360 Degree Feedback

360-DEGREE FEEDBACK
A MANAGEMENT TOOL
By Peter Ward
By M Parag
INTRODUCTION
Traditional performance appraisal involves bosses assessing their staff. Yet the people who
actually work with us – peers, subordinates, suppliers and customers – can often provide far more
accurate and useful insights into our strengths, weaknesses and scope for development.
Organisations tap into these vital sources of information through 360-degree feedback, a process
originally developed by NASA to evaluate their space programmes. In this pioneering book,
consultant Peter Ward – who introduced this technique into Tesco – explains its advantages over
other assessment methods and offers detailed practical guidance on implementation. He examines
in turn:
• Where, why and how to adopt 360-degree approaches

• Designing, customizing or buying in questionnaires
• Planning, piloting and validating a new project
• Transforming raw data into effective reports
• Presenting the results and facilitating change
• Issues of confidentiality and the link with the reward
• Lessons in best practice form leading organizations such as the AA, Arco, National Grid and
Total
Introducing 360-degree feedback can loosen up a rigid corporate culture and cast light on the vital
process factors – teamwork, communications, decision-making and morale – that underlie long-
term business success. The essential principles are explained further.
WHAT IS 360-DEGREE FEEDBACK?
What’s In A Name?
360-degree feedback has been labeled by many names as:
• Multi-rater feedback
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• All-round feedback
• 360-degree feedback
• 360-degree appraisal
• Peer appraisal
• Upwards feedback
All these terms represent different ways of describing the same thing. The numbers indicate the
different rater groups used. Thus 180-degree feedback describes top-down and bottom-up
feedback, whereas numbers greater than this imply feedback from more groups across the
organization. The definition, which applies to all these terms, is:
The systematic collection and feedback of performance data on an individual or group, derived
from a number of the stakeholders in their performance.
The data collection is systematic i.e. done in some systematic way via questionnaires or
interviews. This formalizes people’s judgments coming from the natural interactions they have
with each other. There is both a collection and a feedback process; data is gathered and then fed
back to the individual participant in a clear way designed to promote the individual participant in
a clear way designed to promote understanding, acceptance and ultimately changed behaviour.
The performance of either an individual or a group can be measured. The sources of data are
stakeholders in the participant’s (the person being rated) performance. Stakeholders are people
(called ‘respondents’) who are both affected by your performance and deal with the participant
closely enough to be able to answer specific questions about the way you interact with them.

Thus 360-degree feedback symbolizes transition from top-down, single-stakeholder, results-only
measurement to something much more multi-dimensional and process-oriented.
What Does It Actually Measure?
Many organizations have developed sophisticated ways of measuring their success as corporate
entities, the achievements of departments, and teams and the contribution of individuals, which
demonstrate:
• The tendency when assessing individuals to look not just at results achieved – but how they
were achieved
• The increasing emphasis by organizations on measuring employee opinions on a number of
issues, such as communications or morale, achievement of corporate standards of behaviour
or values
• The use of external measures by organizations to assess how others see them from outside,
typically using market research or other forms of survey to ass3ess customer satisfaction.
Some asking for similar feedback from their suppliers.
• The assessment of teams and departments by looking at what happens within the group-
communication and decision0making processes. This data is coupled with the views of
internal customers and others on team quality and service
• The increasing use of business excellence models as part of total quality movement and the
need to have more precise, data-focused ways of measuring them
Any or all of these circumstances may be suitable candidates for 360-degree feedback. In practice
it is used to assess how teams interact with their members and customers, and how individuals
interact with the stakeholders in their performance. Thus managers can be assessed in terms of the
competencies they posses, or more specifically through the detailed behaviors which constitute

them. Besides managers, power and value of 360-degree feedback has made engineers, pilots.
Sales people, human resource professionals, customer service staff, secretaries and supervisors
part of the assessment and feedback process.
Who Does The Assessment?
The answer is “Anyone who works with the participant closely enough to form a view.” The list
of potential respondents is as follows:
• Yourself
• Boss
• Other bosses (previous boss, boss’s own boss etc.)
• Staff
• Team members
• Peers
• Internal customers
• External customers
• Suppliers
• Friends and family members
• Collection of people from a mixture of the groups listed above
Can People’s Perceptions Be Trusted?
Many organisational thinkers believe that perception is a reality. In other words what your
colleagues see you doing or hear you saying is real to them, describes the person you are, and
forms the basis of their opinion about you, it also governs how they respond to you. However
people see only the tip of the iceberg and 360-degree feedback respondents comment only on
what they see, because this for tem is reality. The intentions, background or reasons behind what
they see might be perfectly rational and understandable – but if they remain invisible or
unexplained then people will respond only to what appears on the surface. In 360-degree
feedback there are as many realities as there are respondents.
What Can 360-Degree Feedback Be Used For?
The main uses of 360-degree feedback can be summarized as follows:
• Self-development and individual counseling

• Part of ‘organized’ training and development
• Team-building
• Performance management
• Strategic or organization development
• Validation of training and other initiatives
• Remuneration
What Impact Will 360-Degree Feedback Have On The Organization?
If 360-degree feedback is planned and implemented in a thoughtful manner the impact on the
organization will be very beneficial especially in the following areas:

• Quality and quantity of data: Large amount of detailed information, not hitherto available
on a person’s performance, are generated by 360-degree feedback. The nature and variety of
respondents and the face validity of the activities measured make it much easier for
participants to understand what is said and use it as the basis for change and development.
• Communications: The application of 360-degree feedback is an exercise in open
management. We now have communication upwards and across the organization whereas
before it may have only been downwards.
• Motivation: Organisations introducing 360-degree feedback often find that it has a morale-
boosting effect. The feedback contains a mixture of strengths and areas for development.
Obviously the former can be motivating per se, but for those people who try to change their
behaviour and succeed there is an even greater improvement in morale. Finally, 360-degree
feedback changes attitude to performance, that what gets measured gets done.
• Roles: The role of everyone involved in a 360-degree feedback project is changed –
sometimes subtly, sometimes dramatically. Participants find themselves asking for feedback
information from colleagues. Respondents find themselves in a position of influence over
participant. The boss’s role can change from being the hander down of judgments on
performance based in relatively limited information to being a facilitator, coach, or counselor.
The role implications for human resources function are strategic as well as individual. The
human resources function is in a much better position to measure the success of its strategic
initiatives and to use this information for better planning and implementation I the future.
360-degree feedback also has profound implications for the skills of the individual human
resources practitioner who has to work with the participant as a partner, drawing out his
idea\s, helping him make and implement development plans.
• The customer: 360-degree feedback gives internal as well as external customers the
opportunity to make their views known on such matters as reliability of service, attention to
their needs, communication, problem-solving, and working in partnership.
What Types Of Information Are Produced?
How quickly can a 360-Degree Feedback Project Be Carried Out?
The various stages in the 360-degree feedback process are as follows:

The minimum time required for first five stages is two months, and that is after the project has
been planned and communicated. The whole process from initial idea to the observation of a
permanent improvement in performance, can take up to a year, and if any one stage is neglected
then the results can be disappointing.
Why has 360-Degree Feedback Become So Popular Recently?
The following four forces have encouraged the rapid growth of 360-degree feedback in the recent
years:
• Changes in the roles of the employee and what the organization expects of the employee such
as Encouragement given to collaboration and team working, continuous improvements,
reduction in employee numbers and levels of management, flexibility etc.
• An emphasis on measurement within orgnisations to assess views, suggestions, attitudes,
motivations, morale, personalities, aptitude, skills, potential and career ambitions of
employees
• The influence of new management concepts
• Management attitudes and receptiveness

A COMPARISON BETWEEN 360-DEGREE AND
OTHER MEAUREMENT TOOLS

THE USES AND APPLICATIONS OF 360-DEGREE
FEEDBACK
Some uses of 360-degree feedback carry more risks than others. The implications differ with each
use. However beginning the project with the understanding of the potential pitfalls helps to ensure
the chance of success.

Some applications of 360-degree feedback can be summarized as follows:
• Self-development and individual counseling: With 360-degree feedback for self-

development, the responsibility for action lies more with the participant. The organization
should take as supportive role in the provisos of solutions
o Pitfalls
Participant may react badly to feedback
Requires clear briefing and skilled one-to-one facilitation
Participant may not complete or carry out their action plan
o Opportunities
Participants are very keen to learn and devote more time to a deep
understanding of the feedback and its implications
Opportunity for building a close and effective relationship between facilitator
or with others who might be involved in the process, e.g. mentors or boss
• Part of ‘organized’ training and development: Many organizations now see 360-degree
feedback as part of formal training programs which allows participants to use other course
delegates as a resource
o Pitfall
People might feel threatened to receive feedback in a group setting
Lack of time for facilitation and reflection
Trained facilitators are required
o Opportunities
Formal sessions can be run in which the participants can share their data an
tap into each other’s experience and skills
Opportunity to share needs and development plan son an informal basis
• Team building: Team feedback is a relatively new development that that presents a number
of opportunities for improved team working
o Pitfalls
Individual team member feedback can be threatening

Pressure on team members to share or discus feedback with others in a team-
building session
Skilled facilitators are required
o Opportunities
Feedback can be gathered before any team event happens
Capable of being turned into concrete actions from which the team or its
members will benefit
• Performance/appraisal management: To make the best use of 360-degree feedback in
performance appraisal, managers have to adopt different types of observation and coaching
skills through proper training
o Pitfalls
Might promote a culture of tale-telling, putting the boot in, and over-criticism
Some appraising mangers might have difficulty in adapting t the new role
demanding
• Concentration on processes as well as results
• Being more observant than they otherwise might be
• Describing the tip of the iceberg of the performance
• Acting as a facilitator
o Opportunities
Results in performance improvement
Promote self-awareness for the participant
Encourage self-development
Clarifies problems
Stimulates change
Builds participant’s confidence
Reinforces useful behaviors
• Strategic or organization development: Some organizations are using the technique as a
driver of culture change
o Pitfalls
Requires signal from the top management
Risk of disillusionment resulting from failed promises of a better tomorrow
o Opportunities
Crates altered relationships in terms of more supportive management and
better team working
Changes attitude to performance
Changes the ways in which people give and receive feedback
Helps to establish the concept of the internal customer
• Evaluation/validation of training and development: 360-degree feedback can be used to
evaluate training initiatives. The four areas of analysis used for evaluation of training
methods are reaction, learning, behaviour and results. 360-degree feedback presents a great
opportunity to improve the analysis of behaviour and results
• Remuneration: There are cases for (performance and process relate data) and against (biased
feedback) using 360-degree feedback to determine pay
• Total Quality Management: 360-degree feedback approach makes the people and team
issues within total quality easier to get grips with, by acting as a catalyst for changes in
performance and the adoption of a new culture

QUESTIONNAIRE DESIGN
Why Design You Own Questionnaire?
The decision to design your own questionnaire or not depends on the situation at hand as
described in the following table:
Standard test can often provide a guarantee of reliability, which in-house versions cannot do. The
value of questionnaire customization is that one small change to a measurement tool can have a
large effect on performance.
Specification
The following questions need to be answered to ensure the eventual validity of the whole 360-
degree feedback project:
• What are the overall objectives?

• What are the specific objectives?
• Are there any other sub-objectives?
• Who are the target population?
• How many participants?
• Who will be the respondents?
• How many respondents?
• What demographic data is required to be gathered?
• What is the style and culture of the organization?
• How technologically advanced is the organization?

• What precious experiences of 360-degree feedback exist>?
• What will be its likely reception?
• What other ways of measuring performance exist?
• Is the feedback to link in with other HR processes?
Design: Establish Content Domain
In designing questionnaires, the precise purpose should be identified before content domain,
competencies and communication style are considered; the purpose will have a direct effect on
design. The following questions need to be answered:
• Are competencies or other categories available?

• If so, what do I need to do to verify them?
• If not, what techniques sho8uld I use to establish content domain?
An example list of competencies and definitions is as follows:

Decide The Level Of Specificity Of Items
A behavioural item shows how a participant is acting to demonstrate an aspect of the competency.
The specification of an item can be arrived at by using the “Hierarchy of Behaviour” approach
with the most general at tee top and the mot detailed at the bottom as illustrated below:
Design The Item Pool
When designing questionnaire, specific guidelines can be followed to increase the effect of the
instrument. Some of these guidelines are:
• Begin each sentence with a verb

• Achieve the right item length (five to ten words)
• Describe one behaviour at a time
• Use ‘and’ or ‘or’ carefully
• Use appropriate language
• Minimise judgmental expressions
• Address the reader (if necessary)
• Relate items to competencies
• Use ‘demonstrate’ and ‘show’ sparingly
Decide The Number Of Items
Questionnaire lengths vary tremendously ranging form 10 items to 200. With many organizations
360-degree feedback need contain only 25-70 questions. Whatever be the final number of
questions, it is a good idea to develop an item pool of at least 25 percent more items than are
required.

Design Scales
Frequency, effectiveness, importance and agreement scales can be used for the measurement of
rated questions. The use of dual scales (current and expected performance), appropriate scale
lengths (four to ten points on a scale) and odd or even number of elements on a scale also
contributes to the overall effectiveness of the questionnaire.
Design Open-Ended Questions
Open-ended questions help respondents to use their own words and give examples when
describing a participant’s behaviour.
Design Administrative Documents
The instructions for completion and distribution of the questionnaire and communication both to
participants and respondents are important to the overall validity of the 360-degree feedback
project. Te communication to the participants should include the following:
• An explanation of the purpose of the project

• What the information will be used for?
• How to choose respondents?
• How to approach tem?
• Timescales
VALIDATION AND PILOTING
Validation is the process of gathering evidence that a 360-degree feedback process does what it is
designed to do. It can be divided into issues of reliability, validity and utility.
Reliability
Reliability is the ability of the assessment methods to measure consistently and accurately; that is
its ability to ‘reflect the truth’. Accuracy is the ability of a 360-degree feedback instrument to
pinpoint exactly how well a subject performs important aspects of their work. Consistency is
concerned with the ability of a 360-degree feedback instrument to return the same results if
measuring the same thing. Unreliability is visible through fluctuations in scores, and by score not
reflecting what is known form other measures. Three possible source of variation are:
• Human factors
• Contextual changes
• Measurement error
When designing and implementing a 360-degree feedback instrument we have some degree of
control over the measurement error, and through the use of pilot studies we aim to eliminate
fluctuations in scores that are due to measurement error.

Validity
Validity is about whether an instrument accurately measures what it is supposed to, and whether
its use is relevant to the situation. The following sub-issues of validity are inextricably linked to
each other:
• Reliability
• Content validity: This is the ability of the instrument to cover the appropriate domain
• Construct validity: This covers the ability of the instrument to measure a particular
theoretical concept
• Concurrent validity: This covers the ability of the instrument to measure performance
accurately
Utility
Related to validity and reliability is the question of whether a measurement instrument is cost
effective or not. Is the increase in performance yielded by the use of the instrument worth more
than the money spent on developing and implementing it?
Practical Steps In Validation
Validation should take place at each stage of the design cycle, rather than at just one point. Some
organizations are unwilling to invest in rigorous validation. However proper validation makes
360-degree feedback easier to justify internally and defend externally. The following activities
complete the validation process:
• Examine the item pool

• Ensure complete coverage of content domain
• Specify the protocol
• Decide on a criterion (an alternative measurement of job performance which is used to test
the concurrent validity of the instrument)
o Output data
o Personnel data
o Subjective data
• Conduct pilot(s)
• Gather feedback on problems
• Prepare final form and manual
• Frequency analysis
• Item response percentage
• Intercorrelation of items
• Factor analysis
• Demographic cuts of the data
• Examine criterion validity
• Examine utility
• Establish norms
• Evaluation

DATA COLLECTION, REPORT FROMATS AND
REPORT-PROCESSING
Data processing can be done in-house or by using an external bureau service. Yet the choice of
whether to go in-house rests on cost, resource and issues of perceived confidentiality. The
following questions should be answered to decide whether to process in-house or externally:
• Do the projected usage and frequency justify in-house processing over a bureau service?
• What extra resources will I need for administration, technical support etc.?
• What are the actual and apparent implications for confidentiality of going in-house?
The bureau service should be selected based on the following:
• What report formats are aba9lable?

• What data collection methods can be accommodated?
• What is the turnaround time?
• Do they do emergency processing?
• What methods of delivery are required to and from the processing center?
• What is the price?
• What exactly do I get for the money?
• What are their quality control procedures?
• What is their track record on reliability?
Methods of data collection can be paper questionnaires, disks or networks. Many different report
formats arte available in varying degrees of clarity and detail. They can be graphical, numerical,
textual or a combination of these. Some of them are shown below:

There are a number of ways in which report can include summarised information (summaries,
explanatory sheets. Report formats have different ways of assuring the respondent’s anonymity.
Te selection of an in-house report-processing system should address the following issues:
• Data collection: What means of data collection is/are employed?

o Scannable forms or hand entry from paper questionnaires
o Disk-based
o Networkable
• Questionnaire customization
o Are a pre-set competency framework and questions already built into the software?
o How easily can they be changed?
o If questionnaires can be customized what are the limits to ye number of the
competencies and items?
o If there is an item bank of pre-written questions available, how were they developed
and validated?
o What are the choices on scale s available?
o What are t5eh limitation on the number, type and titles of respondents
• Report formats
o What main types of format are available?
o What capacity is there for further customization?
o Is colour printing available?
o Can reports be shown on screen as well as in hard copy?
o Can reports (and questionnaires) be printed in foreign languages?
o Do reports contain ready-made development suggestions, and if so to what level of
detail?
• Processing and administration
o What internal resources are require to administer questionnaires, and for tracking,
report processing and printing?
o How user-friendly is the software to operate?
o What provisions exist within the software to safeguard anonymity and
confidentiality?
o Can these be overridden?
• Support
o What experience does the supplier have of 360-degree feedback in general?
o What training is given for installation?
o What subsequent technical support is available?
o Doe the supplier operate their own bureau service?
o What is the supplier’s policy on enhancements?
o What is their policy on re-programming?
o Is the supplier qualified to advice on bets practice?
o Can the supplier provide training in facilitation?
• Purpose
o Is the system a stand-alone 360-degree feedback system or does t include either HR
systems, e.g. Competency modeling?
o Can it link with my own HR systems?
• Price
o Does the price match our purpose and usage?
o Is there a license fee?
o Is this one-off or renewable?
o Is there a click price?

o What is the installation fee?
o Is there a training fee?
o Is consultancy support provided?
o Is there a maintenance fee?
o What optional extras are available and what is their cost?
o Are there any other guarantees or warranties?
• Other issues
o How was the software tested?
o Who is currently using it?
FACILITATION AND ACTION-PLANNING
The tem ‘facilitator’ means ‘someone who makes things easier facilitation of 360-degree
feedback presents different challenges to the facilitator. Key facilitator competencies are vision,
dealing with others, critical thinking and communication as illustrated below:

The PCPC model in which both the facilitator an the participant carry out a balance between them
of al the four activities is as follows:
Facilitating feedback involves planning and preparation as well as interpersonal skills.

Facilitating feedback for individuals entails t5eh following the following activities to be
performed by the facilitator:
• Preparation
• Explain the purpose of feedback
o Who is to see the information?
o How this will happen?
o Arrangements or suggestions for sharing information with others
o Will participant have a choice of what data they reveal?
o The rules to be observed on respecting anonymity of respondents
• Explain facilitator’s role
o Facilitator’s position in the organization (or outside it)
o Any experience facilitator have had of being on the receiving end
o How facilitator came to be in the position of facilitator (selection, training etc.)
o How facilitator intend to carry out his role
• Explain the purpose of the session (following list is in ascending order of ambitiousness)
o To hand over the report
o To explain what the graphs and numbers represent
o To help the participant identify significant areas, e.g. Uniformly high or low scores,
or discrepancies between sources from different groups
o To help the participant understand what these mean
o To help the participant how they will clarify some of the areas for improvement
o To help the participant think of ways in which they will improve their performance
o To help the participant communicate to others how they will change and what
changes to look for

• Agree a timescale
• Introductory comments
o Ask the participant what they thought of the process, their choice of respondents, or
how it was communicated
o Ask if they have had experience of feedback from other psychometric instruments,
and, if so, what it was
o Remind them of the questionnaire (show a copy if necessary)
o Ask them what they expect their results to look like
o Ask tem how good at self-insight they think they are
o Ask them to say what was in their last performance appraisal
• Clarify responsibility (onus on participant)
• Give advice
• Avoid generalities (Facilitator should keep asking to the participant the following)
o What can or will you do about it?
o How will you put this into practice?
o What will people see you doing or hear you saying when you have improved
• Focus on priorities or the ‘domino effect’ (Improvements in one area can have a knock-on
effect on other areas
• Seek clarification
• Handle conflict
o Balance bad news with good
o Look at what the person does rather than talk about ‘bad points’
o If they wish to rationalize, let them get it out of their system. Then explain that good
or bad, accurate or inaccurate, justified or not, this is what people actually see
o Do not identify with the report. Facilitator is not the originator of information so he
should not be defensive
o Do not be pushed into providing answers.
o If something is not known - say so
• Don’t forget the good news
• The high performers
o High performers set their own standards
o High performers thrive on feedback
o Facilitate a discussion on how high performers can develop a role in the organization
as a mentor
• Know when to stop
• Twenty one ways of avoiding feedback
o Denial/resignation
o Attack
o Rationalise
Facilitating team 360-degree feedback entails the following activities on the part of the facilitator:
• Facilitating individual team member skills

• Facilitating team data
There arte various ways, such as providing commentaries, of augmenting the facilitation session.
Facilitator training is very crucial to develop the various skills described above.

Action-Planning
Action planning involves converting our understanding of the feedback into o a written
commitment to action. Essentially the participant should be planning two types of action:
behaviour and development. A useful action-planning format for behaviors would include:
• Strengths that can be contributed

• Areas that can be developed
• Priority areas to be improved
A development plan might include the following:
• Skill or competency to be developed

• Learning method to be used
• Other people involved (mentors or coaches)
• Standards of performance required
• Target date for completion
Action planning, including development planning, requires attention not only to detail but also to
prioritization.
PLANING AND IMPLEMENTING A 360-DEGREE

FEEDBACK PROJECT
The stages in implementing a 360-degree feedback project are:
• Learning about the subject: This means finding out about the subject by researching it,
experimenting and piloting
o Research
Reading
Benchmarking
Talking to test publishers and consultants
o Experimentation
Use standard instruments
Be systematic
o Piloting
Prelude to large-scale implementation
Test out or ‘de-bug’ most of the aspects of the final system
• Establish purpose and result: This can mean revisiting the analysis done when designing
the questionnaire and making sure that the various layers of objectives are still valid
• Identify and define the project stages
o Design
o Piloting
o Validation

o Data collection
o Processing
o Post-assessment support
o Rollout
• Establish roles and responsibilities
o The boss
o The facilitator
o The project manager
o The champion (Influential person)
• Establish and implement project controls: This involves identifying pitfalls and ensuring
that all parties understand benchmark of best practice. The following ‘hiccups’ can be
avoided by good planning and implementation:
o People get cold feet
o People react poorly to the results
o Raters hold back from providing frank feedback
o Too much attention to technology
o Flavour of the month (“Its just another craze”)
• Evaluate and create organisational learning, in other words make sure that the lessons
learned from the project are not forgotten and are available for use
THE FUTURE
Possible future applications of 360-degreef feedback include remuneration, strategic
organisational analysis and as an aid to creating open cultures. The use of 360-degree feedback in
strategic analysis is symbolized by the following, which gives us invaluable information for
strategic decision-making:

Some organizations will bring 360-degree feedback processes in-house, and the role of external
providers may change. The technique will be linked o other systems to create integrated human
resources applications. New parts of ten organisations will experience 360-degree feedback, but
not all. Technology will be a major driver of progress in 360-degree feedback, particularly the
development of artificial intelligence, which would categorize 36-degree feedback into following
three levels:
• Diagnostic (Majority of current systems are diagnostic)

• Prescriptive (Basic artificial intelligence linking knowledge about interventions to improve a
given behaviour to the results of an assessment)
• Active (Active use of artificial intelligence to assist the management of human resources
through a monitoring process, use of Internet or intranets etc.)
CONCLUSION
Thus 360-degree feedback can be a powerful, effective and permanent component of human
resources management, seen as indispensable by those who use it. Companies like ‘The
Automobile Association’, ‘ARCO’, ‘Total Oil Marine PLC’, ‘PRC/Litton Industries’ and
‘London Borough of Croydon’ have greatly benefited from implementation of 360-degree
feedback project. However the following guidelines should be followed to make the best use of
360-degree feedback:
• Do seek out what is best practice and follow it

• Don’t be tempted to cut corners for the sake of expediency, or confuse best practice with the
current practice
• Do see 360-degree feedback as a system with many parts needing equal attention
• Don’t concentrate on the easier or more interesting parts at the expense of briefing,
facilitation and post-assessment support
• Do see it as a measurement tool which has many applications if use appropriately
• Don’t view it as an end in itself or panacea
• Do keep your promises in anonymity and confidentiality
• Don’t allow these to be compromised by people or systems
• Do keep your promises on what the technique will be used for
• Don’t use it for purposes for which it was not advertised or intended
• Do introduce it into the organization in a planned and, if necessary, gradual way
• Don’t try to do things too quickly
• Do expect that I t will cause ripples in the organization, both before and after implementation
• Don’t assume that it will be universally welcomed
• Do use it regularly
• Don’t see it as a one-off exercise

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360-DEGREE FEEDBACK

• Where, why and how to adopt 360-degree approaches

WHAT IS 360-DEGREE FEEDBACK?

360-degree feedback has been labeled by many names as:

© www.hrfolks.com All Rights Reserved

© www.hrfolks.com All Rights Reserved

What Does It Actually Measure?

© www.hrfolks.com All Rights Reserved

Who Does The Assessment?

Can People’s Perceptions Be Trusted?

What Can 360-Degree Feedback Be Used For?

The main uses of 360-degree feedback can be summarized as follows:

• Self-development and individual counseling

What Impact Will 360-Degree Feedback Have On The Organization?

© www.hrfolks.com All Rights Reserved

What Types Of Information Are Produced?

How quickly can a 360-Degree Feedback Project Be Carried Out?

The various stages in the 360-degree feedback process are as follows:

© www.hrfolks.com All Rights Reserved

Why has 360-Degree Feedback Become So Popular Recently?

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© www.hrfolks.com All Rights Reserved

• Self-development and individual counseling: With 360-degree feedback for self-

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Why Design You Own Questionnaire?

• What are the overall objectives?

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Design: Establish Content Domain

• Are competencies or other categories available?

An example list of competencies and definitions is as follows:

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Design The Item Pool

• Begin each sentence with a verb

Decide The Number Of Items

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Design Open-Ended Questions

Design Administrative Documents

• An explanation of the purpose of the project

VALIDATION AND PILOTING

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Practical Steps In Validation

• Examine the item pool

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The bureau service should be selected based on the following:

• What report formats are aba9lable?

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• Data collection: What means of data collection is/are employed?

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FACILITATION AND ACTION-PLANNING

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Facilitating feedback involves planning and preparation as well as interpersonal skills.

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• Facilitating individual team member skills

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• Strengths that can be contributed

A development plan might include the following:

• Skill or competency to be developed

PLANING AND IMPLEMENTING A 360-DEGREE

The stages in implementing a 360-degree feedback project are:

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• Diagnostic (Majority of current systems are diagnostic)