103 B

2015/01/13, 8:20AM 09:50AM

[Wolfson Ch. 15-19]

(i)
(ii)
(iii)
Note: k = 1.38 1023 J/K, R = 8. 314 J/K, = 5.67 108 W/m2K4, 1 cal = 4.184 J.
Part I. Filling the blank (4 points per blank)
A refrigerator takes a Carnot cycle shown in right figure. What is the

operating direction, counterclockwise or clockwise? 1. What is the process

indicated in the figure? 2.
A cylinder of volume V contains n moles of compressed gas at temperature T. If the cylinder is discharged

into a vacuum chamber of volume mV and its temperature remains unchanged, how much energy has become
unavailable to do work? 3.
The relationship of an objects heat capacity C and its absolute temperature T is C = aT n, where a is a

constant. When the object is heated from T1 to T2, the entropy change is 4.
Describe the first law of thermodynamics. Note that you have to comment in detail on each symbol you use

in the description. 5.
In a diesel engine, the compression of engine volume is fast enough that the process is essentially adiabatic.

The specific heat ratio of the gas in the engine is 5/3 and the compression ratio Vmax/Vmin = 8.00. Assume
before compression the gas is at 20.0 oC, the ignition temperature is 6 oC.
Two identical atoms are confined in a two-dimensional space and react to form a diatomic molecule. If the

molecule has translational and rotational motions, the degree of freedom of the molecule is 7.
The average speed of a hydrogen atom (mass = 1.66 1027 kg) at Sun
surface (temperature = 5.80 103 K ) is 8 m/s.
The phase diagram for water is shown in the figure. As the pressure is
increased, which point will experience solid-liquid phase transition? 9
The surface temperature of our Sun is 5.80 103 K and the solar radius is

6.96 108 m. The average distance between Earth and Sun is 1.50 1011 m.
Assuming the Sun is a blackbody (emissivity = 1), the mean solar radiation
power received at Earth is 10 W/m2.
Usually, the water source of an apartment building is the water tower on top of the building. If the height

difference between the tap at the first floor and the tap at the fifth floor is 12.0 m and the water tower is 4.0 m
higher than the tap at the fifth floor, we can calculate the water speed at the fifth floor v5 and the water speed
at the first floor v1. Then v5 v1 = 11 m/s.
A hot-air balloon has a volume of 2500 m . The density of air at a temperature of 25 C is 1.25 kg/m .
3

The density of the hot air inside the balloon at a temperature of 100 C is 0.95 kg/m3. If the mass of balloon
is 200 kg, the maximum total mass of the passengers is 12 kg.
A candy bar contains 350 Calories. If the amount of energy equivalent to this candy bar is used to lift a 65

kg person off the ground. How high can this person being lifted? 13 m.
1/2

 We mix three bottle of different liquid with equal mass. If their specific heat capacity is 0.60 cal/gC, 0.30

cal/gC, and 0.20 cal/gC, and their temperature is 80.0C, 30.0C, and 20.0C. The temperature of the
mixed fluid is 14 C.
To achieve the same factor of heat insulation, what is the thickness of Styrofoam if we replace the 15-cm

thick concrete wall of a house with Styrofoam of the same surface area? (the thermal conductivity of concrete
and Styrofoam is 1.0 and 0.029 W/m2K4, respectively.) 15 m.
The close-up picture of the solar surface is shown in right figure. From this image,

we can speculate that the heat generated by the nuclear reactions in the interior of the
Sun is transferred to the surface most effectively by (a) conduction (b) convection or
(c) radiation? 16 .
Part II Problems (10 points per problem)
1.
An engine (outputs positive work) with ideal gas of specific heat ratio
operates on a cycle which consists of two adiabatic and tow constant-volume
segments, as shown in the figure. (a) Find the maximum temperature in
terms of the minimum temperature Tmin and compression ratio V2/V1. (b)
Find the engines efficiency in terms of compression ratio V2/V1.
2.
An ideal gas with = 7/5 undergoes the cyclic process ABCA shown in right
figure, where AB, BC, and CA are adiabatic, constant-volume, and isobaric
processes, respectively. The pressure at A is 62 kPa. Find (a) the pressure at
B and (b) the net work done by the gas.
3.
A glass beaker () holds 20.0 L at 20.0 oC. Its filled to the brim with mercury (Hg) at 20 oC. If the
temperature now increases to 30.0 oC, (a) how much does the glass beakers volume increase? (b) How much
mercury spills out? The linear expansion coefficient of glass is 3.2 10 6 (K 1) and volume expansion
coefficient of mercury is 18 10 5 (K 1).
4.
Similar to the derivation of the hydrostatic equilibrium equation on Earth, we
can derive the pressure gradient dP(r)/dr inside the Sun by balancing the
forces on a fluid element of area dA, thickness dr, and mass dm at radius r.
Show your answers with the variables shown in the figure, the density at
radius r, (r), and the mass within radius r, M(r).
(a) What is the upward force the fluid element experience? (2 points)
(b) What is the magnitude of the gravitational force on the fluid element?
(c) What is the inward force the fluid element experience?
(d) Derive dP(r)/dr. (3 points)

2/2

(2 points)

(3 points)

Part I Answer SheetNote: 1

= B10

A01 counterclockwise

B01 B
B02 8.9

A02 isothermal (compressive) process = B11

A03 nRT ln(m + 1)

= B03

B03 nRT ln(m + 1)

A04 a(T2n T1n) / n

= B06

B04 899

A05 (see below)

= B07

B05 3

A06 899

= B04

B06 a(T2n T1n) / n

A07 3

= B05

B07 (see below)

A08 1.2 104

= B12

B08 1.38 103

A09 B

= B01

B09 500

A10 1.38 103

= B08

B10 counterclockwise

A11 8.9

= B02

B11 isothermal (compressive) process

A12 550

= B09

B12 1.2 104

A13 2300

= B13

B13 2300

A14 55

= B16

B14 convection ()

A15 4.4 103

= B15

B15 4.4 103

A16 convection ()

= B14

B16 55

A05: U = Q + W or U = Q W. U = internal energy change, Q = heat transferred into the system,

in the case + W, W = work done on the system, in the case W, W = work done by the system.

Part II Answer SheetNote: 1

A1 = B4
(a) Tmax = T1a, Tmin = T2b.
Tmax
T1a p1a V1a
3pV1
V1b
V1

=
=
=
, where p2b = p1b ( ) = p( )
Tmin
T2b p2b V2b p2b V2
V2b
V2
Therefore,

T max
T min

3pV 1 V 2
( )
pV 2 V 1

= 3(V 2 )1 .
1

(b)
Efficiency e = Wnet / Qin , where Wnet is the net work done by the engine.
R

Qin = nCvT = n 1 T1a T1b =

p 1a V 1a p 1b V 1b
1

Wnet = W(1a2a) + W(2b1b)

3/2

2pV 1
1

(pV )1a 2a
1

(pV )2b 1b

With p2b = p1b

Wnet =

2pV 1
1

V 1b
V 2b

p 2a V 2a p 2b V 2b +(p 1b V 1b p 1a V 1a )
1

V1

=p

V2

and p2a = p1a

V 1a
V 2b

p 2a p 2b V 2 +(p3p)V 1
1

= 3p

V1
V2

[1 (V 2 )1 ]. Therefore, e = 1 (V 2 )1
1

A2 = B2

(a) for adiabatic process pA VA = pB VB , pB = pA (V A ) = 5.9 102 kPa.

B

(b) Negative work WAB: A B, WAB = 1 pB VB pA VA = 7.0 102 J(or 700 J)

Positive work WCA: C A, WCA = p V = 2.5 102 J.
The work done by the engine is 4.5 10 2 J.

A3 = B1
(a) For glass = 3 = (V/V)/T, therefore V = V3T = 1.9 10 3 L
(b) For mercury V = VT = 3.6 10 2 L, therefore 3.4 10 2 L mercury spills out.

A4 = B3
(a)
(b)
= ,

(c)
+ +

(d)
= + +
+ =

()
()
=

4/2