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Turbine Propulsion
Presentation is Divided
into Three Chapters
Chapter 1
Gas Turbine Engine 101
Newtons Third
Law of Motion
states Every
action has an
equal and
opposite
reaction.
For example, if
a 200 pound
man jumps off
the back of a
200 pound
boat, the man
and the boat
will move in
equal distance.
Newtons
Second Law of
Motion states
Force equals
mass
accelerated.
The greater the
quantity of air
the jet engine
accelerates the
larger the
amount of
thrust being
produced.
Newtons Third
Law of Motion
states Every
action has an
equal and
opposite
reaction.
Action; jet
exhaust going
through the jet
engine.
Reaction; jet
engine is
propelled
forward.
Bernoullis Principle
Bernoullis Principle
says air that moves
through a tube that
decreases in diameter
(convergent duct) will
increase in velocity and
decrease in pressure.
Air that moves through
a tube that increases in
diameter (divergent
duct) will decrease in
velocity and increase in
pressure.
Balanced Forces
Balanced Forces
Unbalanced forces
are forces on an
object that are not
the same in all
directions. During
operation a jet engine
pushes gases out the
exhaust nozzle. This
makes an unbalanced
force towards the
front of the engine.
Unbalanced
Increasing Thrust
Increasing Thrust
Increase the speed of the exhaust gases.
Increasing Thrust
Increase the quantity of the exhaust
gases.
COMBUSTION CASE
FRONT FLANGE
COMBUSTION
CASE REAR
FLANGE
ENERGY
HP TURBINE
SECTION
COMBUSTION CHAMBER
COMBUSTOR INTERFACES
CENTER VENT
TUBE
TURBINE FRAME
Turbojet or Straightjets
Turbofan or Fanjet
Turboprop or Propjets
Turbojet or Straightjets
A gas turbine
engine that uses
only thrust
developed within
the engine to
produce propulsive
force. Have no
other features
such as fan,
propeller or free
turbine.
Turbojet or straightjets
Turbojet or straightjets
Characteristics of
Turbojets
Conventional
Wasp Waist
Turboprop
When the
exhaust gases
from the basic
part of a turbojet
(often called gas
generators) are
used to rotate an
additional turbine
that drives a
propeller through
a speed reduction
gear system, the
engine becomes a
turboprop.
Turboprop
Types of Turboprops
Types of Turboprops
Types of Turboprops
Turboshaft
Turboshaft
Turbofan
Turbofan
Turbofan
Turbofan
Turbofan
Bypass ratio
2 Main Categories of
Bypass Engines
2 Main Categories of
Bypass Engines
2 Principal Configurations
of a turbofan
Lighter weight
Thrust
Net Thrust
Fn = M + (Pe
(Pe--Po)Ae
Fn = (Me(Me-Mo) + (Pe
(Pe--Po)Ae
Gross Thrust
Reverse Thrust
Reverse Thrust
TSFC =
Wf
Fn
Airborne Measuring
Devices
FAN SPEED
CORE ENGINE
ENGINE
SPEED
PRESSURE RATIO
EXHAUST GAS
TEMPERATURE
Airborne Measuring
Devices
Subsonic, Sonic,
Supersonic Gas Flow
Gas Generator
Components of a Gas
Turbine Engine
Inlet Duct
Compressor
Combustion Chamber
Turbine
Exit Nozzle
Turbofan/Turbojet Inlet
Duct Subsonic
Turbofan/Turbojet Inlet
Duct Supersonic
Turbofan/Turbojet Inlet
Duct Supersonic
Turbofan/Turbojet Inlet
Duct Supersonic
Components of a Gas
Turbine Engine
Compressor
Components of a Gas
Turbine Engine
Compressor Module
Compressor Module
--compressor
--compressor drive shaft
--compressor
--compressor blades
--rotor
--rotor blades
--stator
--stator blades
--compressor
--compressor disc or drums
Components of a Gas
Turbine Engine
3 Types of Compressors
Centrifugal Flow Compressor 1st type developed
Axial Flow Compressor type most widely used
-- Single Spool
-- Dual Spool
Centrifugal--Axial Flow Compressor
Centrifugal
Gas Generator
Diffuser Section
FAN FRAME
TURBINE FRAME
HP SHAFT
LP SHAFT
-swirl type
or multiple
type
COMBUSTION
CASE
COMBUSTION
CASE REAR
FLANGE
COMBUSTION
CASE FRONT
FLANGE
HP TURBINE
SECTION
COMBUSTION
CHAMBER
Combustion chambers
Can type
Combustion chambers
Annular type
Combustion chambers
CanCan-annular type
Components of a Gas
Turbine Engine
Turbine
Components of a Gas
Turbine Engine
Exit Nozzle
Nozzle
Fixed geometry
Nozzle
Variable
geometry
Chapter 2
Engine Systems of Industrys
Current Engines
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
Boost Pumps
Filters
Main Fuel Pump
Fuel control unit
Fuel shut off valve
Staging valve (for fuel spray nozzle in duplex
type)
Fuel Manifolds
Fuel Spray Nozzle
Boost Pumps
Filters
Fuel Filters
FCU
Staging Valve
STAGING VALVE
Fuel Manifolds
Ignition Exciter
Igniter Leads
Igniter Plugs
IGNITION LEAD
ASSEMBLY (2)
IGNITIOIN GENERAL
Ignition Exciters
CFM56-5B Ignition
CFM56Exciters
ELECTRICAL
CONNECTOR
SYSTEM A
EXCITERS
IGNITION
LEADS
ELECTRICAL
CONNECTOR
SYSTEM B
IGNITION EXCITERS
Ignition Distribution
System
CFM56-5B Ignition
CFM56Distribution System
RB211-535E4 Accessory
RB211Cooling System
FORWARD MOUNT
AFT MOUNT
COOLING AIR REAR
INLETS
TURBINE CASE
COOLING AIR INLET
PRESSURE RELIEF
DOOR
INLET COWL
AIR OUTLET
CFM56-5B Compressor
CFM56Bleed Control System
Components of the
Engine Control System
RB211-535E4
RB211Engine Control System
THRUST REVERSE
LEVER
FORWARD THRUST
LEVER
CONTROL
CALBE
FUEL CONTROL
UNIT
ATA 77 Engine
indicating System
Common Indicating
Parameters
ECAM or EICAS
CFM56-5B Engine
CFM56Exhaust System
ATA 79 Engine
Lubricating System
Common Components of
oil System
Oil tank
Pressure Pump
Scavenge Pump
Filters
CFM56-5B Engine
CFM56Lubricating System
CFM56-5B Engine
CFM56Lubricating System
Common Components of
oil System
Oil tank
Pressure Pump
Scavenge Pump
Filters
CFM56-5B Components of
CFM56oil System
CFM56-5B Engine
CFM56Lubricating System
CFM56-5B Engine
CFM56Lubricating System
Types of Starters
CFM56-5B Pneumatic
CFM56Starter
Starting
Chapter 3
Innovations in Gas Turbine
Propulsion
Future Technology
MTU
Active Core Program
1.
2.
3.
4.
Intercooled Core
Intercooled Recuperated Core
Flow Controlled Core
Active Core
Intercooled Core
Typical Intercooled
Engine
Intercooler Modules
around Engine Core
Intercooled Recuperated
Core
This concept exploits the heat of the engine exhaust gas and
maximizes the heat pick up capacity of the combustor inlet air
by intercooling in front of the HP compressor
The IRA cycle already will use significant benefits from a
further increase in propulsive and thermal efficiency with a
potential of up to 20% fuel consumption/CO2 emission
reduction
Tech Insertion
Requirements
Effects
Design Features:
Benefits
o
o
Design Features:
Benefits
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
Design Features:
Benefits:
Improved performance
Lower Fuel Burn
Longer time on wing
Blade contour improves performance
Improved durability
Reduced interaction losses
between high and low
pressure turbines
o
o
o
Design Features:
Advanced Coatings
Improved cooling
Benefits:
Improved durability
Lower Scrap rate
Fewer repairs
Blade contour improves performance
Technology Insertion
Completed
Engines with Tech Insertion already in
Service Since October 2007
Applicability; A320 Family and B737
International Aero
Engines
V2500 Select One
Design Improvements
HP Compressor Upgrade
Aerodynamic Modifications
Mechanical modifications
Elliptical leading edge and improved
surface finish of HPC blades
HP Turbine Upgrade
LP Turbine Upgrade
International Aero
Engines
V2500 Select One Design Improvements
V2500 Select One Flight Test
Abstract
Function
Function
Function
Function
Function
Function
Reduction Gears
GE Aero Engines
GEnx
GenEx
Data from GE
Data from GE
GEnx Revolutionary
Turbine
GEnx use materials, coatings and architectures
that revolutionize turbine technology.
The job of the high and low pressure turbines
is to extract work from core flow.
Recent improvement in design codes and turbine
blade architecture now enables less blades to do
more efficient job, simultaneously reducing cost
and weight.
The bulk of the engine maintenance cost is driven by the life of the
turbine components. BY including the use of new, more temperature
capable materials and reducing the severity of the experience. The
design will feature unique powered metal rotors, specialized
coatings, enhancing cooling techniques and new blade materials,
delivering a turbine with the right balance of performance and
extended life.
GE Aero Engines
GEnx Timeline
GEnx Testing