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Pronouns
: :Personal Pronouns1
I, You, He, She, It, They, We -: : Subject Pronouns
me, you, him , her , it , them , us -: : Object Pronouns
.
Subject
Plural
We
He
She
Singular
It
They
You
Object
Plural
me
us
him
her
Singular
them
you
you
Examples
it
You
1.
I am a doctor.
2.
3.
He is my friend.
4.
I welcomed him.
5.
6.
7.
I invited them.
8.
9.
. )(
.
.
.
-: Possessive Pronouns 2
Singular
my
mine
his
his
her
hers
its
its
your
yours
Plural
our
ours
their
theirs
your
yours
.( )( Possessive Adjectives) .1
.( ) .2
Examples
.
1.
It is my pen.
2.
It is mine.
3.
It is not yours.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
.( )
.
.
.
.
.
Reflexive or EmphasingPronouns3
: ).
.( selves) ( ) self ( )
.(
Singular
Plural
myself
He
himself
She
herself
It
You
itself
yourself
We
ourselves
They
themselves
You
yourselves
( / )
( / )
/
( / )
Examples
. /
1. I blamed myself.
. /
2. He blamed himself.
. /
. /
. /
.( )
.
: DemonstrativeAdjectives4
this
these
that / those
2. This is my pen.
.( )
.
.
Examples
.
Exercise No. 1
The Verb
).(Verb
:
.
) (
) (
:
- write ........ buy ).(verb
.1 .
.2 .
.3 ).(Passive
.
) (not :
.
)( :
1. He is a doctor.
?2. Is he a doctor
Forms of Verb
The Infinitive 1
to to ( base)
: (base infinitive)
(to) play
(to) sing
(to) be
The Present 2
are I am : to be to
:
play
sing
am (are)
sings
is
The Past 4
.(Helping Verbs)
played
sang
was (were)
.(Helping Verbs)
played
sung
been
.( ing) ( -ing)
playing
singing
being
Infinitive
(base)
Present
3
Present with 3rd
person singular
(to) play
(to) sing
(to) be
play
sing
am (are)
(-s form)
plays
sings
is
4
Past
5
Past
Participle
6
Present
Participle
played
sang
was (were)
(-ed form)
played
sung
been
(-ing form)
playing
singing
being
:( to be) .1
to be
am
is
are
was
were
been
being
(s) .2
(present) : .(ing)
(base) (past participle) (past)
:(to) ( infinitive)
Past
Past participle
smile
smiled
smiled
bring
brought
brought
rose
risen
Present
rise
( Finite Verbs) .3
.
) .5
: (
1. Dina is playing.
2. He has gone home.
(finite + non-finite)
(finite + non-finite)
Finite Verb
Helping Verbs
Verb To Be
Verb To Do
Verb To Have
Defective Verbs
1- Verb To Be
be , am , is , are , was , were , been , being
Pronoun
Past
Present
was
is
was
are
were
am
He , She , It
We , They , You
be
am, is
was
been
are
were
Examples
1.
I am a teacher.
2.
He is a doctor.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Today, he is better.
9.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Verb To Be .1
.
Exercise No. 2
(n't) not
: are is am
: were was
2- Verb To Do
do, does
Pronoun
did
I , We , They , You
do
does
He , She , It
Past
did
do + play = play
does +
= s +
did +
do
Present
. .1
.( n't) not .2
do not = don't
Examples
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
( )
Exercise No. 3
*) Put (do), (does) or (did) in the spaces:1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
10
: did does do
3- Verb To Have
have, has
Pronoun
had
Present
I , We , They , You
have
He , She , It
has
Past
had
. not
has not = hasn't
Examples
.
Exercise No. 4
*) Put (have ) or (has) in the spaces :1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
: has have
11
4- Defective Verbs
Present
shall
can
may
Past
/ should
could
/ might
Present
will
Past
must
ought to
would
( ) .1
. go went gone :
.( ) to ( s) .3
. We I shall .4
Examples
12
Exercise No. 5
-:
. be, have, do .1
13
-:
.( Tense)
Present
Simple
Past
Continuous Perfect
Simple
Future
Continuous Perfect
Simple
(s) ( )
: (he , she , it)
Ali - Samia - The teacher - The cat
[
drink + s = drinks
play + s = plays
3. He eats a cake.
eat
4. I play basketball
play
+ s = eats
wash + es = washes
watch + es = watches
wish + es = wishes
teach + es = teaches
finish + es = finishes
mix + es = mixes
14
go + es = goes
fix + es = fixes
do + es = does
pass + es = passes
cross + es = crosses
match + es = matches
(y) ( y) .2
-: ( ies)
try
tries
cry
cries
study
studies
fly
flies
( s ) ( ( ) y ) .3
-: ( y )
play + s = plays
obey + s = obeys
buy + s = buys
enjoy + s = enjoys
say + s = says
stay + s = stays
( a, e, i , o, u )vowels
2) Usage:
:
-: (fact) .1
.
-: (habit) .2
.
never
often
generally
usually
frequently
sometimes
rarely
(... )
seldom
every.
15
always
.1 ) (every .
.2
) (fact ) (habit
-:
.3 ) (to .
4) The Present Simple Tense Negative and Interrogative:
) + don't +(.
.1 ) (s
.2 ) (s
)?... + .(Do +
.3 ) (s ) (es
) + doesn't + (.
.4 ) (s ) (es
)?... + .(Does +
Interrogative
Negative
Examples
I speak English.
I don't speak English.
?Do you speak English
.
.
1.
2.
3.
Examples
.
.
.
.
.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
16
Exercise No. 6
-:
-:
17
1) Formation:-
.
1. I watched TV yesterday.
|
(irregular)(regular) 1
( ed) (Regular Verbs)
-: ( d)
) ( ed) .1
: (
travel + ed = travelled
stop + ed = stopped
( y) ( y ) ( ed) .2
-: (ied)
study + ed = studied
deny + ed = denied
carry + ed = carried
cry
+ ed = cried
( ed) ( y) .3
-: (ied) ( y)
enjoy + ed = enjoyed
play + ed = played
: (ed) ( d) ( e) ( e) .4
invite + d = invited
prove + d = proved
18
smile + d = smiled
exercise + d = exercised
:(Irregular Verbs)
2) Usage:-
-:
. .1
. .2
-: .3
.
-: .4
When I was on holiday, I swam everyday.
3) Key words
.
yesterday
once
in olden times
one day
just now
in the past
ago
last...
last night
last month
Negative
Interrogative
Did they go to school?
Did the wolf run away?
Examples
.
.
.
Exercise No. 7
*) Correct the verbs in brackets:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
20
Conjugation of Verbs
Ordinary or Regular or Weak Verbs
Present or infinitive
Meaning
Past
Past participle
prove
proved
proved
help
helped
helped
burn
burnt
burnt
.(d) ( e) .1
Present or infinitive
Meaning
Past
Past participle
arrive
arrived
arrived
change
changed
changed
invite
invited
invited
( i) ( y) ( y) .2
.( ed)
Present or infinitive
Meaning
Past
Past participle
cry
cried
cried
marry
married
married
study
studied
studied
( y) (( )y) .3
.( ed)
Present or infinitive
21
Meaning
Past
Past participle
enjoy
enjoyed
enjoyed
obey
obeyed
obeyed
play
played
played
stay
stayed
stayed
( ed) .4
.(
Present or infinitive
Meaning
Past
Past participle
stop
stopped
stopped
travel
travelled
travelled
Present or
infinitive
Meaning
act
damage
ask
believe
attack
blink
arrive
belong to
boil
call
borrow
carry
change
chase
check
clean
close
climb
compare
collect
compute
condense
correct
cook
control
copy
correct
count
crawl
cross
dance
22
Past
Past
participle
acted
damaged
asked
believed
attacked
blinked
arrived
acted
damaged
asked
believed
attacked
blinked
arrived
belonged to
belonged to
boiled
called
borrowed
carried
changed
chased
checked
cleaned
closed
climbed
compared
collected
computed
condensed
corrected
cooked
controlled
copied
corrected
counted
crawled
crossed
danced
boiled
called
borrowed
carried
changed
chased
checked
cleaned
closed
climbed
compared
collected
computed
condensed
corrected
cooked
controlled
copied
corrected
counted
crawled
crossed
danced
Present or
infinitive
describe
die
disappear
dive
dream
drop
earn
end
enjoy
erupt
evaporate
exercise
explain
explode
finish
float
fold
follow
form
guess
happen
hate
heat
hope
hurry up
introduce
join
jump
kick
kill
land
Past
Past
participle
described
died
disappeared
/ dived
dreamed
dropped
earned
ended
enjoyed
( )erupted
evaporated
exercised
explained
exploded
finished
floated
/ folded
followed
formed
guessed
happened
hated
heated
hoped
hurried up
introduced
joined
jumped
kicked
killed
landed
described
died
disappeared
dived
dreamed
dropped
earned
ended
enjoyed
erupted
evaporated
exercised
explained
exploded
finished
floated
folded
followed
formed
guessed
happened
hated
heated
hoped
hurried up
introduced
joined
jumped
kicked
killed
landed
Meaning
Present or
Past
infinitive
Meaning
Past
participle
Present or
infinitive
Meaning
Past
Past participle
lift
like
listen
live
load
look after
look at
look for
look good
lifted
liked
listened
lived
loaded
looked after
looked at
looked for
looked good
lifted
liked
listened
lived
loaded
looked after
looked at
looked for
looked good
remember
replay
report
rest
revise
sail
scream
shop
shout
look up
looked up
looked up
love
marry
match
measure
mend
milk
loved
married
matched
measured
mended
milked
remembered
replayed
reported
rested
revised
sailed
screamed
shopped
shouted
remembered
replayed
reported
rested
revised
sailed
screamed
shopped
shouted
slope
sloped
sloped
loved
married
matched
measured
mended
milked
sow
start
stay
stop
support
store
sowed
started
stayed
stopped
supported
stored
sowed (sown)
switched on
switched on
talked
tasted
tied
thanked
touched
trained
translated
talked
tasted
tied
thanked
touched
trained
translated
travelled
travelled
started
stayed
stopped
supported
stored
miss
missed
missed
switch on
move
need
open
order
own
paint
pass
moved
needed
opened
ordered
owned
painted
passed
moved
needed
opened
ordered
owned
painted
passed
talk
taste
tie
thank
touch
train
translate
phone
phoned
phoned
travel
pick
plant
picked
planted
picked
planted
try
turn
tried
turned
tried
turned
play
played
played
type
typed
typed
plough
point to
post
pour
practice
prefer
ploughed
pointed to
posted
poured
practiced
preferred
ploughed
pointed to
posted
poured
practiced
preferred
use
visit
wait
want
wash
watch
used
visited
waited
wanted
washed
watched
used
visited
waited
wanted
washed
watched
pretend
pretended
pretended
water
watered
watered
pronounced
pulled
pushed
rained
received
pronounced
pulled
pushed
rained
received
weigh
welcome
work
worry
pronounce
pull
push
rain
receive
23
/
/
weighed
welcomed
/ worked
worried
weighed
welcomed
worked
worried
:The Irregular Verbs
Present or
infinitive
abide
agree
am
are
arise
awake
be
bear
bear
beat
become
begin
bend
bet
bet
bid
bid
bind
bite
bleed
blend
blend
blow
break
breed
bring
bring up
broadcast
build
burn
burst
buy
can
cast
catch
choose
cling
24
Meaning
/
/
/
/
/
Past
abode
agreed
was
were
arose
awoke
was / were
bore
bore
beat
became
began
bent
bet
betted
bade
bid
bound
bit
bled
blent
blended
blew
broke
bred
brought
brought up
broadcast
built
burnt (burned)
burst
bought
could
cast
caught
chose
clang
Past
participle
abode
agreed
been
been
arose
awoken
been
born
borne
beat (en)
become
begun
bent
bet
bet
bidden
bid
bound
bitten
bled
blent
blended
blown
broken
bred
brought
brought up
broadcast
built
burnt
burst
bought
---cast
caught
chosen
clung
Present
or
infinitive
Meaning
Past
clothe
come
cost
creep
cut
dare
deal
dig
do/does
draw
dream
drink
drive
dwell
eat
fall
feed
feel
fight
find
fit
flee
fling
fly
forbid
forecast
foretell
forget
forgive
forsake
freeze
get
give
go
grind
grow
hang
Past
participle
clothed
came
cost
crept
cut
clothed
come
cost
crept
cut
dared (durst)
dared (durst)
dealt
dug
did
drew
dreamt (ed)
drank
drove
dwelt
ate
fell
fed
felt
fought
found
fit (fitted)
fled
/ / flung
flew
forbade
/
forecast
foretold
forgot
/ forgave
/ forsook
froze
got
/
gave
went
ground
/ / grew
hung
dealt
dug
done
drawn
dreamt
drunk
driven
dwelt
eaten
fallen
fed
felt
fought
found
fit (fitted)
fled
flung
flown
forbidden
forecast
foretold
forgotten
forgiven
forsaken
frozen
got
given
gone
ground
grown
hung
/
/
/
/
Present or
infinitive
hang
have / has
have to
hear
hide
hit
hold
hurt
is
Meaning
Past
Past participle
Present
or
infinitive
Meaning
hanged
had
had to
heard
hid
hit
held
hurt
was
hanged
had
had to
heard
hidden
hit
held
hurt
been
say
see
seek
sell
send
set out
set aside
sew
shake
Past
Past
participle
said
saw
sought
sold
sent
set out
set
sewed
shook
said
seen
sought
sold
sent
set out
set
sewn
shaken
keep
kept
kept
shed
shed
shed
kneel
knelt
knelt
shine
shone
shone
knit (knitted)
knit
shoe
shod
shod
shot
shot
showed
shrank
shut
sang
sat
sank
slew
slept
slid
shown
shrunk
shut
sung
sat
sunk
slain
slept
slid
slung
slung
smelt (ed)
smelt (ed)
sowed
sped
sown
sped
spent
spent
spilt
span
spat
split
ran
rose
sawed
sold
spoilt
spread
sprang
stood
stole
spilled
spun
spat
split
run
risen
sawn
sold
knit
know
knew
known
shoot
lade
lay
lead
lean
leap
learn
leave
lend
let
laded
laid
led
leant (leaned)
leapt
laden
laid
led
leant (leaned)
leapt
lie
learned (learnt)
learned (learnt)
left
lent
let
left
lent
let
show
shrink
shut
sing
sit
sink
slay
sleep
slide
lay
lain
sling
lied
lit (lighted)
lost
lied
lit (lighted)
lost
smell
sow
speed
lie
light
lose
make
made
made
spend
may
mean
meet
mistake
mow
overcome
pay
put
quit
read
rid
ride
ring
/
/
/
might
meant
met
mistook
mowed
overcame
paid
put
quit
read
rid
rode
rang
---meant
met
mistaken
mown
overcome
paid
put
quit
read
rid
ridden
rung
spill
spin
spit
split
run
rise
saw
sell
spoil
spread
spring
stand
steal
25
/
/
spoilt (ed)
spread
sprung
stood
stolen
Present or
infinitive
Meaning
Past
Past
participle
stick
sting
stink
stride
strike
string
strive
swear
sweep
swell
swim
swing
take
teach
tell
think
throw
thrust
tread
undergo
understand
undertake
upset
wake
wear
weave
wed
weep
win
wind
wring
write
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
//
/ /
stuck
stung
stank
strode
struck
strung
strove
swore
swept
swelled
swam
swang
took
taught
told
thought
threw
thrust
trod
underwent
understood
undertook
upset
woke (ed)
wore
wove
wedded
wept
won
wound
wrung
wrote
stuck
stung
stunk
stridden
struck
strung
striven
sworn
swept
swollen
swum
swung
taken
taught
told
thought
thrown
thrust
trodden
undergone
understood
undertaken
upset
woken (ed)
worn
woven
wedded
wept
won
wound
wrung
written
26
1) Formation:-
-:
am
is
are
I
He, She , It
They, You, We
+ + ing
1. I am watching TV now.
2) Usage:
-: .1
I am writing now.
.
-: .2
: .3
.
:
now
still
while
as
at this moment
Look!
at the present
Listen!
! /!
Smell!
! / !
as long as
27
.1
-:
) (
.2
) (e ) (ing-:
ing = giving
give +
ing = inviting
invite +
.3
) (ee ) (ing:
.4
) (ing:
travel + ing
dig + ing
= travelling
= digging
= swimming
swim + ing
) (t .
) (r .
.5
) (ie ) (y ) (ing:
.6
) :
( ) ( -:
(Verbs of Sense) :
notice
see
taste
hear
observe
smell
touch
(Verbs of Thinking) :
mean
believe
think
understand
suppose
feel
know
28
: (Verbs of Emotion)
love
like
desire
hate
want
refuse
forgive
dislike
care
wish
: ( Verbs of Possessing )
own
belong
possess
appear
disobey
seem
suit
fit
contain
obey
matter
consist of
(Emphasis) ( ).
( Threat) ( )
Examples
1. The train is travelling now.
2. We are having a test at this moment.
.
.
.!
.!
29
4) The Present Continuous Tense Negative and Interrogative:
.(Verb To Be) ( not) 1
am, is, are + not + + ing
( Verb To Be) .2
. )(
Examples
1.
2.
3.
Negative
Exercise No. 8
I) Choose the correct verbs between brackets:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Interrogative
1) Formation:
-:
I, He, She , It
was + + ing
They, You, We
were + + ing
.
2) Usage :
. .1
.
. drive sit 2
: .2
While she was driving her car, a policeman stopped her.
.
. stop .1
. drive .2
3) Key words:
:
while
still
31
as
when
.1 while as
:
While he was reading the newspaper, his wife was watching TV.
.
.2 when
:
.3 )
(......:
.4 as while .
.
.2
) (Verb To Be
)( .
Interrogative
Negative
Examples
I was working.
I was not working.
?Were you working
.
.
They were working. They were not working.
?Were they working
2.
.
.
1.
.
.
Examples
1. As I was walking in the street, I saw Samy.
2. While we were having supper, all lights went out.
The teacher was giving us a lesson, when a cat walked
into the room.
.
.
.
3.
Exercise No. 9
I (meet - met - was meeting) your brother, while I was studying in London.
While you (played - plays - were playing) the piano, I (write - was writing - wrote) a letter.
I (find - found - was finding) the ring as I (dig - dug - was digging) in the garden.
When I (arriving - arrive - arrived - was arriving) at the house, he (still sleeping - was still
sleeping - still slept).
He (sits - sat - was sitting) in a restaurant, when I (see - saw - was seeing) him.
What story (does Samy tell - did Samy tell - was Samy telling) you, when I came into the room.
Last night, somebody (shouted - will shout - was shouting), while I (studying - was studying
- studies).
She (lived - was living - living) in England, when war (begin - beginning - began - was beginning).
33
have + P.P
has + P.P
Examples
.
: ( ) .1
.( ) .
: .2
.( ) .
: .3
We have already written the letter.
Or: We have written the letter already.
.( ) .
: .4
She has changed some words in the contract.
) .
.(
3Key words :
:
already
34
just
ever
( )
since
yet
for
never
recently
lately
.1 )( )(.
.
.3 ) yet ( -:
)(.
.4 ) ever ( .
.5 ) never( ever.
.6 ever
-:
)(
)(
)(
.7 ) recently( ) (P.P -:
.8 ) since(
.
since + 1985, yesterday, April, 7 o'clock, last etc
1995.
.9 ) for(
.
for + 3 weeks, along time, an hour, six years ..etc
.10 since .
.
( has have : )
. )(
Examples
Negative
Interrogative
Have you finished work?
1.
2.
Exercise No. 10
36
1) Formation:
:
had + past participle (P.P)
1. She had bought a paper.
2) Usage:
.
:
before
until
after
by the time
as soon as
till
.( ( ) before Before) before .1
(past perfect
before
(had + P.P)
(past simple)
after
37
(Past perfect
(had + P.P)
. : .3
.(had) not
)( ( had)
.
Examples
Negative
Interrogative
Exercise No. 11
38
7.The Future Simple Tense
1) Formation:
:
: We I ( shall ).1
(I , We
shall + Infinitive)
-: ( will ).2
will + infinitive)
.
2) Usage:
. .1
.
. .2
.
3) Key words:
:
tomorrow
next .....
... / tonight
39
in the future
soon
Examples
1. The match will begin soon.
.
.
. )(
.( ) won't
shall not
will not
: .2
am / is / are + going to
1. He is going to read a new story.
2. Shadi is going to weekend in London.
Examples
()
(Planning) ()
Negative
.
Interrogative
1.
I shall go to school.
I shan't go to school.
Will you go to school?
.
.
2.
3.
40
Exercise No.12
41
Exercise No. 13
I (borrow - borrows - borrowed) three books from the library last week.
My friend (lived - lives - has lived) in Rafah since 1980.
Now, he (watches - watched - is watching) TV.
After I (had - had had - have had) some biscuits, I had a drink.
While she (was making - makes - made) tea, they (open - opened - are opening) her bag.
I have not met Ali (for - ago - since) the last two weeks.
Did you (see - saw - seen) Ahmed yesterday?
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
43
Tense
Formation
:
:
I, You, We, They
s +
Examples
1) I play football.
.
doesn't +
He, She, It :
The Present
Continuous
44
:
am, is, are + + ing
Do + . ?
Does + +. ?
He, She, It :
He, She, It
don't +
Interrogative
:
:
Negative
didn't +
Did +...?
1) I am writing now.
Am, Is, Are + + + ing ?
am, is, are + not + ing
.
1) I am not writing now
1) Are you writing now?
2) He is reading a story.
.
.
2) Is he reading a story?
2) He is not reading a story.
3) They are walking.
.
.
3) Are they walking?
3) They are not walking
Tense
The Past
Continuous
Formation
:
was, were + + ing
The Present
Perfect
45
Examples
1) I was running.
.
Negative
was, were + not + + ing
Interrogative
Was, Were + + + ing.. ?
:
had + P.P
The Past
Perfect
Tense
The Future
Simple
Formation
Examples
Negative
46
Interrogative
Key Words
Tense
47
The Present
Simple
The Present
Continuous
The Past
Continuous
always
yesterday
now
while
often
once
at the present
when
usually
sometimes
just now
Look!
! still
just /
never
/
already
The Past
Perfect
after
before
The Future
Simple
tomorrow
soon
one day
at this moment
ever
as soon as
in the future
as /
( )
Listen!
generally
The Present
Perfect
ago
until
till
tonight
since
in the past
frequently
/
while
never
last .
.... as
/( last month, year, day.)
still
rarely
48
recently
lately
as long as
for
day)
(..
Conditional Sentences (If Rules) (Conditionals)
. ( if)
.( if)
. ( if)
.
:
if + Present Simple
Present Simple
2) Usage:
100
( if) ( , ) ( if) u
.
Examples
1.
( ).
2.
( ).
3.
( ).
1) Form:
if + Present Simple
Future Simple
shall / will +
.will shall can may
49
2) Usage:
.(Probable) ( )
50
Examples
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
.
.
1) Form:
should / would +
if + Past Simple
2) Usage:
.would should could might
-:
Improbable
10
1.
.
.( : ). ( I ) ( was) ( were)
2.
3.
Examples
.( )
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
.
.
.
1) Form:
if + Past Perfect
2) Usage:
( Impossible)
0 .
Examples
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
51
If
( if )
. ( should) ( if ) ( 1
If he studies hard, he will succeed.
= Should he studies hard, he will succeed.
If he succeeded, he would join the university.
2.
= Should he succeeded, he would join the university.
1.
()
()
. ( were) ( if ) ( 2
1.
2.
.
.
.if were. to
. ( Had) ( if ) ( 3
1.
2.
3.
. had
. had
()
()
()
.unless ( 4
unless = if..not
.
. ( unless)
1.
2.
52
.
.
If he had not paid money, he would not have received
the goods.
.
3.
= Unless he had paid money, he would not have
received the goods.
If he did not take this medicine, he would not be better.
4.
.
= Unless he took this medicine, he would not be better.
Exercise No. 14
If she (win) some money, she would have (buy) presents to her friends.
Unless they (obey) me, the work would (stop).
If you (to eat) too much, you will be sick.
Unless he (tell) us the truth, we would not punish him.
If he played well, he (win) the match.
53
If
The Zero
Conditional
If
Probability
percentage
%100
The First
Conditional
If
If
if + Present Simple
Present Simple
%50
if + Present Simple
%10
if + Past Simple
should, would +
if + Past Perfect
The Second
conditional
Form
Future Simple
(will, shall + )
Usage
.()
Time
any time
future
future
The Third
Conditional
If
54
%0
*
.
*
.
past
Examples
Active Voice and Passive Voice
.( subject) ( Active Voice) .1
Verb To Be
by
*
.
.
.
(Statement)
55
(Order)
(Question)
1. Statement
7
:Passive Active
.1 ) (.
.2 ) ( Verb To Be ) (.
.3 ) .( Verb To Be
.4 by
.
Verb To Be
by
|
1
( .
( .
( ) . (.
.2 by
active -:passive
you
they
we
it
she
he
you
them
us
it
her
him
me
To Be
Tenses
Verb To Be
am, is, are
Present Simple
was, were
Past Simple
Present Continuous
Past Continuous
Present Perfect
had been
Past Perfect
Future Simple
56
be
:
will, would, shall, should can,
could, must, had to, ought to
was, were
been
being
Examples
Active Voice
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Passive Voice
9.
12.
He drives a car.
.
.
14.
15.
57
|
: ( Defective Verb) .1
The Defective Verb + be + P.P
be
will would shall should can could may might must - ought to (had to).
Active Voice
1.
Passive Voice
2.
3.
Active Voice
1.
Passive Voice
. orders
They are going to carry out the new The new project is going to be carried out.
.
2. project.
.
( project is are
I am going to prepare the new lessons. The new lessons are going to be prepared.
3.
.
.
.(Passive) Verb To Be .4
Active Voice
1.
2.
58
Passive Voice
3.
4.
I have a car.
2.
I had a car.
Passive Voice
( Adverb of Manner) .6
.
Active Voice
1.
Passive Voice
The lazy boy was severely punished by the teacher.
( Preposition) .7
.
Active Voice
59
Passive Voice
1.
2.
3.
( )
.8 )
(.
to }
)( to ) ({.
.
)(1
) ( .
Active Voice
Passive Voice
2.
.9
:
.10 ) (to +
) (to + -:
send
advise
tell
offer
expect
ask
Passive Voice
Active Voice
60
-:
Active Voice
Passive Voice
somebody
people
someone
the police
nobody
the government
Active Voice
Passive Voice
2.
People say
Doctors believe
Scientists know
People think
-:
Active Voice
People say.
People said .
It is said....
It was said .
Doctors believe....
It is believed .
People knew.
/ It was known .
61
Passive Voice
It is alleged.
....
....
....
....
....
Examples
Active Voice
Passive Voice
. /
People say that peace will prevail soon.
It is said that peace will prevail soon.
2.
. Or: The peace is said to be prevailed soon.
.
The police allege that the thief escaped.
It is alleged that the thief escaped.
3.
. Or: The thief is said to be escaped.
.
People think that the Earth is not exactly round. It is thought that the Earth is not exactly round.
. Or: The Earth is thought to be not exactly round.
4.
.
( Reflexive Pronoun) ( / )Let .13
-:
Active Voice
Passive Voice
62
2.Order
.
-:
Passive Voice
Let the window be opened.
.
Let this medicine be kept away from heat.
Keep this medicine away from heat.
2.
.
.
Clean the room.
Let the room be cleaned.
3.
.
.
Give me your book.
4.
63
3. Question
Question
(Yes, NO question)
.( ) .1
.( Passive ) .2
.3
. )(
(Wh- question)
( ( ) By whom) ( ( ) Who) .1
(By whom
Who) .
( ( )Who) ( ( )Whom) .2
(Who
Active Voice
Did she help him?
1.
2.
Whom) .
Passive Voice
Can anyone answer this question?
1. Anyone can answer this question.
2. This question can be answered.
3. Can this question be answered?
3.
4.
64
5.
6.
7.
8.
65
Exercise No. 15
:
.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
.
.
.
.
. ) (
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
)(
67
Direct and Indirect Speech
Reported Speech
-:
.( )
Sentences
(Statement)
(Question)
(Command)
begin with
a question word
begin with
a helping verb
(Request)
(Exclamation)
(Yes / No - questions)
1. Statement
indirect(direct)
: ( : )1
Direct Speech
say
say - declare
says
says - declares
say to
tell - declare
says to
tells - declares
said - declared
told - declared
said
said to
shall say
68
Indirect Speech
.2 )( ) (that ) ( .
.3 .
.4 ) (
.
.5 ) (
-:
Indirect Speech
Past Simple
Past Perfect
Past Perfect
Direct Speech
Past Continuous
Past Perfect Continuous
Present Simple
Past Simple
Present Perfect
Present Continuous
Past Continuous
Direct Speech
should /
shall
would /
will
could
can
might /
may
) had to (must /
must
to ought
ought to
should +
would +
could +
might +
.6 )( )
(
-:
69
Direct Speech
Indirect Speech
/ that
this
these
those
here
there
so
thus
now
then / at once
today
tonight
yesterday
the day before yesterday
yesterday afternoon
tomorrow
tomorrow morning
the day after tomorrow
last ....
last night
ago
a year ago
that day
/ /
that night
the previous ..
the .....before
the previous night
the night before
before / previous
a year before
the previous year
...
come here
go there
bring this
take that
He said," No".
." " :
. /
.
.
. ) (
70
Examples
Direct Speech
1.
3.
Indirect Speech
2.
." " :
.
.(
4.
5.
." " :
.
.( said to)
6.
He said to me, "I went to Rafah with my He told me that he had gone to Rafah with
his father the day before.
father yesterday".
.
." " :
7.
Maged says to his sister, "I remember my Maged tells his sister that he remembers his
father's advice to me".
father's advice to him.
." " :
.
8.
9.
10.
. .1
Direct Speech
Indirect Speech
71
." "
Direct Speech
Indirect Speech
1.
2.
I shall say to him, "There is no room for you I shall say to him that there is no room for
in the house".
him in the house.
." " :
.
3.
Ahmed says to Ali, "I shall buy a new car Ahmed tells Ali that he will buy a new car
tomorrow".
tomorrow.
." " :
.
-: ) ( .3
Direct Speech
Indirect Speech
1.
2.
Our teacher said to us, "The earth moves Our teacher told us that the earth moves round
the sun.
round the sun".
.
." " :
. .4
Direct Speech
I said," I want to speak to you, Ali".
." " :
Indirect Speech
I told Ali that I wanted to speak to him.
.
.5
1.
Indirect Speech
She said to him, "I cannot pay. I lost my bag. She told him that she could not pay, that she
I hung it to this chair. Now, I do not find it".
had lost her bag, that she had hung it to that
chair and then she did not find it.
. . " :
. .
2.
72
.
I prepared my passport yesterday", Mary said. Mary said that she had prepared her passport
"Tomorrow I shall travel abroad ".
the day before and that (and added that) the
" . " " next day she would travel abroad.
."
.
3.
Khalil said to Ahmed, "You have come very Khalil told Ahmed that he had come very late
and that he had been about to leave when he
late. I was about to leave when I saw you".
had
seen him.
. " :
."
.
.( and) .6
Direct Speech
Indirect Speech
73
Exercise No. 16
''I'll bring you some tea when you have finished'', he "
said to them.
."
2.
3.
4.
." " :
5.
." " :
6.
7.
8.
9.
15. The man said, "Spring is the best season of the year".
." " :
." " :
." " :
." " :
." " ." " :
." " :
." " :
." ":
She said to him," No. I cannot sign this contract unless . ":
you pay 300.000 dollars for me now".
." 300.000
." " :
. " :
He said to them, "Good morning. I have brought all
papers. I hope to reach an agreement".
." .
14. She said to him," I want to come with you to see with myself'".
16.
." " :
." " :
She said to me, "I shall help you. I can lend you some . ":
books. I have many useful books on this subject".
." .
." " :
74
2.Questions
begin with
a question word
begin with
a helping verb
Examples
1.
2.
(Direct)
(Indirect)
." " :
.
(Direct)
." " :
(Indirect)
Indirect Direct
. .1
-: .2
Direct Speech
Indirect Speech
ask
saysay to
enquire
want to know
question
asks
sayssays to
/ enquires
wants to know
asked
said / said to
/ enquired (inquired)
wanted to know
shall say
shall say
shall enquire
.( ) .3
75
.5 :
When - Why - Who - Which - Whom - Whose - What - Where - How - How many - How much etc
) (.
.6 ) : ( ) (.
.7 )( ) (.
.8 )?( ).(.) (Full stop
.9 :
( ) ( .
( ) (
.
Indirect Speech
Direct Speech
Ameera said, "Did you watch the film Ameera asked Azza if she had watched the
yesterday, Azza?".
film the day before.
. " : ".
She says to Ali, "Are you happy today?".
She asks Ali if he is happy today.
": ".
.
1.
2.
3.
4.
I said to the boys "Were you busy I asked the boys if they had been busy the
yesterday?".
day before.
.
" : ".
5.
Beesan said to me, "Can you solve the Beesan wanted to know if I could solve the
problem?".
problem.
. " : ".
6.
Nora said to her friend, ''Could you solve Nora asked her friend if she could have solved
"?the question
the question.
" : "
.
7.
He said to his father, "Will you buy a car He asked his father if he would buy a car the
"?tomorrow
next day.
" : "
.
8.
I said to Ali, "Don't you believe this story?" I asked Ali if he didn't believe that story.
" : "
.
9.
10.
76
I said to him, "When will you travel to I wanted to know when he would travel to
London.
11. London?"
" " :
.
12.
13.
|
told said asked .1
.
Direct Speech
Indirect Speech
He said to me, "It is too late. Where are you He told me that it was too late and asked
going now?"
where I was going then.
" . " : .
.and asked .2
Direct Speech
Indirect Speech
"Do you want to go to the sea?" "How will you go Ramy asked if I wanted to go to the sea
and asked how I should go there.
there?" said Ramy.
. : " " " "
.
: .1
Direct
What about..?
Why don't you ..?
Could I have... ?
Would you like.?
Indirect
... suggest
..... advise
..... ask
....
offered
offered to +
......
( ... ) Will you...? / (.... ) Would you? / (.... ) Could you ...? .2
.
77
Examples
Direct Speech
Indirect Speech
2.
"Why don't you ask him?" she said to me". She advised me to ask him.
." " :
.
3.
"Could I have a cup of tea?" she said to me. She asked me for a cup of tea.
." " :
.
4.
"Could you sign the book, please?" he said. He asked me to sign the book.
" " :
.
"Would you mind opening the door?" he He asked me to open the door.
said.
.
." " : Or: He asked me if I would mind opening the
5.
door.
.
6.
''Shall I wait you, I shall wait for you if you He offered to wait for me.
.
7. like?" he said.
:" "
78
Exercise No. 17
Change Into Indirect Speech:1.
2.
:
." " :
." " :
." " :
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
He said to her, "How did you come here?" " " " :
"Did you come here on foot?".
."
8.
9.
." " :
." " :
." " :
." " :
." " :
11.
." " :
." " :
." " :
16.
17.
79
." " :
." " :
." " :
." " :
." ":
." ": :
3. Command (Order)
4. Request
.1-:
" : ."
)(Direct
)(Indirect
.2-:
" : ".
)(Direct
)(Indirect
-:
" : ".
.
| ) (.
.1 :
( said to advised ... not to ... ordered ... not to begged ... not to
.2 ) ( )( ) (to + )(
) ( Don't ) (not to + ) .(....
.3 ) ( ) (.
.4 ) (.
80
Examples
Direct Speech
Indirect Speech
He said to the manager, "Let me have an other He begged the manager to give him an other
chance to prove his honesty and ability.
1. chance to improve my honesty and ability".
." " : .
The manager said to him, "Give her an other The manager ordered him to give her an
dress".
other dress.
2.
." " :
.
Ali said to his friend, "Give me your bicycle Ali asked his friend to give him his bicycle
for half an hour.
3. for half an hour".
." " :
.
The pupil said to the teacher, "Please, explain The pupil begged the teacher to explain that
point again.
4. this point again".
." " :
.
The teacher said to the boys, "Write your The teacher advised the boys to write their
names clearly.
5. names clearly".
.
." " :
She said to her husband, "Dont trouble She advised her husband not to trouble
troubles till troubles trouble him.
6. troubles till troubles trouble you".
." " :
.
The mother said to the child," Don't be afraid. The mother told the child not to be afraid.
7.
." " :
.
|
that ( ) .1
.asked ( )
Direct Speech
Indirect Speech
The doctor said to me, "Stay in bed and take The doctor advised me to stay in bed and
this medicine. I shall visit you tomorrow".
take that medicine and said that he would
visit me the next day.
1. . " :
."
.
The poor man said to me, "Please, give me
some food to eat, will you help me cross the
road?"
2.
" :
"
81
suggested thatshould
Or:suggested gerund + .....
Examples
Direct Speech
Indirect Speech
.asked said (
.Please (
Direct Speech
Indirect Speech
82
Exercise No. 18
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
." " :
." " :
." " :
." " :
." / " :
." " :
9.
10.
." " :
83
5. Exclamation
.
how , what :
: (!)
Ugh!
Alas!
! Oh!
! Hurrah!
. that .1
-: .2
.... / /
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
.... / /
6.
.... / /
7.
.... / /
8.
.... / /
.... / /
.... / /
.... / /
.( ) .3
( Tense) .4
. ( )
Examples
Direct Speech
Indirect Speech
He said, "Alas! My shop is completely He said with sorrow that his shop was
completely damaged.
1. damaged".
." " ! :
. ( )
He said," Hurrah! I've won the first prize".
He cried with joy that he had won the first
prize.
."! ":
2.
.
84
3.
He thanked me.
6.
He said, "Congratulation".
." ":
He congratulated me.
7.
He said, "Liar".
." ":
He called me a liar.
.
.
Exercise No. 19
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
." " ! :
." ":
." " ! :
." "! :
." . "! :
."! " :
." . "! :
." " ! :
." "! :
85
." " ! :
Exercise No. 20
-:
1.
2.
86
Adjectives
.1 ..... .
.2 .
.3 )
) : (.
Examples
1. He is clever.
2. She is clever.
.1 .
an old woman / .
a new house .
a clever boy
a red book
-
.2 Verb to Be-:
Examples
.
1. Fadi is polite.
2. She is tall.
3. I am happy.
.1 the -:
the poor
poor
the rich
rich
the brave
brave
.2 -:
...
...
? Which ...
? How much ...
? What sort
?How many
87
Numerous people buy these micros because they are such reliable machines.
.
Comparison of adjectives
-: )(
(Positive Degree) .1
-:
1. He is a tall man.
(Comparative Degree) .2
.
(Superlative Degree ) .3
.
) .1
-: (
88
expensive
dangerous
beautiful
/ important
wonderful
valuable
/ /
( ) .2
-:
short
big
quick
fat
cold
old
tall
hot
thin
-:
. than more (
more + + than
. )( the most ( ( )
the most +
-:
1. Water is the most important thing in our life
. )(
. than ( er) ( ) (
89
er than
er
-:
.( est) the ( )(
the + est
.
. )(
.
|
(er) : )
-: (( est)
fat
fatter than
the fatter
big
bigger than
the bigger
hot
hotter than
the hotter
thin
thinner than
the thinner
( er) ( r) ( e)
( est) ( st) ( + r + than)
-: (the + + st)
90
.1
.2
large
( )
larger than
the largest
nice
nicer than
the nicest
simple
simpler than
the simplest
fine
finer than
the finest
(er) ( i) ( y) ( y)
-: ( est)
easy
easier than
the easiest
happy
happier than
the happiest
Funny
funnier than
the funniest
heavy
heavier than
the heaviest
noisy
noisier than
the noisiest
pretty
prettier than
the prettiest
) (
-:
good
better than
the best
bad
worse than
the worst
ill
worse than
the worst
far
further than
the furthest
little
less than
the least
less
lesser than
the least
many
more than
the most
much
more than
the most
old
older than
the eldest
Examples
1. Nabil is better than Usama.
2. Ramzy is the best pupil in the class.
91
.3
.
.
more ++ than
the most +
Huda is more beautiful than Nadia. Samira is the most beautiful in the class.
.
.
er (r)than
|
-: .1
as ++ as
.
-: .2
not ( as / so) + + as
1. Mosab is not as clever as Abed Allah.
.
.
( ) .3
:
polite
politer than
the politest
polite
more politer
in ( ) ( ) .4
: of
92
1. Samia is the most beautiful girl in the class.
narrow
narrower than
the narrowest
93
Exercise No. 21
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
2.
3.
4.
5.
This is the (interesting more interesting most interesting) book I have read.
94
Answers
Exercise No. 1
13. ourselves
17. Those
10. it
14. myself
18. These
7. Your
11. them
15. themselves
19. This
8. mine
12. yourself
16. themselves
1. It
5. We
9.
2. He
6. You
3. They / It
4. I
my
Exercise No. 2
I
II
1. is
2. am
3. are
4. is
5. are
1. was
2. were
3. were
4. were
5. was
Exercise No. 3
1. Did
2. does
3. do
2. have
3. has
4. have
2. get
3. write
4.
Exercise No. 6
I 1. takes
II
95
2. speak
1. drinks
6. enjoys
3. watches
2. reaches
7. studies
5. hhas
6. has
Exercise No. 5
1. help
5. Does
Exercise No. 4
1. have
4. do
3. visits
8. gets
buy
5. study
6. help
4. meet
5. gives
4. answers
9. shines
6. drives
5. goes / catches
10. visits
Exercise No. 7
1. bought
2.
made
3.
had
4. climbed
Exercise No. 8
II 1. is waiting
1. are shouting
Are you listening /
2.
am saying
3. is typing
4. is making
5. are welcoming
2. is having
3. driving
are standing
7.
is building
is raining 5. hear
4.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
met
were playing / wrote
found / was digging
arrived / was still sleeping
was sitting / saw
II
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
2.
Exercise No. 11
1. had drunk / finished
2. had cooked / came
3. had left / reached
6. think / know
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Exercise No. 10
96
6.
8. am answering
9. is doing / does
10. am not wearing
Exercise No. 9
finished
5.
3.
4.
4. went / had taken
5. thanked / had saved
6. arrested / had stolen
Exercise No. 12
I 1. are going 2. will study
II
3. shall start
will clean
shall see
will visit
will be
shall take (am going to take)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Exercise No. 13
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
II
97
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
visits
make / makes
has lived
shall finish
move
will travel
will see
examined / gave
had worked / heard
shall wait
waited
will come
became
borrowed
has lived
is watching
had had
was making / opened
since
see
done
hasn't finished
think
went / had left
slept / received
shall move
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
4. shall swim
5. will build
will arrive
will study
shall meet
will you meet / shall meet
will leave (is going to leave)
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
will visit
ever
never
goes
was walking / saw
is jumping
rang / had finished
had finished / rang
writes
were they doing
have lived / was
Exercise No. 14
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
has
would / had
comes / shall
Were / would
had stayed
II
Exercise No. 15
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
98
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
29. Is English spoken all over the world?
Shall we be allowed five minutes break?
30.
Or: Will five minutes break be allowed to us by them?
31. Were any spare parts bought by you?
32. By whom were both boys asked to leave?
By whom was he shown the way?
33.
Or: By whom was the way shown to him?
34. By whom has the food been cooked?
35. By whom was this story told?
36. When was the ring found?
37. Is the letter being written by Ali now?
38. Has your question been answered?
39. Is much money gained by them?
Why was not I told the truth by them?
40.
Or: Why was not the truth told to me by them?
Exercise No. 16
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
99
He told them that he would bring them some tea when they had finished.
I her that I had something to show her.
She told him that she had lost her keys the day before (the previous day).
He says that Adel has written him a long letter.
She said that it had not been foggy that day as it had been the day before.
Hassan says that when he gets up, he finds a cup of milk beside his bed.
She told him that she had stayed with her brother in their house that morning.
He told us that the sun shines every morning.
He said (that) he would have to go again next week.
He hoped to go there.
He says that he is busy today and that he has bought a new book.
She said that iron is heavier than gold.
He greeted them that morning and told them that he had brought all papers and that he hoped
to reach an agreement.
She told him that she wanted to go with him to see by herself.
The man said that Spring is the best season of the year.
She did not agree telling him that she couldnt sign that contract unless he paid 300,000
dollars for her at once.
She told him that her bag had been full of money.
She told me that she would help me, that she could lend me some books and that she had
many useful books on that subject.
He told me that he had phoned me twice.
He says that they are living in a house near to his school, that he needs not to take the bus
and that he can reach his school in 5 minutes.
Exercise No. 17
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
Exercise No. 18
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
100
Exercise No. 19
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
He said with anger that he was a fool and that he had spoilt everything.
He wished me a happy Christmas.
The poor cried with sorrow that he had lost his only child.
She cried with joy that her daughter had succeeded.
She said with joy that it is a nice dress and thanked her daddy.
He said with admiration that she is a lovely girl.
She exclaimed with disgust ( )that it was a snake and told the children not to get near it.
Khalil said with joy that he hadnt seen me sine we had been in Paris.
He said with pleasure that his son had returned to him safe and sound.
He said with sorrow that he wouldnt recover ( ) his money.
Exercise No. 20
1.
2.
She told him that she hadnt found anything there. She asked where she had hidden the bag.
She ordered him to go and make her think they had found it. She told him that she would
come and try to make sure. Then she cried with joy that she had found it.
She said with anger that I had done a foolish deed. She ordered me to go by my own means
to the police. She asked me to tell them everything as it had happened. She advised me not
to tell any lies. She told me that it was better to go to the police than to be arrested.
Exercise No. 21
oldest or eldest
faster
thinner
most popular
best
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
II 1. old 2. easiest
3.
most useful
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
4.
less
most difficult
cleverest
higher
hottest
best
5.
101
most interesting
Examples
.
1. He sat.
2. She plays football.
-Clause2
.( )
Examples
1. ... because he was tired.
2. When he arrived ...
. ...
...
-Phrase 3
Examples
1. ... in the corner ...
2. Reaching home, ...
... ...
...
Sentence
Clause
Phrase
Complete sense
b
Finite verb
( )
b
b
. Clauses Phrases
Main Sentence
Phrase
Clause
Exercise No. 1
1.
2.
3.
at the grocer's.
4.
5.
that he came.
6.
7.
Come here.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
as I was waiting.
from my father.
Where are my books?
Did you laugh?
Sit down.
near the new secondary school.
before he met you.
if I see him.
They watched T.V.
Kinds of Sentences
-:
.3 Statement
Order
.4
Exclamation
( ) .1
( ) .2
Question
The Statement
.
1. He watches TV.
( ).
( ).
.1
.2
.3
Examples
1. The earth moves around the sun.
2. Samy has a car.
3. Come.
.
.
(") ".
6.
Going home, he stopped by the grocery shop to buy some tea and rice.
.
.( ) non-finite verbs
) (
Coordinative Conjunctions .
) . (
) . (
)a
)b
) (b ).(a
c) Not only did she invite him but also she sent him her car.
Examples
. ) . (
= .
) (
. ) . (
= ) . (
1.
2.
( )
Coordinative Conjunctions
and
/ /
in spite of that
but
and also
as well as
/ .... or
.. .. .. otherwise
besides
furthermore
/
/...
or else
.......
moreover
.. ....
likewise
/ so
again
/ thus
yet
hence
still
then
therefore
however
consequently
accordingly
.1
.2
3. Coordinating Adversative
.3
4. Coordinating Alternative
.4
.5
1. Coordinating Copulative
2. Negative Coordinating Copulative
5. Coordinating Illative
1. Coordinating Copulative
:" and"
and
and also
both...and
not only...but also
again
besides
moreover
further more
likewise
as well as
.( )
5
1. and
............ :
. and
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
() .=
f)
() .=
() .=
(and ) ( ) and ( 1
. or
. and ( and ) ( 2
Examples
. .
. =
.and boy
-
. .
=
and or
. .
.=
) (Magid ) (Samy
) (Samy ) ( or
and .or
. .
=
.... ....
( .
a) Ali is clever.
1. b) Ahmed is clever too.
)= Both Ali and Ahmed are clever. (compound
( .
= .
( .
( .
= .
... ....
3. as well as ....
as well as
as well as .
( .
( .
= .
( .
( .
= .
( .
( .
= .
a) He speaks English.
b) He speaks French.
1.
= He speaks French as well as English.
)(compound
a) He is a doctor.
b) He is a musician.
2.
= He is a musician as well as a doctor.
)(compound
a) I am interested in music.
b) My brother is interested in music too.
3.
= I, as well as my brother, am interested in
)music. (compound
am ) ( I .
( .
( .
= .
( .
( .
= .
a) He is fond of swimming.
b) His cousins are fond of swimming too.
4.
= He, as well as his cousins, is fond of swimming.
)(compound
a) His cousins are fond of swimming.
b) He is fond of swimming too.
5. = His cousins, as well as he, are fond of
)swimming. (compound
.
)
( did does do )
not only ) (.
Examples
( .
a) She speaks English.
b) She speaks Spanish.
( .
= Not only does she speak English but she
= .
1.
)speaks Spanish also. (compound
=
Or = She not only speaks English but she
)speaks Spanish also. (compound
.
as well also
:
)Or: = Not only does she speak English but she speaks Spanish as well. (compound
= .
( .
( .
=
.
= .
8
a) They sold their factory.
b) They migrated to America.
3.
= Not only did they sell their factory but
they migrated to America also. (comp.)
.(
.(
. =
.(
5. besides
1.
2.
.(
.(
. =
. (
. (
=
.
.(
.(
. =
.(
.(
.=
. (
a) Students study Arabic at school
b) Students study Maths at school.
. (
= Students study Arabic at school, besides,
=
they study Maths at school. (compound)
.
.
6. moreover
.(
.(
. =
-: "nor"
.. .....
nor .
....
. )(
.(
.(
=
.(
nor
did
he
.(
apologize.
.=
.(
.(
.=
-
(Neither ... )
.( ( ) nor Neither :)
= Neither the first nor the second prize will he gain. (compound)
. =
a) He didn't come early.
b) He didn't stop talking either.
4.
= He neither came early nor stopped talking. (comp.)
Or: = Neither did he come early nor did he stop talking. (comp.)
.(
.(
. =
. (
. (
. =
10
a) He does not understand the lesson.
b) He does not answer the question either.
= He neither understands the lesson nor answers the
6.
question. (comp.)
Or: = Neither does he understand the lesson nor does he
answer the question.(comp.)
.(
. (
. =
3. Coordinating Adversative
.
: " but"
but
still
yet
however
1. but
nevertheless
in spite of that
despite that
on the contrary
but
-: but
a) She was angry with him.
b) She gave him money.
= She was angry with him but she gave him money. (compound)
2. still
. (
. =
3. yet
.(
.(
. (
. =
. (
. (
. =
.(
.( )(
.( )=
11
4. however
5. nevertheless
.(
a) He was innocent.
b) He was hanged.
1.
= He was innocent, nevertheless
hanged.(comp.)
he
was
1.
2.
a) Winter is cold.
b) Summer is hot.
= Winter is cold (but, yet, however) summer
is hot. (compound)
.=
.(
.(
.=
.(
. (
. ( )=
a) He was blind.
b)He could find his way.
= He was blind (however, but, nevertheless)
he could find his way. (compound)
6. on the contrary
.(
.(
.(
( = )
.
.(
. (
. =
4.Coordinating Alternative
.
: "or" " "
or
either ...... or
or else
otherwise
.
12
1. or
2.
. (
. (
. =
.(
. (
2. either ...... or
. =
.... ....
. (
. =
. / (
a) I am to blame.
3. b) He is to blame.
= Either I or he is to blame. (compound)
3. or else ....
. =
....
4. otherwise ....
. / (
. (
.(
. =
.... /...
= They will take their money; otherwise, they will take the
car. (comp.)
.(
.(
=
13
General Example
. (
a) You must study hard.
b) You wont get high marks.
. (
= You must study hard or (otherwise) you wont
)( =
5. Coordinating Illative
.
:" so" " "
so
thus
hence
consequently
therefore
accordingly
then
.
.
1. so ...
.(
.(
.( = )
...
a) He is an officer.
b) He can use a gun well.
1.
= He is an officer, so , he can use a gun
well. (compound)
a) He didn't do his homework.
b) He was punished.
2.
= He didn't do his homework, so, he was
punished. (comp.)
. (
. (
. =
. (
.(
.=
14
2. thus
.(
.(
. =
3. therefore
.(
a) She always obeys her mother.
b) You have to arrange it with your mother-in-law.
. (
= She always obeys her mother, therefore , you have =
to arrange it with your mother-in-law. (comp.)
4. accordingly
5. hence
.(
.=
6. then
.(
. (
.(
. =
.(
. (
. =
.(
. (
. =
15
7. consequently
a) He was tired.
b) His answers were wrong.
1.
= He was tired, consequently , his answers were
wrong. (comp.)
a) I held him by the neck.
b) He couldn't bite me.
2.
= I held him by the neck, consequently, he
couldn't bite me. (comp.)
Exercise No. 2
.(
. (
. =
. (
.(
. =
and , but , or
.
.
:
1.
Hoda was blamed. Her mother was blamed. (both .... and ...)
2.
Hoda was not blamed. Her mother was not blamed. (neither .... nor ...)
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11. I can not believe that such a child can buy a gun. I can not believe that he can use it.
12.
When the murder was committed, I was having an operation at a hospital. It is impossible to
be accused .()
16
Exercise No. 3
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Exercise No. 4
** Rewrite the following sentences beginning with the words between brackets
and make necessary changes:
: **
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Exercise No. 5
5.
6.
7.
8.
Those who are not studying hard should ..... change their ways ..... make room for those who will work.
18
Coordinative Conjunctions
)( .
Subordinate Clause
- has a verb.
- has not a complete meaning.
- connect to the joining-word.
Simple sentence
:Subordinate Clause
) (.
.
.
) (Subordinate Clause ) (Phrase
) (
) (Clause ) (Phrase
. ) (Clause ) (Phrase
@ -
(Phrase) ) (.
( .
19
Examples
. .1
.( )
. .2
(,) )(
.
3. He was angry because they arrested him for a crime he did not commit.
(1)
(2)
. .3
)(
(1)
(2)
.( ) .4
)(
.
The man will be promoted
because he is efficient
( )
1.
Noun Clause
2.
3.
Adverbial Clause
20
Subordinative Clause
Noun Clause Adjectival (Relative) Clause Adverbial Clause
Examples
When the manager returns, I will ask him
whether the books which you ordered have
.
arrived from the publishers
:( )
I will ask him
main Clause
an adverbial Clause
noun Clause
an adjectival Clause
Noun Clause
.
Noun or Noun Phrase
Adjectival Clause
.
Adjective or Adjectival Phrase
Adverbial Clause
.
Adverb or Adverbial Phrase
Phrases Clauses
.
21
(Complex) Clause
(Simple) Phrase .
Phrases
Adverbial
Adjectival
Clauses
Noun
Adverbial
Adjectival
Noun
.Noun Clause
@ -
Phrase1 ) ( :
.... .
......
in the corner.
Reaching home..
Clause2 ) ()
( :
..... .
....
Noun Clause
22
how far
how often
whose
how long
how much
how many
whom
who
which
what
when
where
how wide
how
why
( :
that =
whether / if
@ -
.1 ) (Noun Clauses
.
) (Verbs of thinking-:
suppose
understand
believe
mean
feel
know
remember
think
recall
trust
.2
-:
that
wh
/
Examples
)(Complex / Clause
.1 .
) (Noun Clause
) (Noun Phrase
:
)(Simple / Phrase
= .
23
2. He explained how nature breaks rocks.
Main Clause
(Complex / Clause)
. .2
how
= He explained the way of breaking rocks by the nature. (Simple / Phrase)
. =
. phrase clause
Noun Clauses
1.
Noun Phrases
2.
That the earth moves around the sun became The movement of the earth around the
a fact.
sun became a fact.
.
.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
I don't know whether she can buy it or she I dont know her ability or inability to buy
cannot.
it.
.
.
9.
I don't know whether he has succeeded or I dont know anything about his success
or failure.
10. failed.
.
.
11.
14.
He didnt tell us why he had committed his He didnt tell us the reason of his crime.
crime.
.
.
.
16. That he will succeed is certain.
That he is generous was known to everyone.
17.
.
What he studies gave him great pleasure.
18.
.
That he failed was unexpected.
19.
.
.
.
25.
26.
25
The teacher does not know how many pupils The teacher does not know the number of
pupils in the class.
32. there are in the class.
.
.
They didnt know how many brothers I have They didnt know the number of my
got.
brothers. .
.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
41.
42.
The story of why he committed suicide was The reason of his suicide was well known.
well known.
.
.
43.
44.
v
.1
) (infinitive
.2
phrase
clause
.
.3
26
phrase clause
.
Exercise No. 6
** Change the following clauses into phrases (Change the following complex
sentences into simple sentences):-:( )
.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
27
2. Adjectival (Relative) Clauses & Adjectival (Relative) Phrases
(Relative Pronouns
) :
) ( ( :
1.
2.
Adjectival clause
Main clause
) (2 ).(1
Kinds of Relative Clauses v :
( defining clauses
) . : (.
( non-defining clauses
)(,
) (comma .
Examples
) (defining
The student will be punished.
28
?What student
2. Nabil, who was absent yesterday, will be punished.
(non-defining)
: (
.
v
: which
I did not bring my book again, which made the teacher very angry.
.
:( ) ( infinitive) .1
the first, the second, the next, the last, the only, and the superlatives ( )
(e.g. the most, the least, the fewest ..etc.).
Mr. Ahmed was the first person that (who) arrived at the reception.
.
= Mr. Ahmed was the first person to arrive at the reception.
.
verb in active ) ( the present participle) (-ing form) .2
:(voice
:(voice
29
Jewellery that was bought ten years ago are worth ten times as much now.
= Jewellery bought ten years ago are worth ten times as much now.
: ( Present Participle)
1.
2.
3.
.
.
: )( ( Past Participle)
1.
2.
3.
.
.
1.
2.
(Adjective)
(Adjectival Phrase)
Forms of Adjective v
: (Simple Adjective
clever boy
intelligent girl
wise man
interesting book
terrifying place
: Past Participle
educated man
written exercise
broken bottle
sunken ship
An air-conditioned house
a narrow-minded man
a talented composer
(( ) Adjective Clause) v
30
Relative Pronouns
)
(.
(1 .
(2 .conjunction
Possessive
Object
Subject
whose
whom - that
who - that
whose
that
that
of which
which
which
) :
. .
v
(1 .
( .
( .
= .
who He ).(a
(2 Adjectival Clause .
1. who
who :
( .
( .
= .
( .
( .
= .
31
21 ) who ) (that (
) ( )
( .
) (2 )(
) (He ) (The boy ) (He:
2. which
which :
( .
( .
= ) . the cup (
( .
( .
( .
( 2.
= 2.
1.
2.
3.
a car = it it .
( .
( .
= .
(1 which .
(2 + which .
32
4.
3. whom
/
. whom
. ( )
They gave me a present.
(1)
(2)
: whom (
a) The man wept.
b) The manger dismissed the man.
1.
= The man whom (that) the manger
dismissed wept.
a) I saw the director.
b) He told me to come back tomorrow.
2.
= The director whom (that) I saw, told me
to come back tomorrow.
.(
. (
. =
.(
. (
. =
: (Preposition + whom) (
1.
2.
.(
. (
. =
. (
. (
. =
: whom (
1.
. (
.(
.=
.whom ( ) him ( b)
2.
. (
.(
.=
33
4. whose
( / ) /
. whose
: )( ) ( whose
1.
2.
3.
a) I met Ali.
b) Alis father is a doctor.
= I met Ali whose father is a doctor.
a) My friend is sad.
b) His dog has been killed.
= My friend whose dog has been killed is sad.
a) The horses leg has been broken.
b) It had to be shot.
= The horse whose leg was broken had to be shot.
5. that
.(
.(
. =
.(
.(
. =
.(
.(
. =
...... that
1.
2.
3.
.(
.(
.=
.(
. (
. =
.(
.(
. =
that v
that whom which who that ( 1
:
It is the man behind the camera, not the camera, that is important.
.
34
that (2 ) ( ) (Noun Clause
)( ).(Adverbial Clause of Purpose
1.
2.
3.
1.
2.
(4 that ) ( .
.
) (
)(demonstrative adjective
(5 that ) ( .
.
) (
)(demonstrative pronoun
That is my book.
Relative Pronouns v
(1 ) who/(
whom
)/ (.
1.
2.
(3 ) (Adj. Clause )( :
why, where, when .etc.
35
1. why = for which
2. where = in / at which
/ )(
.
1.
2.
/ )(
1.
2.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
.
.
.
.
(5
(contact clause)
:
1.
2.
(defining clause)
(contact clause)
(defining clause)
(contact clause)
. whom who ( 6
The dog, who was chasing rabbits in his sleep, suddenly kicked the table.
.
36
( ( )7
:
Relative Pronouns
Interrogative Pronouns
Interrogative Adjectives
( )who
( )
------------
whom
( )whom
( )
------------
whose
( )whose
( ) whose + noun
+ ()
which
( ) which
which + noun
( )+
who
that
what
------------
what
------------
/ what + noun
( + )
) ( )
.(
Exercise No. 7
I) Join each pair of sentences together to make one sentence. (Use a relative
pronoun).
( ) ( 1
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
The minerals are in great quantities. The minerals are found in Egypt.
The boat has no sails(). The boat is on the river.
The policeman warned ( )the boy. The boy was driving quickly.
Those boys must have good food. You made them work hard.
The man helped the girl. He had met her in Gaza.
Samy was weeping. I had found Samys book.
The boy was very clever. His answers were correct answers.
I took all these things. I need all these things.
This is the man. I met him in London.
The man was killed. He was driving a car.
I bought this stereo last week. It doesnt work properly.
Hes the person. Hes going to be fired ().
That is the journalist. His article made quite a stir ( / )yesterday.
Im the man. You stole my wallet.
They sent a new teacher. She looks nice.
We didnt like the housemaid. The agency sent her.
Nadia looked angry. She has been listening to our conversation.
I climbed up the stairs. They were newly-painted.
37
II) Put a suitable relative pronoun:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
:( 2
:( 3
IV) Remove the relative pronoun and make the necessary changes:
:( 4
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
The captain was the last man that left the sinking ship.
Tourists who travel abroad a lot should make prior reservations ( ) at hotels.
The man who was sick was brought to the doctor.
Students, who were punished yesterday, are to report to the headmasters office.
He was the only student who understood the lesson.
Guns that have been fired recently are easy to detect.
Mona was the first person who saw the flying saucer () .
The car that was stolen from the garage was returned to its rightful owner.
Plants that are watered by salty water seldom survive.
People who want to survive a nuclear was should build proper shelters ()
38
V) Join the following sentences beginning with the words between brackets:
: ( 5
Romeo and Juliet were deeply in love. Their families hated each other. (Romeo and Juliet .)
I was waiting for a friend. He didnt come. (The friend .)
Swiss Family Robison, is a story about family. Their ship sank near a desert island. (Swiss
3.
Family Robison )
4. I saw several apartments. Few of them were suitable. (I saw ..)
5. I was given this address by my friend. I met her at the airport. (I was given ..)
6. A man answered the phone. He said that it was the wrong number. (The man ..)
7. The bed had no springs. I slept on that bed. (The bed .. )
Before the Gulf War, the roads were crowded with refuges. Many of them were hungry.
8.
(Before the Gulf War ..)
9. Rashids leg is still in a plaster cast. Hell have to watch the match on T.V. (Rashid .)
10. He wanted to visit me at 11 p.m. This didnt suit me at all. (He wanted ..)_
1.
2.
VI) Pick out the adjective clause in each of the following sentences:
: ( 6
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
VII) Get rid of the relative pronoun (make contact clauses or use the infinitive,
the present participle or the past participle):
( )7
:(()
1.
The house which they built fell down after two months.
2.
3.
4.
She was the most beautiful girl that attended the party.
5.
6.
Buildings which were built fifty years ago are more robust than those are built these days.
7.
The man whom I saw at the party yesterday turned out to be my new boss.
8. Books that bored him were usually thrown into the waste basket.
9. Being the last person that arrived that night, he was obliged to sit near the kitchen door.
10. He said that bonds / that were purchased last month made a large profit / .
39
VIII) Add the missing relative, but where possible, make a contact clause
(without a relative pronoun):
:( ) ( 8
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
IX) Punctuate the following sentences to show which are defining and which are
non-defining clauses:
: ( 9
1.
Many people were injured in the capital Zaire where 10.000 students took part in
a demonstration ( ).
2.
3.
The Nile which flows through Cairo is the longest river in the world.
4.
5.
2.
3.
4.
Time is money.
40
How to change Adjectival Clause into Adjectival Phrase
(How to change from Complex to Phrase)
Adjectival Clause
. ( )
. ( )
1.
(Complex / Clause)
The man who is intelligent can overcome his problems.
. ( )
The intelligent man can overcome his problems.
(Simple / Phrase)
. ( )
( ) intelligent
(Complex / Clause)
.
(Simple / Phrase)
.
( ) made of wool
Examples
Adjectival Clauses
1.
2.
3.
Adjectival Phrase
The man called Hany, did the work.
.
.
4.
5.
Mr. Mazen
.is
6.
7.
The advice you gave caused me much Your advice caused me much trouble.
trouble.
.
Or: The advice given by you caused me .
much trouble. : which
.
you.the advice
8.
The girl who was deaf couldn't hear the noise. The deaf girl couldn't hear the noise.
.
.
9.
10.
11.
13.
14.
15.
16.
bought :
.is
42
: which car
the
17.
The government gave money to the people The government gave money to the owner
of the burnt houses.
18. whose houses were burnt.
.
19.
The illustrations which are valuable are kept The valuable illustrations are kept in
museums.
20. in museums.
.
.
Exercise No. 8
:
.
1.
2.
The man who wrote these papers died many years ago.
.
3.
The man who invited this rocket made more advanced rockets.
.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
.
.
.
The manuscripts that they found in the desert clear many things
.
The papers which were very old are written in a strange language.
.( )
43
Adjectival clause
( adjectival clause)
:
verb to Be
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
. )( )(
.
The pupils in the third year must work hard. The pupils who are in the third year must
. work hard.
7.
8.
44
Exercise No. 9
v Change the following sentences from Simple to Complex and vice versa:
:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
45
. ... Adverb
: (Subordinating Conjunctions)
while, where, because, if, as, although, ...etc.
( Subordinating Conjunctions)
Subordinate Clause Complex Sentence
( ).
(complex)
.because
he went home
.1
.2
.3
( ).
(complex)
Examples
1.
2.
3.
4.
. ( comma) (,) v
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
46
.7
.8
.9
.10
.11
.12
.13
Adverbial Phrase v
( ... )
....
Preposition
( Present Participle) (ing form) Compound Conjunctions
.(( ) Past Participle)
Examples
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
.
.
He went on foot to the station at four oclock.
Adverbial clause of
manner
place
time
47
|
phraseClause
:"where"
where
whence
wherever
any where
/
/
.( )
Examples
. )(
1.
2.
3.
."
4.
Adverbial Clause
) (
.
: Phrase Clause
Clause
Phrase
where
wherever
whence
any where
/
/
no where
/
48
Examples
Clause
Phrase
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
New building are standing where old New building are standing in the place of the
cottages once stood.
old cottages.
.
.
49
-: (when)
when
while
as
wherever
every time
before
as long as
until
after
till
the moment
since
immediately
once
where upon
hardly when
...
scarcely when
...
no sooner than
as soon as
...
Examples
.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
.
.
.
.
scarcely when
no sooner than
extra-ordinary cases ( ) when
: (.... ... )
.when
50
( ) had) Present Perfect
: (
Hardly had he opened the envelop when an explosion was heard.
.
3
after, when, as soon as, before, till, until, the moment
(
.( )
Examples
1.
.
.
She will prepare the dinner before she goes (or has
gone) out.
.
.
. )
. before
) before (
.(
Examples
.
. until till
52
How to change from Adverbial Clause of Time into Phrase
: Phrase Clause
Clause
Phrase
when
after, before
as, while
till, until
in / at / on
after / before
during / while
till / until
since
the moment
as soon as,
no sooner than ,
scarcely when ,
hardly when
just on
when
2.
or
gerund
Clause
1.
noun
Phrase
3.
4.
before
Clauses
1.
2.
Phrases
They came after they had received the After receiving the telegram, they came.
telegram.
Or: Having received the telegram, they came.
. )(
.( )
53
3.
4.
5.
After they had finished the work, they went After finishing the work, they went home.
home.
Or: Having finished the work, they went
home.
. )(
. )(
They had studied the plans before they They had studied the plans before starting
started the project.
the project.
.
.
He had sent a telegram before she arrived.
He had sent a telegram before her arrival.
.
.
while / as
Or
Clauses
1.
2.
3.
Phrases
He met her while he was walking in the Walking in the street, he met her.
street.
.
. )(
While (As) his friends fought with the During his friends fight with the enemy, he hid
enemy, he hid himself.
himself.
.
.
While (As) I was singing, I coughed.
While singing, I coughed.
.
.
Climbing the tree, he slipped.
.
.
4.
until
until
+ noun or gerund
till
Clauses
till
Phrases
1.
2.
3.
since
since ( my, his, her, it, their, your, our) :( poss. adj.)
.
Clauses
Phrases
1.
I havent seen him since he returned from I havent seen him since his return from the
U.S.A.
the U.S.A.
.
.
2.
3.
4.
5.
She neglected every thing since her child She neglected every thing since the death of
died.
her child.
.
.
the moment
Clauses
Phrases
1.
2.
The moment he read that letter, he left (Just on) Reading that letter, he left our village.
our village.
.
.
.Just on
3.
I shall send him a letter the moment I I shall send him a letter just on knowing of his
know of his success.
success.
.
.
hardly .when .
no sooner . than .
scarcely . when
as soon as ..
Clauses
1.
Phrases
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
56
Exercise No. 10
:( 2
III) Change the black typed clauses into phrases and vice versa:
: ( 3
.( ) |
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
3. Adverbial Clauses of Cause (Reason)
-:(because)
for
because
so long as
since
now that
as
Examples
.
4. She was thirsty for she had drunk nothing all morning.
As long as he refuses our advice he should shoulder
5.
the results.
6. Now that you have taken money, sign this contract.
.
. )(
Clause
Phrase
because
because of
for
for
since
owing to
as
/ /
due to
so long as
now that
so long as
/
/
on account to
+ poss. adj. +
as a result of
noun or gerund
thanks to
Being +
58
Examples
Clauses
Phrases
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
was
careless,
he
As long as he refuses our advice, he Refusing our advice, he should shoulder the
results.
15. should shoulder the results.
. ) (
.
As you had been here before, you had Having been here before, you had better lead the
way.
better
lead the way.
16.
.
.
He refuses to drive his car since he has
17. faced many accidents.
.
18.
You cannot blame him for he is innocent. You cannot blame him for his innocence.
.
.
Exercise No. 11
2.
3.
4.
5.
:( 2
60
III) Change the black typed Clauses into Phrases and vice versa:
: ( 3
.( ) |
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
61
) .(
: ) ( )(
) (.
) (.
cause .
purpose .
@ ) (so that:
so that
in order that
that
in the hope that
1.
aiming that
.
) ( .may +
) ( .might +
.
62
+ +
may +
might +
(mightmay
/ / /
2. lest
for fear that
+ + should +
+ + may or might +
+ + should +
Examples
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
.
.( )
.
.
.
. ) (
She didnt sleep all night for fear that she might
. )(
miss her train.
He got up early for fear that he should miss the
.
train.
Clause
so that, in order that,
that, in the hope that
aiming that
Phrase
to , in order to ,
so as to , not to ,
in order not to
/
aiming to
Or:
for , with the intention of ,
with the aim of
+ infinitive
+ noun
or gerund
63
: should ( )
+ infinitive ()
so as not to
+ noun or gerund ()
Clause
lest / for fear that
Phrase
so as not to + infinitive ()
Or: for fear of + noun or gerund ()
Examples
Clauses
1.
2.
Phrases
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Yesterday, Ahmed returned home early Yesterday, Ahmed returned home early for fear
lest he should be late.
of being late.
.
.
64
8.
I am in a hurry lest I shouldnt attend the I am in a hurry for fear of not attending the first
lesson.
first lesson.
.
.
9.
He got up early for fear that he should He got up early so as not to miss the train.
miss the train.
. ) (
10.
. Or: He got up early for fear of missing the train.
.
Exercise No. 12
2.
They spent the day on the mountain. They hoped to enjoy the fresh air.
3.
4.
She went to the doctor. She wished the doctor to examine her.
5.
They kept the child in a warm room. They feared he would take cold.
6.
7.
The doctor cleaned the instruments. He was afraid the wound would fester .()
8.
9.
10. She answered perfectly. She wished to get the top prize.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
: ( 2
65
III) Change the black typed Clauses into Phrases and vice versa:
:
.( ) |
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
66
General Exercise No. 13
67
-:
+ + that + 1. so +
+ + that + 2. such +
such = very so
= that
so ) ( that ) + ( .so
such that ) + (
.such
| .
Examples
He is very strong. He can defeat his rival.
. .
) 1. He is so strong that he can defeat his rival. ( complex / clause
) . (
68
He was very clever. He passed the examination.
. .
2. He was so clever that he passed the examination. ( complex / clause )
( ).
She was very polite. She respected every one.
. .
3. She was so polite that she respected every one. ( complex / clause )
( ).
He spoke very slowly that I could not hear him.
.
4. He spoke so slowly that I could not hear him. ( complex / clause )
( ).
: |
(( )3) that so ( 2) ( 1) .1
.( )that
so + + that .3
. (such + + that)
1.
2.
3.
He is such a strong man that he can defeat his rival. ( complex / clause )
( ).
Or: He has such strength that he can defeat his rival. ( complex / clause )
( ). :
They were such clever boys that they passed the examination. ( complex / clause )
( ).
Or: They have such cleverness that they passed the examination. ( complex / clause )
( ). :
She was such a polite girl that she respected every one. ( complex / clause )
( ).
Or: She has such politeness that she respected every one. ( complex / clause )
( ). :
: |
( 3) ( 1) such ( a) .1
.(2) ( a)
69
such so (Emphasis) ( )
: ( : )
So + + + that +
Such + + + that +
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
( complex / clause )
( complex / clause )
( complex / clause )
( complex / clause )
( complex / clause )
( complex / clause )
( complex / clause )
( complex / clause )
( complex / clause )
( complex / clause )
Clause
Phrase
so + + that + +
such + + that + +
+ enough to +
too + + to +
: |
: that .1
+ enough to +
: that .2
+ enough for + + to +
) such . that so .. that enough to (for) .3
(
70
.4 too . to so .. that )
( ) that(.
( that :
+ to + too +
( that :
+ to + + for + too +
.5 so . that complex simple .too to
Examples
Phrases
Clauses
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
The train moved so quickly that it reached The train moved quickly enough to reach in
an hour.
London in an hour.
.
.
8.
He spoke so quickly that I could not write. He spoke too quickly to write.
.
.
9.
He was so perfectly disguised that she He was too perfectly disguised for her to
could not recognize him.
recognize.
.
.
10.
71
11.
Khalil is such a clever doctor that he got Khalil is a clever doctor enough to got a prize.
a prize.
.
Or: Such a clever doctor is Khalil that he
got a prize.
.
12.
13.
Clauses
Phrases
1.
2.
The baby was so young that he couldn't The baby was too young to pick up anything.
.
pick up anything.
Or: The baby was not old enough to pick up
anything.
.
.
Exercise No. 14
II) Change the black typed Clauses into Phrases and vice versa:
: ( 2
.( ) |
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
The child became so ill that he could not leave his bed.
He was honest enough for everyone to trust him.
He was so frightened that he could not move.
The enemy soldiers were so cowardly that they could not resist.
Our soldiers were so brave that they destroyed the enemy.
They walked too slowly to catch the train.
He was so annoyed that he could not speak.
The building is too high for us to reach it.
He spoke so foolishly that people left him.
Some people are so short-slighted that they cannot appreciate matters.
The pyramids are so strong that they will remain for centuries.
The moon is bright enough to read a book.
We were so impatient that we could not wait any longer.
The fruit is ripe enough to be picked.
The flat is wide enough for them to live in.
III) Combine each of the following pairs to make one complex sentence using too
/ enough with infinitives:
: enough / too ( 3
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
73
:(although) )(
1.
although / though
2.
3.
however / whatever
4.
whether . or not
5.
6.
as ..
/ /
/
/ /
... ...
/ / /
*** / /
." although" " as" ***
: and
1.
. though
1.
Although (Though / Even though / Even if) she was wealthy, she felt miserable.
.
.( )
74
2.
however + ( )+ +
.( )however
.( )although however
3.
4.
.
.
whatever + + +
.( )
.
.
: whatever
Whatever he said, we all laughed.
4.
. whatever
4.
+ as + +
. ( ) although as
1.
2.
75
How to change Adverbial Clause of Contrast into Phrase
: + + ( as)
Clause
Phrase
although / though
in spite of / despite
however / whatever
whether . or not
... ...
+ poss. adj.
+
noun or
gerund
Examples
Clause
Phrase
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
.
She refused to stay with them in spite of her
happiness.
.
76
8.
She remembers me although I was absent for She remembers me despite my absence for
many years.
many years.
.
.
9.
I shall find a way even if there were many I shall find a way despite all difficulties.
.( )
10. difficulties.
.
However careful he was, he made mistakes.
Despite his carefulness, he made mistakes.
.
.
11.
However strong is his right hand, you can Regardless of his strong right hand, you
can defeat him.
12. defeat him.
. .
However slowly we are marching, we shall Not with standing our slow steps, we shall
reach our goal.
13. reach our goal.
.
.
Whatever money he pays, he can't escape With all his money, he can't escape being
tried.
14. being tried.
.
.
Whatever difficulties he faced, he could For all his difficulties, he could succeed.
.
15. succeed.
.
Whether he pays money or not, he cannot
With or without money, he cannot succeed.
16. succeed.
.
.
She will encourage him whether he succeed or She will encourage him regardless of (his)
success or (his) failure.
17. fails.
. .(( ) )
77
Exercise No. 15
II) Change the black typed Clauses into Phrases and vice versa:
: ( 2
.( ) |
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
For all his wealthy, he does not help the poor people.
8.
9.
78
)( ):(as
1. as .
2. as if .
3. as though .
Examples
.
.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
.
.
.
.
E
.1
) (5 ) (as if )
( ) (he ) (were
. ..as if he were a king
.2
) ( )(.
) (6 ) (seemed
. as though he had lost his money. .
79
: as as if as though
Clause
Phrase
as
as if / as though
...
in a ( )way (manner)
...
with .
like .
Examples
Clause
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
+
noun or
gerund
Phrase
. :
80
She did her work as it should be done.
.
Answer the questions as I have taught you.
11.
.
She walks and talks as if she were
12. a queen.
.
10.
Exercise No. 16
:( 1
II) Change the black typed Clauses into Phrases and vice versa:
: ( 2
.( ) |
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
phrase
.clause
) ( than:
....
+ as 4. not so (as) +
.....
(adj.) + as 1. as +
......
+ /
......
.....
.
.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
.
.
) .(
E
(adj.) + as 1. as +
) (1 ) (2 ) (4 as
1.
2.
3.
4.
.
.
) (.
+ /
82
) ( .than
1.
2.
3.
4.
4.
.
.
..... ....
The more we yield to the demands of our children, the less we encourage their own abilities.
.
The less mistakes you make, the more marks you get.
.
83
How to change Adverbial Clause of Comparison into Phrase
:
Clause
Phrase
as + + as
.....
not so (as) + + as
...
Examples
Clause
1.
He is as tall as I (am).
Phrase
. :
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
A T.V camera costs more than a T.V set does. A T.V camera is costlier than a T.V set does.
.
.
7.
8.
84
Exercise No. 17
:( 1
II) Change the black typed Clauses into Phrases and vice versa:
: ( 2
.( ) @
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
85
: ( if )
/ /
5.
on condition that .
/ /
6.
provided
provided that
7.
suppose .
supposing that .
1.
if ..
2.
unless = if . not
3.
4.
.( if)
. ( if)
.
:
if + Present Simple
2-Usage:
Present Simple
.(%100 : )
( if) ( , ) ( if) u
.
86
Examples
1.
( ).
2.
( ).
3.
( ).
if + Present Simple
Future Simple
shall / will +
2-Usage:
.(Probable) ( )
.(%50 :)
Examples
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
.
.
.
.
1-Form:
if + Past Simple
should / would +
.would should could might
87
2-Usage:
-:
.(Improbable) ( ) (
10
Examples
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
.( )
.
.
.
if + Past Perfect
2-Usage:
( Impossible)
0 .
88
Examples
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
u
If
( if )
. ( should) ( if ) ( 1
1.
2.
()
()
. ( were) ( if ) ( 2
1.
2.
.
.
.if were. to
. ( Had) ( if ) ( 3
. had
. had
1.
2.
3.
()
()
()
.unless ( 4
89
unless = if..not
. ( unless)
1.
2.
3.
4.
:( 1
Exercise No. 18
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
:( 2
If she (win) some money, she would have (buy) presents to her friends.
Unless they (obey) me, the work would (stop).
If you (ate) too much, you will be sick.
Unless he (tell) us the truth, we would not punish him.
If he played well, he (win) the match.
90
If
Probability
percentage
Form
Usage
If
%100
if + Present Simple
present simple
If
%50
If
%10
if + Present Simple
Future Simple
)
will, shall +
.(
if + Past Simple
should, would +
if + Past Perfect
Time
any time
future
future
If
%0
*
.
*
.
past
Examples
91
How to change Adverbial Clause of Condition into Phrase
Clause
Phrase
( )
in case of .
suppose .
....
...
supposing that .
with .
provided (that ) .
( )
by ..
on condition that .
( )
if . not / unless /
should . not /
were . not / had . not
)(
but for
without
Examples
Clause
1.
2.
3.
4.
Phrase
5.
+ poss. adj.
+ noun or
gerund
work
.
6.
If he had paid money, he would have received Having paid money, he would have
the goods.
received the goods.
. ) (
.
92
7.
8.
9.
Unless he had paid money (If he hadn't paid Without (But for) paying all the money, he
money), he would not have received the goods. would not have received the goods.
. . ) (
If he buys that car, it will cost him much.
In case of buying that car, it will cost him
. much.
.
Had he not followed the orders, he would Without following the orders, he would
have been punished.
have been punished.
.
.
Exercise No. 19
**) Change the black typed Clauses into Phrases and vice versa:
:
.( ) |
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Had he not shown me the way, I should have missed the way.
They would have done it if they had known how.
In case of being very rich, he would buy a new car.
With his confidence in himself, he can overcome his problems.
Had he the strong determination, he would stop smoking.
Unless he had been cautious, he would have lost his money.
But for his intelligence, he would suffer much.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
.
: (as ..as )
1.
as (so) + + as
.....
2.
not so (as) + + as
...
3.
) (
Examples
1.
2.
.
.
Clause
Phrase
as (so) + + as
.....
not so (as) + + as
...
)
(
2.
3.
...
Examples
1.
He studies as hard as one does for the finals. His studies were of the same degree as those
. for the finals.
.
He worked three times as hard as an ordinary He worked three times harder than
man does.
an ordinary man.
.
.
They are not of the same cleverness.
Mazen is not as clever as Ahmed.
.
.
Or: They are different in cleverness.
.
94
11. Adverbial Clauses of Exception
: (except that)
1.
except that
2.
but that
Examples
1.
2.
He welcomes his friend to the party except that he gave them nothing to eat.
.
Clause
except that, but that
Phrase
except (for)
but (for)
Examples
Clause
1.
2.
Phrase
95
: (rather than) ( )
1.
rather than
2.
Examples
1.
2.
3.
Clause
Phrase
+ + +
Examples
Clause
Phrase
I would walk on fire rather than I stay with her. I prefer walking on fire to staying with her.
.
.
Or: I like walking on fire more than staying
1.
with her.
. :
She would sooner become a spinster than that She prefers becoming a spinster to marriage him.
she marries him.
.
.
96
13. Adverbial Clauses of Proportion
: ( the the ) ( )
1.
2.
as + adj. + as + + so
+ + +
........
Examples
1.
The harder (The more) you study, the better marks you will get.
.
2.
The older you get, the more responsibility you'll have to carry.
3.
4.
The less mistakes you make, the more marks you get.
.
5.
Clause
as ..as .. so
the the
...
Phrase
...
......
Examples
Clause
1.
2.
3.
+ + )(
Phrase
You will have to carry responsibility in
proportion to your age.
. )(
You will get paid in proportion to your
work.
.
You get marks in proportion to making
mistakes.
.
97
Exercise No. 20
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
: ( 1
:( 2
III) Express the meaning of each of the following sentences in other words
changing Clauses into Phrases:
: Phrases Clauses (3
1.
2.
3.
............ :)
98
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
IV) Change the black typed Clauses into Phrases and vice versa:
: ( 4
.( ) ( 1 @
.noun clause ( 2
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
100
Exercise No. 21
: ( 1
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
If you knocked at the door, they (will would would have) let you in.
If you tell the truth, I (will give would give would have given) you a prize.
32.
33.
34.
35.
Were he to listen more carefully, he (wouldnt make wont make wouldnt have made) mistakes.
(Owing to Because As) his bravery, he could storm the enemy camp.
(In spite of Without With) his stupidity, he behaved sensibly .
He was humble ( for all although however), wealthy he was.
101
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
(On account of For all In accordance with) his wishes, we must return tomorrow.
(According to Owing to Because) his illness, he could not be present.
(By Without As a result) working harder, he would earn more.
He was (too very so) fat to get through the door.
They are (such so too) big cars that they use a lot of petrol.
(No sooner As soon as While) he returned home, rain began.
Scarcely had he touched the wire (than when till) he got a shock.
He ran (very so too) quickly for me to catch him.
I waited for a long time (when then till) he appeared.
No sooner (did he win he won had he won) the prize (when till than) he bought a car.
So skilful (was the doctor the doctor was had the doctor) that he could save the patient.
He didnt dare to leave his hiding place (so that lest in case of) he should be caught.
We camped there (because although lest) it was too dark to go on.
They have moved house three times (when till since) they got married.
(However Even if in spite of ) you dont like him, you still be polite.
102
Exercise No. 22
:( )( 1
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
The windows were dirty and I told the maid to clean them
II) Extract the subordinate clauses from the following complex sentences and tell
its kind:
: ( 2
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
The news that the king was ailing soon spread all over the country.
Although he was poor, he was honest.
She is taller than I am.
The boys helped the man who had gone blind.
He took a sleeping pill lest he should be awake all night.
He took a sleeping pill, however he lay awake all night
So long as you dont exceed your income, youll never be in debt ().
13. Provided you revise your lessons, you dont have to worry about the exam.
14. Hardly he had arrived when he excused / himself.
103
Kinds of Sentences
Simple Sentence
Compound Sentence
:
.( ) ( 1
.( 1
.( 2
.( 2
:
+ +
(1) (2)
(3 )
Complex Sentence
:
.( 1
.( 2
1) Yesterday, I went to the cinema and After I had breakfast, I went to work.
watched a film.
.
. ( 1
Complex Sentence
Main Clause
Simple sentence
104
Subordinate Clause
-
It has a verb.
It gives no complete meaning.
PhraseClause
: Phrase Clause
Clause
Phrase
where
wherever
whence
any where
/
/
no where
: Phrase Clause
Clause
Phrase
when
after, before
as, while
till, until
in / at / on
after / before
during / while
till / until
since
the moment
as soon as,
no sooner than ,
scarcely when ,
hardly when
just on
noun
or
gerund
105
: phrase clause
Clause
Phrase
because
because of
for
for
since
owing to
as
/ /
due to
so long as
now that
so long as
/
/
on account to
+ poss. adj. +
as a result of
noun or gerund
thanks to
Being +
simplephrasecomplexclause so that
: might may ( )
Clause
so that, in order that,
that, in the hope that
Phrase
to , in order to ,
so as to , not to ,
in order not to
/
aiming that
aiming to
Or:
for , with the intention of ,
with the aim of
+ infinitive
+ noun
or gerund
so as not to
Clause
lest / for fear that
+ noun or gerund ()
Phrase
so as not to + infinitive ()
5. Adverbial Clauses of Result (Consequence)
so .. that such . that ) complex (clause ) simple (phrase
+ :
Clause
Phrase
+ enough to +
+ to + too +
+ + that + so +
+ + that + such +
| :
.1 that :
+ enough to +
.2 that :
+ to + + enough for +
.3 ) enough to (for so .. that such . that )
(
.4 too . to so .. that )
( ) that(.
( that :
+ to + too +
( that :
+ to + + for + too +
.5 so . that complex simple .too to
107
6. Adverbial Clauses of Contrast (Concession )
: + + ( as)
Clause
Phrase
although / though
in spite of / despite
however / whatever
whether . or not
... ...
+ poss. adj.
+
noun or
gerund
: as as if as though
Clause
Phrase
as
as if / as though
...
in a ( )way (manner)
...
with .
like .
+
noun or
gerund
phrase
.clause
.( than )
108
Clause
Phrase
equal in + of the same + + as
as + + as
.....
not so (as) + + as
...
equally +
not equal in + not of the same +
not equal in + not of the same +
or: not equally + different +
Clause
Phrase
( )
in case of .
suppose .
....
...
supposing that .
with .
provided (that ) .
( )
by ..
on condition that .
( )
if . not / unless /
should . not /
were . not / had . not
)(
but for
without
+ poss. adj.
+ noun or
gerund
Clause
Phrase
as (so) + + as
.....
not so (as) + + as
...
)
(
...
109
11. Adverbial Clauses of Exception
Clause
Phrase
except (for)
but (for)
Clause
Phrase
Clause
as ..as .. so
the the
...
Phrase
...
......
110
Answers
Exercise No. 1
1.
2.
3.
4.
sentence
clause
phrase
phrase
5.
6.
7.
8.
clause
phrase
sentence
clause
9.
10.
11.
12.
Exercise No. 2
phrase
sentence
sentence
sentence
13.
14.
15.
16.
phrase
clause
clause
sentence
1.
2.
3.
4.
Not only does he work hard but he finds time to play also.
5.
6.
I told him that she does not fit, nevertheless , he insisted on marrying her.
This is a very heavy loss, yet , you should not stop at all.
I did not cause any harms, then , why do you blame me?.
She may send a telegram, or else , she may come tomorrow.
Neither can I believe that such a child can buy a gun nor can I believe that he can use it.
When the murder was committed, I was having an operation at a hospital, so , it is
12.
impossible to be accused.
13. He bought neither a car nor a flat. Or: Neither did he buy a car nor a flat.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
14. Her father died last month, and therefore , she is the heiress of forty feddans.
Exercise No. 3
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
111
6.
7.
8.
9.
Exercise No. 4
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Not only does she clean the house, but she also cooks dinner.
Exercise No. 5
1.
2.
3.
4.
Either, or
not only, but also
or, so
nor (neither)
5.
6.
7.
8.
either, or
nor
but
neither, nor
Exercise No. 6
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
Exercise No. 7
I)
The minerals which are found in Egypt are in great quantities.
The boat which is on the river has no sails ( ).
The policeman warned ( )the boy who was driving quickly.
Those boys whom you made work hard must have good food..
The man helped the girl whom he had met in Gaza.
Samy whose book I had found was weeping.
The boy whose answers were correct answers was very clever.
I took all these things that I need.
This is the man whom (that) I met in London.
The man who (that) was driving a car was killed.
I bought this stereo which (that) doesnt work properly, last week.
Hes the person who (that) is going to be fired ().
That is the journalist whose article made quite a stir ( / )yesterday.
Im the man whose wallet you stole.
They sent a new teacher who (that) looks nice.
We didnt like the housemaid whom the agency sent.
16.
Or: We didnt like the housemaid who was sent by the agency.
17. Nadia, who has been listening to our conversation, looked angry.
18. I climbed up the stairs which were newly-painted.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
II)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
that (which)
which
who
whom
whose
11.
12.
13.
14.
whose , which
what, which
which
whose
113
III)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
what
where
how
whom
where
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
why
when
what
who
when
IV)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
The captain was the last man to leave the sinking ship.
Tourists traveling abroad a lot should make prior reservations ( ) at hotels.
The man being sick was brought to the doctor.
Students punished yesterday are to report the headmasters office.
He was the only student to understand the lesson.
Guns fired recently are easy to detect.
Mona was the first person to see the flying saucer () .
The car stolen from the garage was returned to its rightful owner.
Plants watered by salty water seldom survive.
People wanting to survive a nuclear was should build proper shelters ()
V)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Romeo and Juliet, whose families hated each other, were deeply in love.
The friend for whom I was waiting didnt come. Or: The friend that I was waiting for didnt come.
Swiss Family Robison, is a story about family whose ship sank near a desert island.
I saw several apartments ( ) of which few were suitable.
I was given this address by my friend whom (that) I met at the airport.
The man who (that) answered the phone said that it was the wrong number.
The bed on which I slept on had no springs. Or: The bed which (that) I slept on had no springs.
Before the Gulf War, the roads were crowded with refuges of whom many were hungry.
Rashid whose leg is still in a plaster cast, will have to watch the match on T.V.
He wanted to visit me at 11 p.m. which didnt suit me at all.
VI)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
VII)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Buildings built fifty years ago are more robust than those are built these days.
7.
The man I saw at the party yesterday turned out to be my new boss.
8. Books boring him were usually thrown into the waste basket.
9. Being the last person to arrive that night, he was obliged to sit near the kitchen door.
10. He said that bonds / , purchased last month, made a large profit / .
VIII)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
(whom, that)
(which, that)
(which, that)
who
(which, that)
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
whom
which
(which, that)
whose
which
.( 8 5 3 2 1 )
IX)
1.
non-defining: Many people were injured in the capital Zaire, where 10.000 students took
part in a demonstration ().
2.
3.
non-defining: The Nile, which flows through Cairo, is the longest river in the world.
4.
5.
X)
1.
2.
3.
4.
Exercise No. 8
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
.
.
.
115
Exercise No. 9
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10. Minerals which are found in Egypt will help in developing the country.
11. By working hard, students always attain (/ )their ends.
12. The passengers who are on this train escaped death.
13. People like friends who are faithful.
14. The carpenter repaired the chair which was broken.
15. Heavy clouds caused rain today.
16. People who have narrow minds always face troubles.
17. We admire people whose spirit is unconquerable.
18. Children who have no homes should be housed in healthy homes.
19. The goods in the shop window were damaged by fire.
20. A book which gives knowledge is useful.
Exercise No. 10
I)
1. I waited for a long time till (until) he appeared.
The game started after we had arrived at the football field.
2.
Or: The moment we arrived at the football field, the game started.
3. As soon as he arrived at a certain time, I went home.
4. After my father had finished his work, he went home.
5. Immediately I had studied my lessons, I went to bed afterwards.
6. We have done no work since he went a way yesterday.
7. After they had crossed the canal, they attacked the enemy.
8. No sooner had the Egyptian soldiers appeared than the Israeli soldiers disappeared.
9. While I was washing my hands, the telephone rang.
10. The children came while (as) she was sitting at the table.
116
II)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
III)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
The sick pupil forgot every thing on sitting for the exam.
He had not prepared himself before he entered the exam.
After they had prepared every thing, they set out for the picnic.
Immediately on meeting him than he informed him of his success.
When you do your duty, you should not be shamed.
Immediately after attack , they escaped.
No sooner had he reached school than the bell rang.
On speaking to him, he was angry.
Dont write till giving you order. Or: till giving an order to you.
The world has changed since the discovery of the atomic power.
Exercise No. 11
I)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
II)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
as he was tried.
because he failed in the exams.
since her parents were died.
for he has not got any money. Or: for he is poor)
the police arrested him (I called the police).
III)
1.
2.
Because he was tired, he went to bed.
We couldnt study owing to being (presence of) much noise.
Due to the hotness (of the day), they decided to spend it on the beach.
The boy was punished because of his carelessness.
6.
Or: Being careless, the boy was punished.
7. He was put in prison as he behaved badly.
8. As he is intelligent, he could overcome his difficulties.
9. The travelers suffered a great deal as a result of not having enough water.
10. As Egypt is full of monuments, tourists visit it all the year round.
3.
4.
5.
Exercise No. 12
I)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
The doctor cleaned the instruments for fear that he might be afraid the wound would fester .()
Or: The doctor cleaned the instruments lest the wound should be festered.
My uncle left for Europe in the hope that he might find a new job.
He told me a funny story in order that I might forget my sadness.
9.
Or: He told me a funny story in order that he might forget me my sadness.
10. She answered perfectly aiming that (in the hope that) she might get the top prize.
8.
II)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
III)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
The pupils listened carefully so that they might understand the lesson.
He hurried to the station for fear that he might miss the train.
Or: He hurried to the station for fear that (lest) he should miss the train.
My uncle traveled to Europe in order to (aiming to) take a degree.
I study aiming to (to) succeed.
Many of our soldiers sacrificed their lives so that they might free our land.
119
Exercise No. 14
I)
The aero-plane flew so fast that no one could see it.
The mountain is so high that no one could climb it.
The journey was so tiring that I fell asleep.
Or: It was such a tiring journey that I fell asleep.
3.
Or: Such a tiring journey was it that I fell asleep.
Or: So tiring was the journey that I fell asleep.
4. The flowers are so beautiful that it is a shame to pick them.
It was such a boring book that I couldn't finish it.
5.
Or: The book was so boring that I couldn't finish it.
It was such a long flight that we had three meals on board.
6.
Or: The flight was so long that we had three meals on board.
7. It was such pretty dress that I couldn't resist it.
Such large boxes were they that we couldn't send them by air.
They were such large boxes that we couldn't send them by air.
Or:
8.
Or: The boxes were so large that we couldn't send them by air.
He was so fat that he couldn't get through the door.
9.
Or: So fat was he that he couldn't get through the door.
I was so busy that I couldn't answer the telephone.
10. Or: Such a busy man was I that I couldn't answer the telephone.
Or: I was such a busy man that I couldn't answer the telephone.
1.
2.
II)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
120
III)
It is too cold (for us) to go out.
Or: It is not hot enough (for us) to go out.
2. You are clever enough to understand perfectly.
3. It is too dark to see. Or: It is not light enough (for me) to see.
I am too old to wear this kind of hat.
4.
Or: I am not young enough to wear this kind of hat.
5. I am rich enough to buy your whole hotel.
6. He is too ill to eat.
7. You are thin enough to slip between the bars.
8. He was too furious / to speak.
9. Our car is not too narrow to get through those gates.
10. The ice is thick enough (for us) to walk on.
11. He was too drunk to answer.
It is too cold to have breakfast in the garden.
12.
Or: It is not hot enough to have breakfast in the garden.
1.
Exercise No. 15
I)
1.
2. Though the distance was too far, we could cover it in a short time.
3. Even though (Although, Though) the road was bad, they crossed easily.
Even if he was very hungry, he refused to eat.
4.
Or: However very hungry he was, he refused to eat.
Although it is late, we shall stay a little longer.
5.
Or: However late it is, we shall stay a little longer.
6. Though he was highly educated, he behaved unwisely.
7. Although (Though, Even though) I warned him much, he made the same mistakes.
II)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Regardless of (Not with standing) the violent resistance, we could conquer them.
Exercise No. 16
I)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
II)
He lives according to his salary.
He fought bravely.
They carried out the project according to his planning (in accordance with (his) planning).
The child was behaving as if he had been his grandfather.
Salah Eddin was a good warrior ( / )as this book says (tells).
Smoking is forbidden as the police ordered.
6.
Or: As the police ordered, smoking is forbidden.
The student worked in the way (manner) of scientist.
7.
Or: The student worked in a scientific way (manner).
8. Use the plain brush as I told (taught) you.
9. The student of medicine was skilful (skillful) as if he were a doctor in an operation.
10. He spoke foolishly as if (as though) he was mad.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Exercise No. 17
I)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6. The thinner the man is the smaller cloths he will wear.
7. The easier the question is the faster I can answer (solve).
8. He can write as clearly as I do (as Ahmed does) (as I told him) (as I taught him).
II)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Exercise No. 18
1.
2.
I 3.
4.
5.
has
would / had
comes / shall
were / would
had stayed
1.
2.
II 3.
4.
5.
Exercise No. 19
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
123
11. In case of being wise, he would overcome his difficulties.
If we hadn't money, we shouldn't buy our needs.
12.
Or: Providing that we had no money, we shouldn't buy our needs.
13. Having come yesterday, he would have enjoyed the party.
14. With (By) (Incase of) participating (participation) harder, she would become a good musician.
15. If you take these toys away, the children will cry.
16. With taking my advice, you will not go.
17. In case of (By) touching the wire, you will get a nasty shock () .
18. Without going to the doctor, you will not get better.
19. If you look out of the window, you will see a wonderful scene.
If they had not had a terrible weather, they would have climbed the top of the mountain.
20.
Or: Unless they had had a terrible weather, they would have climbed the top of the mountain.
124
Exercise No. 20
II)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
III)
Remember our friendship
I know the reason for her faint.
His innocence is surely.
Her age is her secret.
None knows the owner (of it)
His money source can be guessed (by me). Or: I can guess his money source.
6.
Or: I can guess the way by which he got money.
Migrating
birds have strong wings.
7.
8. Broken cup is useless.
9. Divided house cannot stand.
10. Valuable illustrations are kept in museums.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
125
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
IV)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
127
Exercise No. 21
would
will give
26. whatever
27. large enough
wouldnt make
28.
determination
rains
whatever
whoever
wherever
whichever
would be
had had
had known
had been
would build
listened
hurry
would be
will fall
will catch
shall take
so
was he
However
more
hot enough
were
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
Owing to
In spite of
however
Whatever
equal
what
According to
In accordance with
Owing to
By
too
such
As soon as
when
too
till
had he won
was the doctor
lest
because
since
Even if
II)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
The man driving the car is my brother. Or: My brother is driving the car.
A man in a black coat will meet you at the bus stop.
Do you know the address (whereabouts) of our hotel?
We asked him the reason for selling his car.
Im sorry for not coming in time.
He flew to London to visit his uncle.
The questions were too difficult to answer.
On reaching the moon, the astronauts raised the flag.
He kept his money in the bank in order not to spend it.
Because of the rain, the ground was wet.
He has taken his punishment in a manly way. (as a man, with manliness ..etc).
128
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
129
Exercise No. 22
simple
compound
simple
compound
complex
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
compound
simple
simple
compound
complex
II)
No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
Its kind
noun clause
adjective (relative) clause
adverb clause of time
adverb clause of reason
adjective clause
noun in apposition to subject news
adverb clause of contrast or concession
adverb clause of comparison
adjective clause
adverb clause of purpose
adverb clause of contrast
adverb clause of condition
adverb clause of condition
adverb clause of time
130
References
/ ( English Grammar) .1
.2000
. / ( Basic Grammar ) .2
. / ( Beginner's Grammar) .3
. / .4
. / ( Keys to English Language) .5
6. The Top series Grammer for secondary students by / Edwar Nagi Sedra.
131
132