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y
C
Mohr
f
A
Mohr-Coulomb
A Failure does not occur
B Failure occurs
C Failure never happen
x
Saturated soil
Failure
envelope
3
f
f
3
f
3
f
2
1
1
Loading
plate
L
T
h
Shear box
Sample
Porous stone
Method of test :
Stress-controlled Test
Peak shear strength
Strain-controlled Test
Peak shear strength and Residual shear strength
3
2
1
1
2
3
dense
Residual shear strength
loose
Compression
Expansion
= constant
L
+
Dense sand
H
L
Loose sand
Shear displacement
Example
Direct shear test on a clean compacted sand. Shear box with
dimension of 250 x 250 mm2. The results as follow:
Normal force (kN)
5,00 10,00
11,25
4,90
9,80
11,00
3,04
6,23
6,86
80
160
180
78,4 156,8
176
48,6
99,7 109,8
(kN/m2)
Peak stress
Residual
stress
(kN/m2)
From the above figure
Triaxsial Test
The most reliable method to determine the shear strength
parameter of soil
Commonly use for site investigation for civil construction and for
research
v
h
h
v
Applied stresses:
1 = major principal stress
3 = minor principal stress
2 = 3 = confining stress
= 1 - 3 = deviator stress
1
z
3
x
y
2
1
3
3
3
3
3
3
3 + = 1
3 (confining
pressure)
Deviator stress,
Output
U.U.
Drainage
Drainage
(Unconsolidated- connection close connection
Undrained)
close
Total stress
C.U.
(ConsolidatedUndrained)
3 consolidation Drainage
connection
Drainage
connection open close
u
Total stress
Effective
stress
C.D.
(ConsolidatedDrained)
3 consolidation Drainage
connection
Drainage
connection open open
Effective
stress
33
f1
32
31
c
(%)
3 3 3
1
3 + = 1
3
3
3 + = 1
1 1
C.D. Test
Confining
pressure
3
Deviator
stress
3
uc=0
3
3 + = 1
3
ud=0
3
3 + = 1
3
+
B = pore pressure parameter by
Skempton (1954)
B = 1 for saturated soft soil
Vc
-
f
f
Dense sand / NC
Loose sand / OC
= constant
+
Dense sand / NC
Vd
Loose sand / OC
1
Failure envelope
B
3
f
f
3
A
2
2
1=1
3=3
f
f
1
NC
OC
1
BC
B
A
3
f
f
3
AB
c
3=3
1=1
c=c
1
C.U. Test
Confining
pressure
3
Deviator
stress
3
uc=0
3
3 + = 1
3
ud0
3
3 + = 1
3
+
A = pore water pressure parameter
by Skempton (1954)
Vc
-
f
f
Dense sand / NC
Loose sand / OC
+
ud
Loose sand / OC
Dense sand / NC
33
f1
32
31
c
(%)
3 3 3
1
3 + = 1
3
3
3 + = 1
1 1
Failure envelope
of effective stress
Failure envelope
of total stress
cu
1
B
3
C A
3 3
1 1
udf
udf
f
f
3
1
NC
OC
1
2
B
A
3
f
f
3
1
c
3
1
c
1
U.U. Test
Confining
pressure
3
Deviator
stress
3
uc 0
3
3
Total pore water pressure =
and
Hence
3 + = 1
3
ud0
3
3 + = 1
Failure envelope
3
f
f
3
cu
3
3
3
1
1
1
1
CD :
Embankment long time construction
Earth dam affected by steady
Clay excavation
Practically, it is difficult to implement this test for clay,
because the time to get u = 0 will be too long,
p = need to be small it takes a long time and very easy
to seep out.
Example 1
Triaxial CD has been done for normally consolidated clay.
The result of test as follow:
3 = 276 kN/m2
f= 276 kN/m2
Calculate :
a. Internal friction angle,
b. The angle between failure surface and major principal plane,
c. Normal stress and shear stress f at failure surface
1
Failure envelope
3
f
f
3
2
O
3=276 kN/m2
1=552 kN/m2
1
Failure
envelope
B
2
O
3=276 kN/m2
1=552 kN/m2
At failure
plane
Example 2
Consolidated-Drained Triaxial test for example no. 1 :
a. Calculate effective normal stress () acting on the plane with
maximum shear stress ().
Maximum shear stress occurs at the plane with = 450
b. Why does the failure occur at the plane of = 54,730, not at the
plane having maximum shear stress?
Shear stress that causes the failure at = 450:
Shear stress acting on that plane :
Example 3
The result of triaxial test (UU) as follow:
No of test
Confining pressure
(kg/cm2)
0,57
1,4
0,71
1,8
0,76
2,2
0,84
No test
3 (kg/cm2)
(kg/cm2)
1=3+
(kg/cm2)
(1+3)/2
(kg/cm2)
0,57
1,57
1,285
1,4
0,71
2,11
1,753
1,8
0,76
2,56
2,182
2,2
0,84
3,04
2,620
(kg/cm2)
c
32
1
33
14
(kg/cm2)
Example 4
Triaxial test (CU) for normally consolidated clay, with the result:
3 = 260 kN/m2
Deviator stress : f= 200 kN/m2
Pore water pressure : udf = 120 kN/m2
Calculate :
a. Internal friction angle at Consolidated-Undrained (CU)
condition
b. Internal friction angle at Consolidated-Drained (CD) condition
Unconfined Compression
Test
(Uji Tekan Bebas)
Unconfined
Compression Test
as a special type of
Triaxial UU for
saturated clay
ASTM D2166
AASHTO T208
1
3=0
cu
3=0
1=qu
1
Consistency
qu = unconfined compression
strength
qu (kN/m2)
Very soft
0 25
Soft
25 50
Medium
50 100
Stiff
100 200
Very stiff
200 400
Hard
>400
The real failure envelope
of total stress
cu
3
1=qu
3
1
1
Method:
Vane shear equipment is driven to
the borehole with minimum depth of
3 x borehole diameter
Rotate with the velocity of 6o 12o
per minute.
Every 15-30 seconds, record T value
Me
Ms
cu
Me
d
cu
cu
cu vs o
Clay NC :
(Skempton, 1957)
o = effective overburden pressure
IP = plasticity Index (%)
Clay OC :
(Ladd et al., 1977)
Pocket penetrometer
1
qu
undisturbed
qu
Classification
48
Sensitive clay
8 16
Extra sensitive
clay
> 16
Quick clay
remolded
From unconfined
compression test
Axial strain
Example :
Result of Unconfined Compression Test:
Strain (%)
Stress (kg/cm2)
0,268
0,450
0,46
0,47
0,46
12
0,45
(kg/cm2)
0,5
qu
0,4
0,3
0,2
0,1
0
10
15
cu
3=0
1=qu
20
(%)
Ko for sand
(Jaky, 1944)
Ko value for sand OC > sand NC
(Schmidt,1967 & Alphan,1967)
Sand OC
h = 0,4 0,5
Ko for clay
(Massarch, 1979)
See HCH MT1 Figure 5.42 Page 366
Slope Failures
Geology
Soils
Topography
Situation of
activities
Continuous, or repetitive
occurrences
Occur suddenly
Moving velocity
Masses
Provoking causes
Scale
Symptom
Gradient
10 to 25
35 to 60
Steep slope
area
Slope failure
Landslide
Landslide area
Tsaoling Landslide
Induced
by 1999 Chi-chi
Earthquake, Taiwan
Volume:
1.4 x 108 m3
Affected
area: 698 ha
Total
length: 4 km
Source
area:
Length: 1.5 km
Width: 2 km
Depth: < 200 m
Destruction
of 5 houses,
resulting in 29 deaths.
Causes of Landslide
Rainfall or storm rainfall the rising of
groundwater level
Construction works Earthwork, Cutting,
Filling, Tunnel construction,
Reservoir induced landslide the rising and
drawdown of reservoir level
Earthquake horizontal acceleration gx, gy
y
C
Mohr
f
A
Mohr-Coulomb
A Failure does not occur
B Failure occurs
C Failure never happen
x
SLOPE STABILITY
In general FS 1,2
FS = Fc = F
E
Na W
E
Ta
H
S
A
T
Bedrock
Tr
P
Nr
E
Na W
E
Ta
H
S
A
T
Bedrock
Tr
P
Nr
E
Na W
E
Ta
H
S
A
If F = 1 (critical), so H = Hc:
T
Bedrock
Tr
P
Nr
Granular soil (c = 0)
Cohesive soil ( = 0)
F = 1 (critical), ( = 0):
Stability number
Na W
Hcos2
B
Ta
T
Bedrock
Tr
P
Nr
Granular soil (c = 0)
Cohesive soil ( = 0)
Example 1
= 1,86 t/m3
c =1,8 t/m2
=20o
Bedrock
Example 2
sat = 2 t/m3
c =1,8 t/m2
=20o
Bedrock
If H = 8 m ; = 22o ; calculate FS
C
W
Ta
Na
H
Tr
A
Nr
C
W
Ta
Na
Tr
A
Nr
Critical condition
F=1 cd = c ; d =
Example 1
timb = 1,96
c =2,5 t/m2
=17o
New landfill
Previous
landfill
t/m3
H=?
= 48,5o
=
40o
Example 2
= 19 kN/m3
c = 25 kN/m2
=12o
H=5 m
Tr
= 52o
= 30o
C
W
Ta
Na
Nr
B. Finite slope
B.2. Analysis on a circular slip surface
bedrock
L
O
bedrock
B
R
W
C
=0
R
W
A
C
=0
U
W2 = area (EFDA) x x 1
y1
y2
W1 = area (EFCB) x x 1
=0
F
Cd
W1
W2
E
Nd
Equilibrium condition
B
C
R
y1
y2
A
=0
F
Cd
W1
W2
E
Nd
Stability number:
B
C
R
y1
y2
=0
F
Cd
W1
W2
E
Nd
Depth factor, D
Slope angle,
Example:
Excavation of 10 m depth in saturated cohesive soil. Unit volume of
saturated clay is 18,5 kN/m3 and cohesion is 40 kN/m2. Bedrock located
at 12 m below the surface. If the internal friction angle of the soil is =
0, calculate the inclination of the slope if the safety factor is decided to
be F=1,5.
Depth factor : D = 12/10 = 1,2
Depth factor, D
C
F
E
If the soil has the friction component () normal stress distribution (N)
affect the distribution of shear stress
Normal stress resultant and friction component have the inclination of
based on normal line direction
Slope inclination,
Contoh:
An earthfill H =12,2 m, = 30o. Bedrock at infinite depth. C = 38,3 kN/m2,
= 10o and total unit weigth = 15,7 kN/m3. Calculate safety factor of
cohesion (Fc), to internal friction (F) and overall safety factor (F).
c. F to shear strength
Method
Equilibrium equation
Force
Moment
Horizontal
Vertical
Fellenius (1927)
Spencer (1967)
Sarma (1973)
Remarks :
: The equilibrium of horizontal forces, vertical forces or moments are taken
into account for analysis.
Bishop method
R
P
En
n+1
P
ul
Xn
W
Xn-Xn+1
Xn+1
En+1
B
P
ls C
En-En+1
tan=1/F.tan
Bishop method
The Bishop method is a method for analyzing the equilibrium of a sliding
block, which slumps in a single movement about a given point.
The equilibrium equation for moments about the center of rotational
movement is expressed as :
Fellenius
method
En
n+1
Xn
W
Xn+1
En+1
B
P
ls C
h
D
Bishop method
Fellenius method
F
c
W
A
u
l
Janbu Method
Janbu method : an analytical method for analyzing the stability of a
landslide block sliding surface has a complex shape
Xi+Xi
Xi
Ei+Ei
i
n
(1+kV)Wi
Ti
where
Ei
kHWi
Ni
i