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Pradeep Boggarapu
October 6, 2015
Pradeep Boggarapu ()
Hypergeometric Equation
October 6, 2015
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Pradeep Boggarapu ()
Hypergeometric Equation
October 6, 2015
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Similarly we can show that x = 1 is a regular point. We will now find the
general solutions of GHE at x = 0 and x = 1.
Pradeep Boggarapu ()
Hypergeometric Equation
October 6, 2015
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an x n = a0 + a1 x + a2 x 2 +
(0.2)
n=0
where a0 is nonzero.
Pradeep Boggarapu ()
Hypergeometric Equation
October 6, 2015
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ab
a0 ;
c
a2 =
(a + 1)(b + 1)
a(a + 1)b(b + 1)
a1 =
a0
2(c + 1)
2c(c + 1)
an+1 =
(a + n)(b + n)
an .
(n + 1)(c + n)
(0.3)
ab
a(a + 1)b(b + 1) 2
x+
x +
c
2c(c + 1)
X
a(a + 1) (a + n 1)b(b + 1) (b + n 1)
n=1
n!c(c + 1) (c + n 1)
xn
(0.4)
Hypergeometric Equation
October 6, 2015
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1
1x
If either a or b is either zero or negative integer, the series (0.4) breaks off
and is a polynomial; otherwise the ratio tests shows that it converges for
|x| < 1, since (0.3) gives
an+1 x n+1 (a + n)(b + n)
an x n = (n + 1)(c + n) |x| |x| as n .
When c is neither zero nor negative integer, F (a, b, c, x) is an analytic
function called hypergeometric function on the interval |x| < 1.
It is the simplest paritcular solution of the hypergeometrc equation and it
has a great many properties, of which the most obvious is that it is
unaltered when a and b are interchanged: F (a, b, c, x) = F (b, a, c, x).
Pradeep Boggarapu ()
Hypergeometric Equation
October 6, 2015
6 / 26
Hypergeometric Equation
October 6, 2015
7 / 26
We already know that (0.5) (from the previous Subsection) has the power
series solution
z = F (a c + 1, b c + 1, 2 c, x)
near the origin, so our desired second solution is
y = x 1c z = x 1c F (a c + 1, b c + 1, 2 c, x).
Accordingly, when c is not an integer, we have two independent Frobenius
series solutions and hence
y = c1 F (a, b, c, x) + c2 x 1c F (a c + 1, b c + 1, 2 c, x)
(0.6)
Pradeep Boggarapu ()
Hypergeometric Equation
October 6, 2015
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Hypergeometric Equation
October 6, 2015
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(0.8)
where A 6= B.
Pradeep Boggarapu ()
Hypergeometric Equation
October 6, 2015
10 / 26
x A
B A
Hypergeometric Equation
October 6, 2015
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Problems:
Find the general solution of each of the following differential equations
near the indicated singular point in terms of hypergeometric function.
3
1 x(1 x)y 00 +
2x
y 0 + 2y = 0,
x = 0;
2
2
x = 0;
x = 1;
(x 2 x 6)y 00 + (5 + 3x)y 0 + y = 0,
x = 3.
Pradeep Boggarapu ()
Hypergeometric Equation
October 6, 2015
12 / 26
Hypergeometric equation:
x(1 x)y 00 + [c (a + b + 1)x]y 0 aby = 0
General solution at x = 0:
y = c1 F (a, b, c, x) + c2 x 1c F (a c + 1, b c + 1, c 2, x)
General solution at x = 1:
y = c1 F (a, b, a + b c + 1, 1 x)
+ c2 (1 x)cab F (c b, c a, c a b + 1, 1 x)
Hypergeometric function:
F (a, b, c, x) = 1 +
X
a(a + 1) (a + n 1)b(b + 1) (b + n 1)
n=1
Pradeep Boggarapu ()
n!c(c + 1) (c + n 1)
Hypergeometric Equation
October 6, 2015
xn
13 / 26
x)y 00
+
3
2
2x y 0 + 2y = 0,
x = 0;
Hypergeometric Equation
October 6, 2015
14 / 26
x = 3.
(xA)
We use the change of independent variable from x to t by t = (BA)
,
2
where A and B are roots of the polynomial x x 6 which is a
coefficient of y 00 in given equation.
3x
or x = 5t + 3.
5
d 2y
d 1 dy
1 d 2y
=
=
.
dx 2
dt 5 dx
25 dt 2
=
;
dx
dt dx
5 dx
and
1 d 2y
1 dy
+
(5
15t
+
9)
+y =0
25 dt 2
5 dx
00
t(1 t)y +
Pradeep Boggarapu ()
14
3t y 0 y = 0.
5
Hypergeometric Equation
October 6, 2015
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14
.
5
Pradeep Boggarapu ()
Hypergeometric Equation
October 6, 2015
16 / 26
=t
;
=
t
+t
2
2
dx
dt dx
dt
dt
dt
dt
We subsitute all these in given equation to get
d 2y
3
dy
2
t (1 t) 2 + t
t
+ ty = 0.
dt
2
dt
Or
3
dy
d 2y
t
+ y = 0.
t(1 t) 2 +
dt
2
dt
After comparing with standard hypergeometric equation we get the
constants c = 23 , a + b + 1 = 1 and ab = 1. If solve these equations.
then we will get a = 1, b = 1, c = 23 .
Pradeep Boggarapu ()
Hypergeometric Equation
October 6, 2015
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Hypergeometric Equation
October 6, 2015
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Pradeep Boggarapu ()
Hypergeometric Equation
October 6, 2015
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(0.9)
(0.10)
Hypergeometric Equation
October 6, 2015
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(0.11)
Since the exponents of the equation (0.10) at the origin t = 0 are both
zero (m1 = 0 and m2 = 1 c = 0), we seek a second solution via the
formula y2 (t) = y1 (t)v (t) with v (t) is given by
Z
1 R P(t)dt
e
dt
v (t) =
y12
where P(t) = (1 2t)/t(1 t). Note that
P(t) =
1 2t
1
1
=
t(1 t)
t
1t
therefore
e
Pradeep Boggarapu ()
P(t)dt
= e ln tln (1t) =
Hypergeometric Equation
1
.
t(1 t)
October 6, 2015
21 / 26
So we have that
Z
v (t) =
1
1
dt =
y12 t(1 t)
1
1
dt
t y12 (1 t)
(0.12)
Pradeep Boggarapu ()
Hypergeometric Equation
October 6, 2015
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Pradeep Boggarapu ()
Hypergeometric Equation
October 6, 2015
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Pradeep Boggarapu ()
Hypergeometric Equation
October 6, 2015
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Pradeep Boggarapu ()
Hypergeometric Equation
October 6, 2015
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Pradeep Boggarapu ()
Hypergeometric Equation
October 6, 2015
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