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PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY-I
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.1
crust. These have provided highly valuable findings related to geology, geo-chemistry
and geophysics in understanding not only the earths crustal dynamics but also the
contents of earths crust. To be specific, since 1960s these discoveries have given
substantial scientific understanding of upper crustal plates i.e. the continents and
ocean basins with little more down ward crust all together movement along the cracks
which are found on earths crust.
understand the elements and principles of theory of plate tectonics while touching
briefly other associated factors. It must be remembered that, the whole concept of
crustal movements i.e. plate tectonics was hypothesis in sixties but due to substantial
empirical findings of American and European Geologists and other Earth scientists
now it is a well known and applied theory in the field fo Earth Sciences including
physical Geography.
4.2
divided into large segments on plates. The plates are approximately 100 km thick and
therefore include the Earths crust together with part of the upper mantle, but measure
several thousand kilometers across.
Fig.1
According to findings, that there are six major plates and there are about 20
minor plates (See Fig.1) Plates move over the face of the Earth either they move
away from one adjacent plate, towards the another and between further pair. These
plate movements result in three types of plate boundary (See Fig.2).
(a)
A
transform fault margins. It appears that this kind of shear zone plate boundaries
occur near junction of mid oceanic ridges. A careful study of Fig. No.1 shows such
shear zones of plates ex. In South Pacific where Antarctic northern plate boundary
meets Nazaca plate and American Southern plate boundaries. One such shear zone
happens in South Atlantic and South Indian Oceanic mid ocean ridges meeting
Antarctic plate boundary respectively.
4.3
Fig.3
The oceanic crust moves in opposite directions from mid oceanic ridges and
thus there is continuous upwelling of new mouton materials (Lava) along the mid
oceanic ridges. This according to these those molten lavas cool down and solidify to
form a new crust along the traiting ends of divergent plates of mid oceanic ridges
(oceanic crust). Thus there is a continuous creation of new crust along the mid
oceanic ridges. This proves that sea floor spreads along the mid-oceanic ridges and
the expanding crusts (plates) are destroyed along the oceanic trenches. These facts
prove that the continents and oceanic basins are in constant motion.
4.3.2 Magnetic Profiles along ridges :
W.G. Vine and Eard Mathews have conducted the magnetic survey of the
central part of Carlsberg ridge in Indian Ocean and computed the magnetic profiles on
the basis of general magnetism, when they compared the computed magnetic
anomalies plotted on the basis actual data obtained during the survey and they found
that there is sizeable difference between the two profiles.
magnetic profiles on the basis of alternate bonds of normal and reverse magnetism in
separate stripes of 20 km width on either side of the ridge, they found complete
parallelism between the computed profiles and observed profiles (See. Fig. 4). This
figure shows the position of magnetic stripes on either side of the mid oceanic ridge
along with their time scale of their formation.
Fig.4
Such magnetic
4.4
Fig.5
This second Pangea broke around 200 m.y. BP in the early Jurassic period and
Africa detached from N. America and drifted away. The zone of sea floor spreading
continued to extend towards north and south. The separation of South America and
Africa was accomplished during middle Cretaceous period.
Europe began to move away from each other (See Fig. No.6).
Opening of North America was accomplished in many phases.
After the
separation of N. America from Africa, Europe and Greenland broke away from
Labrador during late Cretaceous period (80 m.y. BP) and thus Labrador was formed.
This newly formed sea continued to remain for sometime as northern extension of the
Atlantic Ocean. Labrador Sea and N. Atlantic continued to expand between Europe
and Greenland upto middle Miocene period because the European and American
plates continued to move eastward and westward respectively.
Fig.6
Indian Ocean did not exist before Cretaceous period. Indian plate began to
move towards Eurasian Asiatic plate through Tethys sea and Australian Antarctic
plates after breaking away from African plate began to move south ward during
Cretaceous period.
sequence of the evolution of the Indian Ocean on the basis of magnetic anomalies.
According to them Indian plate began to move north wards at the rate of 18 cm per
year. At the same time Antarctica Plate broke way from Australia. Thus the Pacific
Ocean began to shrink in size because of the expansion of Atlantic and India Oceans.
There are two specific case studies which prove further the plate tectonics (1)
Red sea is spreading at the rate of total 2 cm per year since 3-4 million years. In fact
Red Sea and Gulf of Aden are located at the Junction of three plates namely Nubian
plate, Somali plate and Arabian Plate. In the course of geological history in post
Tertiary times Nubian and Somali plates are separated Ethiopian fault. West Asian
frequent Earthquake phenomena are linked to movement of these plates.
4.5
neighbourhoods including Indian ocean and Australia are one of the major plates i.e.
Indian Plate. This plate is moving in northerly direction, and this plate movement
since 200 million years has pushed Indian plate against Eurasian plate. Consequently
West Ocean existed in between Eurasia and Gondwana (India particularly) shrunk, its
sea folded beds raised and formed the mighty Himalayas. According to Geologists
still Himalayas are rising by a few cms per year which is due to plate tectonics.
However, according to recent geophysical investigations Indian plate has shear
zones in its eastern sides and strikes against Pacific plate (S.E. Asian side). This leads
to violent earthquakes often worst Tsunamis for ex. 2007 Banda Ach This destroyed a
portion of Andaman Nicobar Islands which is also the last point of India. Indira point
(former Pigmelian point) is drowned and it is in deep waters of S.E. Bay of Bengal. In
this zone we have our lonely dormant volcanoeBarren Island which is located
towards NE of Port Blair in Andamans.
Fig.7
In its Western neighbourhood Indian plate had shear zones of Arabian and
Somali plate of African plate (See Fig.7). Though the later forms divergent plate
boundary under Red Sea zone, Arabian plate has impacts on minor collision with
Indian plate. It appears that a very high magnitude earth quake which took place in
2001 in Gujarat has link with this side plate tectonics. On to its southern most plate
boundary as it is a divergent boundary, Indian plate has relatively peaceful crustal
conditions. However, seismologists, are of the opinion that the Indian continental
plate i.e. peninsular Indian is getting older which may tringer geological lineaments as
active earthquake zones in years to come.