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ABSTRACT
Buyuk Menderes catchment, located in the southwestern part of Turkey, is one of the most
populated river basins in Turkey with 2.5 millions inhabitants. Due to increasing activities
in agriculture and industrial sectors, water resources management in the basin is one of the
biggest matters for the future. During the past decade, it has been observed a basinwide
shift to larger monocultural, intensively operated farm units. Therefore, there is land use
conversion from native lands to agriculture. The threat of nutrients pollution, nitrogen and
phosphorus, has become a preoccupation since many lands and rivers undergo a eutrophication
process. The discharge of nutrients from Buyuk Menderes basin to the Aegean Sea through
Buyuk Menderes river also needs to be reduced in order to bring the eutrophication problems
. F. Durdu
O
Water Resources Research Center,
Adnan Menderes University,
Aydin 09100,
Turkey
E-mail: odurdu@adu.edu.tr
V. Cvetkovic
Department of Land and Water Resources
Engineering,
Royal Institute of Technology,
Brinellvagen 32,
Stockholm SE-100 44,
Sweden
E-mail: vdc@kth.se
under lasting control. In this paper, the PolFlow model embedded in PCraster is applied to
the catchment for quantifying water and substances fluxes for the five-year period, 19992004.
The implementation of the model in the catchment allows describing the water balance and
thus nutrient transport on the landscape surface but also through the soil and aquifers layers.
Modeling process is complicated by the transfer of nutrients from diffuse and point-source
emissions, managed by retention and periodic release from storages within the catchment.
Modeling diffuse and point-source nutrient emissions contribution to river loads can be
improved by better knowledge about spatial and temporal distribution of this retention and
release in the basin.
Key words
INTRODUCTION
Excess nutrient loads through drainage basins lead to
doi: 10.2166/wst.2009.013
532
area of 24,976 km2 and 3.2% of the total area of the country,
the Buyuk Menderes river, draining into the Aegean Sea, for
both water flow and nutrients transport through the soil and
METHODS
Modeling water flow
The approach used for modeling is based on the GIS-based
Figure 1
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size (Mourad & van der Perk 2004). The water flow module
system
results from the water model, therefore, build the basis for
Table 1
Data used to model water fluxes in the Buyuk Menderes River Basin
Data
Resolution
Sources
http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/globalsod
Hydrogeological map
1/250,000
Slope
1 km2
Land cover
1/250,000
http://glcf.umiacs.umd.edu/data/landcover/
Soil Map
1/5,000,000
http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/EART/fao.html
www.dsi.gov.tr
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RESULTS
Water flux model
The water flux model was only validated by measured
discharges on rivers in the Buyuk Menderes catchment.
For water flux, no calibration was done in the model since
|
Figure 2
tf 1 2
h
i
2
1 rn1 :1000:slope 1:qrn
d
good agreement.
Table 2
Data used for the analysis of nutrient fluxes in the Buyuk Menderes River Basin
Data
Resolution
Reference
Population numbers
Basin sub-catchments
Basin sub-catchments
Basin municipalities
Livestock numbers
Basin sub-catchments
Department of Agriculture
Basin cities
Department of Agriculture
Crop yields
Basin cities
Department of Agriculture
Fertilizer use
Basin sub-catchments
Department of Agriculture
Industrial emissions
Basin cities
1 km2
1 km
1 km2
1 km
1 km2
1 km
1 km2
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the other part of the drainage basin. Model results point out
between the values of 0.15 and 0.2. The results for residence
Figure 4
(a) Modelled vs. measured annual average discharge in a logarithmic scale, (b) Discharge absolute error vs. measured discharge (logarithmic scale) for each of the 15
stations.
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Figure 5
(a) Discharge relative error vs. measured discharge (logarithmic scale) for each of the 15 stations, (b) Modelled groundwater recharge index vs. reference groundwater
recharge index.
in the river network (rn1), the loss in the river network (rn2).
Figure 6
(a) Total groundwater recharge index, (b) Deep groundwater recharge index,
(c) Residence time in shallow ground water in years, (d) Residence time in
deep ground water in years.
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Figure 7
(a) Average measured N concentrations along the Buyuk Menderes river basin, (b) Average measured P concentrations along the Buyuk Menderes river basin.
stations.
This might partly be due to fact that the city of Denizli and
Figure 8
(a) Modelled vs measured N load (T. year21) in a logarithmic scale, (b) Modelled vs measured P load (T. year21) in a logarithmic scale.
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populated areas (De Wit 1999; De Wit 2001; Mourad & van
DISCUSSION
Figure 9
(a) Annual modeled N load in the Buyuk Menderes basin in kilos for the
years 19992004 and river network, (b) Annual modeled P load in the
Buyuk Menderes basin in kilos for the years 19992004 and river network.
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estuary.
loads during the years 1999 2004 is 28% and 14% and
Figure 10
(a) The relationships between N concentrations and the river runoff r 2 0.254, p , 0.01; (b) The relationships between P concentrations and the river runoff r 2 0.146,
p , 0.01.
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phosphorus loads in the basin are less than the actual values
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The research described in this paper was supported by the
Swedish-Turkish scholarships for European Studies, as part
of the Swedish Institute (SI) exchange program.
REFERENCES
CONCLUSIONS
A quantitative description of the water balance and nutrient
loads consistent with observations within the Buyuk
Menderes basin for the years 1999 2004 was illustrated
in this study. PolFlow model embedded in PCraster is
applied to the basin for quantifying water and substances
fluxes for the five year period. PolFlow has been developed
and calibrated for the Rhine basin, and it appeared also to
Altnbas, U., Kurucu, Y., Bolca, M. & Turk, T. 1999 Orta ve Asag
Buyuk Menderes Irmak Sularnn Ayrml Sulama
Sureclerindeki Fiziksel ve Kimyasal Bilesiminin Saysal Veriler
ile Bunlarn Cevre Kirliligine Olan Etkileri Uzerine
Arastrmalar, Report for the Ege University, Faculty of
Agriculture, Soil Science, Izmir, Turkey.
Aydn Environmental Case Report 2006 Ministry of Environment
and Forest report, http://www.cedgm.gov.tr/icd_raporlari/
aydinicd2006.pdf, (accessed 1 May 2008).
Boyacioglu, H., Boyacioglu, H. 2007 Surface water quality
assessment by environmetric methods Environmental
Monitoring and Assessment. 131, 371 376.
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