal circulation
Oxygen rich, nutrient poor blood leaves heart; goes to muscles/organs etc.
Veins draining abdominal viscera carry oxygen poor, nutrient rich blood to liver via
PORTAL VEIN.
LIVER has capillary bed of *sinusoids* through which blood passes
Blood exits liver through HEPATIC VEINS
Blood enters caudal vena cava, to right atrium of heart.
Portal circulation
NUTRITIONAL & FUNCTIONAL
BLOOD SUPPLIES
Nutritional: Supports organ so it can function
Heart: coronary arteries
Lungs: bronchial arteries
Liver: hepatic artery
Functional: Supplies blood for functional purpose of organ (also may support organ)
Heart: venae cavae & pulmonary veins
Lungs: pulmonary arteries
Liver: portal vein
HEART EXTERNAL STRUCTURE AND SEROUS MEMBRANES
The heart itself consists of three tissue layers (from the inside out):
Endocardium: endothelial lining of heart chambers
Myocardium: smooth cardiac muscle making up the heart (by far the thickest of the
three layers)
Epicardium or visceral pericardium: tightly adherent serous membrane
Pericardium
Heart: encased in a 3 layered membrane, the pericardium; this lies within the
mediastinum.
The pericardium has the following layers: (from the inside out)
Visceral pericardium or epicardium: tightly adherent to the heart muscle.
Parietal pericardium: adheres to medial surface of the outer fibrous pericardium
Fibrous pericardium: an inelastic fibrous tissue which surrounds the heart. This
layer is closely associated with the mediastinal pleurae.
Pericardial cavity:
Potential space separating the visceral and parietal pericardium.
This potential cavity can accumulate biological fluids (pericardial effusion;
pericarditis)
Cardiac skeleton
The atria and ventricles are separated by a fibrous skeleton of the heart formed by annular
rings which encircle the valve openings and serve for valve attachment.
The region between these rings is known as the trigone.
In large ruminants the cartilage in this region can ossify and form the ossa cordis ("heart
bone").
Muscular ridges on the interior walls of the heart reduce turbulence.
In the atria, these are pectinate muscles
In the Ventricles, these are trabeculae carnae.