THE CONCEPTUAL DESIGN

OF
AN ELECTRIC BIKE

Edited by

Ilbey
Karakurt
Murat C
am
Selcuk Oguz Erbil
Mehmet Kelleci

Ihsan
Dogramac Bilkent
University

Contents
1 Regenerative Braking System
1.1 Theory of Regenerative Breaking Systems . . . . . . .
1.2 Limitations in Usage of Regenerative Braking System
1.3 Applicability of Regenerative Breaking Systems . . . .
1.4 Advantages of Regenerative Breaking Systems . . . . .

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1
1
1
1
3

2 Introduction and General Overview of Current Electric Bikes

3 Motor Systems
3.1 Friction Drive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2 Hub Drive Motors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.3 Mild Drive Motors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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6
7
9

4 Transmission Systems

5 The Design
5.1 The Batteries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.1.1 Types of Electric Bike Batteries . . . . .
5.1.2 Specifying Electric Bike Battery Capacity
5.1.3 Choosing a Battery . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2 Motor and Transmission . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2.1 Motor Comparison . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.3 Frame Material and Fork Material . . . . . . . .
5.3.1 Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.3.2 Aluminum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.3.3 Titanium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.3.4 Carbon Fiber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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10
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6 Discussion and Conclusion

16

7 Appendix

17

Regenerative Braking System

Slowing down a vehicle is actualized with dissipating kinetic energy. In traditional dynamic braking systems,
the kinetic energy of the vehicle is dissipated to heat with while hitting the brakes and results in losing the
energy. Whenever the brakes are hit, the kinetic energy of the vehicle is lost without having the advantage
of the energy. In newer products such as hybrid cars and electrical bikes regenerative braking systems(RBS)
are applied as an alternative. The main idea behind the regeneration is to store the kinetic energy while
slowing down, instead of dissipating it as heat to the environment.

1.1

Theory of Regenerative Breaking Systems

In RBS, there needs to be an electric motor to propel the vehicle. During normal operation motor uses
stored electricity to propel the vehicle. When the acceleration pedal is released, motor is rotated in the
reversed direction by the momentum of the vehicle. The present momentum of the car rotates the motor in
the reversed direction and while the momentum and kinetic energy of the car decreases the storage of energy
is increased. During rotating in the reversed direction motor acts as a electric generator.Energy storage is
actualized by conversion of mechanical energy into electrical energy. To achieve it, there needs to be number
of capacitors(according to the mass of the vehicle) that will store the energy for later use, accumulators or
batteries can be used.
While the most popular usage is to store mechanical energy in to electrical energy, in hydraulic regenerative braking systems when the brake pedal is hit, kinetic energy is used power a reversible pump. As the
slowing down process continues, reversible pump sends hydraulic fluid from a low pressure accumulator to
a high pressure accumulator. Fluid remains in the space before nitrogen gas occupation, thereafter, driver
releases the brake pedal, fluid comes out from the high pressure accumulator to the low pressure accumulator
so that gives acceleration the vehicle again. In this application energy usage efficiency may reach up to 80
percent.
In conclusion regenerative breaking systems are still under development. RBS can be applied in two
methods. One is with electric motors used widely in bicycles and under development for commercial cars,
other is with hydraulic pressure which is still not available for any commercial vehicle.

1.2

Limitations in Usage of Regenerative Braking System

Usage of RBS cant eliminate the traditional dynamic brakes. In the case of instant brake necessitates the
dynamic brakes.
Propeller motor may not be connected to both tires. In the case of connecting the motor to one tire,
only one RBS can be planted. For a more effective braking, there needs to be a dynamic brake.
Apart from stated reasons, for the usage of RBS, the capacitors, accumulators or batteries that are used
to store energy for later use should not be full. If they are full, motor can not rotate in the reverse direction,
therefore, nor storage of energy neither decrement in the kinetic energy and linear momentum is actualized.
So that, system should include dynamic brakes for all cases.
Efficiency of regenerative brakes at low speeds is not preferable. Therefore, additional braking is needed
for a complete halt.
For stated requirements, the bike will be designed shall have both RBS and traditional dynamic brakes.
RBS will be active for all braking situations, for emergency brakes and complete halt on inclined roads
traditional dynamic brakes will be active.

1.3

Applicability of Regenerative Breaking Systems

RBS can be applied for mild-hybrid(Electric motor for propelling in addition to internal combustion engine)
and pure-hybrid(Only electric motor for propelling) commercial cars. And easiest application is on the bikes.
To illustrate the easiness of the application of RBS to a bike, following example is given. To add a RBS
1

to a traditional bike, all should be done is just to have 2 brushed dc motors will be attached to the places
of dynamic brakes. Dynamic brakes will not be completely removed in the case of needing instant brake.
Cables carrying electrical current will be drawn from the motor to wherever that electrical energy is needed.
For instance, that energy can be sent to electrical accumulators for later use, or simply just sent to led lights
in front or behind bicycle for illumination.So that, in this system, as the driver hit the brakes, brushed dc
motors will contact the tires and start to rotate, and motors will behave as electric generators. For depiction
of the system, please examine figure 1.

(a) Side View

(b) Front Viev

Figure 1: Simple Application of RBS to a Traditional Bike

Most widely application of RBS today is on bikes. Commercial car manufacturers interest in short
distance transportation. BMW, and Bosch Automotive Technologies do significant work on this system.
For instance, as a remarkable step, Audi bought the bicycle manufacturer Ducati to get in to the market,
make use of the distribution channels of Ducati. With skilled and experienced engineers, Audi produced a
futuristic electric bike.(See figure 2)

Figure 2: An Electric Bike From Audi

In the project of the student working group, the RBS system and its related motor will not be a new
design. Instead of designing, the manufactured ready to sell products will be bought and used. Since
application of the RBS to a traditional bike is not hard, in this way, project will be completed in a shorter

time period and will be economically more efficient. RBS systems in bikes comes with the motor kit that
is chosen for the bike. Therefore, more detailed information about the prices and technical specifications of
RBS is given with the motor inspection part of the report.

1.4

Advantages of Regenerative Breaking Systems

With applying RBS there can be up to 25% energy saving which will decrease the user effort. With the
energy savings from RBS, system can reduce the user effort by activating itself while climbing an incline
and can provide comfortable riding on downhills. Apart from road conditions, RBS can provide user riding
without pedaling on straight trajectories.
Either internal combustion or electrical engines, the range can a vehicle go is limited. In RBS, since
braking pedal does not just dissipate kinetic energy as heat to the environment but collecting electricity
from it for later use, it increases the range of the vehicle.
CO2 emission with electrically supported vehicles are much less than internal combustion motored vehicles. Therefore, with these systems environment is not damaged, and it is easy to be stay within the limits
of European Emission Standards.

Introduction and General Overview of Current Electric Bikes

There are many electric bikes or in short e-bikes being manufactured and ridden in many countries. The
main and most important components of these bikes are as follows: (1) the electric motor, (2) the chassis,
(3) the batteries. Although there are many other parts that are needed the build the bike like seats and
tires, the parts listed above are what makes e-bikes differ from normal bikes. The electric motor is what
gives the ability for the bike its ability to reach high speeds and for it to help the rider climb hills with ease.
The chassis also differs from normal bikes since weight reduction is important for these bikes. The electric
motor and batteries weigh quite a bit and since the only option to reduce weight via the electric motor and
batteries is to use smaller ones the main option for weight reduction becomes making the chassis lighter.
The most intriguing part that sets the e-bikes apart from their normal counterparts are the batteries that
are used to power the electric motor, all the sensors (torque and speed), and the display units. The batteries
are also the heaviest and the most space taking part in the list given above. Another important thing to
note shortly here is that the batteries determine, together with the motor used, the range the e-bike can
travel.
While selecting all the necessary parts that will be used in the assembly of an electric bike one has to
consider its most probable customers and where these people will mainly use them. Currently people are
manufacturing all sorts of e-bikes. Some manufactured e-bikes can reach speeds up to 100 km/h but have a
short range while others average 20 km/h having a much higher range. Mountain bikes, speed bikes using
electric motors generally use motors with high power output thus reducing the life of the battery. Bikes
made for rural use however have motors having a power output of 200-300 Watts which enable the rider to
use the batteries for a longer time.
In this report some e-bikes will be presented representing each class (mountain bike/speed/race bike,
and normal purpose bike) first which will give an idea about what kind of designs there are in the market
currently. Then each important part will be explained in detail and a design using the selected parts will be
presented in detail giving information about specific dealers/companies supplying the parts and assembly
information will also be given briefly.
First 3 different bikes will be represented in as much detail as possible to give an idea about what kind
of e-bikes are being manufactured throughout the world.
1-) M55
The M55 is one of the most expensive e-bikes money can buy with a price tag of around 40,000 dollars.
The motor used on this e-bike has a power output of 2.2 kW and uses a Rohloff gear hub for transmission.
For more information about the Rohloff gear hub.read the detailed explanation of the motor systems. Speeds

of 40 50 mph can be expected from this motor and drive system duo. When compared to other e-bikes on
this scale such as the Audi Electric Bike, this system is better in terms of performance due to the Rohloff
gear hub which is basically a 14 speed gear box compared to the Audis standard bicycle derailleur system.
It also uses similar to other high-end bikes a 17 Ah 48V LiPo battery. It has a mainly carbon fiber chassis
with full suspension (front and middle) Also with its lightweight chassis made out of part carbon fiber and
part aluminum for the extra finish it offers both performance and style.

2-) Blacktrail
The blacktrail is currently the most expensive e-bike that is being manufactured with a price-tag of
80,000 dollars. It uses 17-Ah 48V LiFePO4 battery, a clean mobile drive system, and a carbon fiber chassis
with no suspension. It is the result of the collaborative of 3 German companies: PG bikes, Clean Mobile,
UB Composites. The clean mobile drive system used on most e-bikes allows the rider and the motor system
to share the same pedal gears which gives a huge advantage in efficiency and performance. Although in the
case of the blacktrail the bike only has a single speed most other bikes use multiple speed gears just like in
common bikes.

The clean mobile system shown in the figure above shows the system on a PG bike like the blacktrail
4

giving an idea about the drive system in question and examplifying how the system in question works. The
blacktrail uses many different types of motors depending on the customer however it was announced by
PG bikes that the motors can range from a 30 MPH 1.2kW motor to a 65 MPH 3.5kW motor. Another
important aspect of the blacktrail is its choice of material. The blacktrail uses carbon fiber frame and rims.
Although people are accustomed to carbon fiber frames the use of carbon fiber rims is becoming more and
more common.

3-) QWC Urban

This e-bike is rather different from the other two presented above. The main difference is that it does
not offer incredible speeds but it does offer comfort and range. This model is an example of normal bikes
that can be easily used daily for normal use. The range of this model is 120 km with a fully charged Li-ion
battery. It uses Shimano Nexus 7 in terms of gears and excluding the battery it weighs approximately 24
kg. The charging time of this model is 35 hours. Unlike most models this model uses two hub-drive motors
to balance the weight distribution and offers better performance.

The three examples given above were given to demonstrate what e-bikes can accomplish. Some e-bikes
are made for short distances like the M55 and some like the qwick are made for touring in the city at
reasonable speeds. In the following sections detailed information will be provided on different motor systems
and transmission systems widely used in e-bikes.

Motor Systems

3.1

Friction Drive

A Friction-Drive (FD) is an electric bike drive system that spins a roller thats pressed against the bicycles
tire. FDs have been around for over 100 years. The main idea is that the roller which is pressed against
the tire rotates at such an angular speed that the friction between the tire and roller allow them to move
together making it possible for the roller to rotate the tire. A concern that some manufacturers have about
an FD is that in wet weather, the roller might slip due to rain making the friction between the tire and the
roller smaller than necessary. Although friction drive systems are not that popular and efficient in terms of
performance they are more practical than the hub-drive or the mid-drive motors. The ease of installation of
such systems makes it quite useful for people in a hurry.

There are limitations to how much power that can be put through a friction drive, because acceleration
is dependent on the roller keeping a solid contact with a small patch of the tire. Increasing the peak power
of your drive by a little too much may result in the roller simply spinning-out. However moderate speeds (10
MPH) can be achieved by using FDs for minimal amounts of cash compared to other drives. Also the range
on such systems is much more than other drives since the power needed to drive such systems at moderate
speeds is lower compared to other systems. The need for less power makes it possible to a few alternative
designs with these systems: one could make the batteries smaller reducing overall weight and making it
easier to pedal when necessary, or one could keep the battery constant thus increasing the range of the bike.
An example for such a system was found to be as follows:
$350 (Aus) Eboost drive system, seat post mount with space for one LiPo battery pack
$60, 170-kV Aeolian RC motor / 22V, 25-MPH
$140 Phoenix ICE-100 controller

 $45 LiPo battery 22V / 5-Ah

$80 power supply and charger for 6S LiPo
$ 30 Magura throttle and a $125 Cycle Analyst-V2.24

3.2

Hub Drive Motors

The wheel hub motor (also called wheel motor, wheel hub drive, hub motor or in-wheel motor) is an electric
motor that is incorporated into the hub of a wheel and drives it directly. Hub motor electromagnetic fields
are supplied to the stationary windings of the motor. The outer part of the motor follows, or tries to follow,
those fields, turning the attached wheel. In a brushed motor, energy is transferred by brushes contacting the
rotating shaft of the motor. Energy is transferred in a brushless motor electronically, eliminating physical
contact between stationary and moving parts. Although brushless motor technology is more expensive, most
are more efficient and longer-lasting than brushed motor systems. Electric motors have their greatest torque
at startup, making them ideal for vehicles as they need the most torque at startup too. The idea of revving
up so common with internal combustion engines is unnecessary with electric motors. Their greatest torque
occurs as the rotor first begins to turn, which is why electric motors do not require a transmission. A geardown arrangement may be needed, but unlike in a transmission normally paired with a combustion engine,
no shifting is needed for electric motors. Wheel hub motors are increasingly common on electric bikes and
electric scooters in some parts of the world, especially Asia. The hub drives are used by attaching these
motors to the solid frame of the bike and connecting the motors outer shell to the tire. There are, as with
all systems, advantages and disadvantages to these systems. The advantages can be listed as follows:
Hub motors are produced in massive numbers in China, making them affordable.
Hub motors are simple to install.
Hub motors are easy to swap out if blown or worn out.
Hub motors are easy to upgrade, and re-sell.
Hub motors are readily available.
Hub motors have few moving parts.
Hub motors are fairly reliable.
Hub motors are fairly stealthy in their appearance and near-silent operation.
Disadvantages
Hub motors are unsprang weight in the wheel.
Hub motors can snap dropouts.
Direct-Drive hub motors have drag when unpowered, making the bike feel sluggish to pedal.
Hub motors are not as efficient as a non-hub.
Hub motors are not great mountain climbers.

 Hub motors can be heavy.

Hub motors make it much harder to change a flat tire.
Hub motors disrupt the balance of a bike towards the front or back unless there is a motor on each tire.
By examining the lists given above it can be seen that compared to other motors the hub drives get the
job done at low cost and can be implemented to all frames and do not require much maintenance. Also they
are not affected by weather conditions.

Some brand name Hub motors used in the electric bike industry are as follows:
BMC V2, V3, V4: High end geared hub motors. 600w over-volting capacity to 2500 watts. The BMC
is a larger (8lb) geared hub motor, designed to be more efficient and have a better power-to-weight ratio
than a gearless (direct-drive) motor. Price between 378$ - 648$.
MAC Motor: (BMC clone) Very similar to the BMC but not as high quality, so cannot withstand high
power and have the same reliability as the BMC. Price 250$
Dapu Hub Motor: a new hub motor used on production bikes such as the Neo Jumper and City Commuter. It is small, wide, and puts out a maximum of 750 watts. Price between 280-350$
Crystalyte ( HS35 / HT35): A recently released direct drive motor weighing in at 16 pounds. Kit price
approximately 640$
Cute Motor: a small planetary geared motor. 5 lbs, and capable of running 800 watts. Around 20
MPH top speed on a cute powered E-bike. Price approximately 85 $
9-Continents (9C): A gearless brushless motor weighing in around 15 pounds and capable of putting
out serious power when over-volted. A reliable and solid motor
BionX: A sleek system, but expensive and made from all proprietary components, making it hard to
upgrade controller or battery. Comes in 250, 350, and 500 watt configurations. Also comes as a kit with
regenerative breaking at a price of 1800$ including all sensors and motor needed as well as the display screen.

3.3

Mild Drive Motors

Some of the most refined electric bikes on the market are mid drives. Mid drives are not the easiest or the
cheapest electric bikes to build, but the performance of these bikes cannot be rivaled by hub drives or FD
drives. The mid-drive allows the use of the bikes transmission as the motors gears, also the position of the
motor enables good weight distribution making it better to handle. The efficiency of these motors make it so
that by using less battery power one can go more. As with the hub drive there are benefits and drawbacks
to the mid-drive motors as well.
Benefits can be listed as follows:
1. Climbs steep hills better than a hub motor.
2. Places the weight of the motor low and centralized in the frame which means a better balanced feel.
3. The motor can use the bikes gears, so the RPMs stay up in its efficient range which implies more
range per battery-Ah.
4. Keeping the motor in its best RPM range means lower peak-amps drawn from the battery.
5. Giving the motor some gears to use also means you can get a broader range of performance from a
smaller and lighter motor.
6. Easy to change a flat tire.
7. No broken spokes from hitting a pothole with a heavy hub motor in the wheel.
Drawbacks are :
1. Often more expensive than a simple hub-motor.
2. Some mid-drive motors are noisier than a hub-drive motor
3. Mid-drive kits are more complex to install than a simple hub-drive motor.
4. Shifting a mid-drive electric bike can be hard. With a hub motor bike, the only reason to use gears
is to get the right pedal cadence which usually means just staying in high gear.
5. Mid drives are generally not as well suited for flat land street commuting as hub motor bikes.
6. Mid drives are not as stealthy as most hub motor bikes.
7. Mid drives have more moving parts and therefore tend to be less reliable than most hub motor kits
and require more maintenance when compared to hub-drive motor kits.
8. implementation of regenerative breaking is harder when compared to a hub-drive motor.

Transmission Systems

3) Transmission Systems In this section the report will focus on the Rohloff transmission. The Speedhub is
an internally geared hub (IGH) with 14 gears spaced evenly at 13.6 % resulting in 526% total gear range
roughly the same range as a standard MTB 27-speed drive train. By following extremely low tolerances
and keeping the system completely enclosed Rohloff claims to have comparable power loss by friction to an
9

externally geared system (derailleurs) and will run virtually forever with minimal servicing (only an annual
oil change). The biggest downside to this system is that it is expensive. With a Rohloff equipped bike
you can ride through anything and not worry about even cleaning the driveline when you are finished. the
Rohloff is made to last with only routine oil changes (the internal gears are in an oil bath), and there are
many cases of hard core cyclist riding Rohloffs tens of thousands of miles. The Rohloff has a lot of other
advantages other than just its rugged dependability. It gives you a straight chain line, so chain maintenance
becomes less critical. The Rohloff allows you to shift from a dead stop without any force on the pedals, and
to shift while riding you need to let the pressure off the pedals and then shift. All Rohloffs come with a
proprietary twist shift gear. The electric bicycle rider is usually familiar with the concept of the twist grip
(throttle) so a twist grip shifter should be a welcomed tool as opposed to dual lever shifters on conventional
bikes which can be confusing. There are two ways to use this system: mid-drive or front hub-drive and
Rohloff at the back wheel.

5
5.1
5.1.1

The Design
The Batteries
Types of Electric Bike Batteries

Electric bike needs a battery to provide power. Battery is a device consisting of one or more electrochemical
cells that convert stored chemical energy into electrical energy. Each cell contains a positive terminal called
cathode, and a negative terminal called anode. Electrolytes allow ions to move between the electrodes and
terminals, which allows current to flow out of the battery to perform work. There are different types of
electric bike batteries to use. Nickel Cadmium (NiCd), Nickel-Metal Hydride (NiMH), Sealed Lead Acid
(SLA), Lithium Ion (Li ion), The Nickel Cadmium (NiCd) battery, Lithium Ion Polymer (Li ion polymer)
can be ordered as electric bike batteries.
Sealed Lead Acid: One of the first types of electric bike batteries is the sealed lead acid design. These
batteries are very cheap and easy to recycle. They also dont require a lot of maintenance. However, these
electric bike batteries are very sensitive to abuse. They also have a limited lifespan, so they will eventually
die. These batteries are also one of the heaviest designs
Nickel Metal: One of the next types of batteries is the nickel metal hydride variety. These electric
bike batteries are lightweight and can be charged faster than some other types. These batteries also have a
reduced toxicity so they are easier to dispose of safely. The main disadvantage of these electric bike batteries
is that cold weather causes them to perform poorly. It will be also had to discharge them periodically.
Lithium Ion: There are also lithium ion batteries that bike can use to power . These electric bike
batteries are very lightweight and require no maintenance. They also have a longer lifespan. However, these
electric bike batteries are more expensive. You will also have to be careful when charging and discharging
these batteries or the cells may become damaged.
Nickel Cadmium: One of the next types of electric bike batteries is the nickel cadmium variety. These
batteries usually last longer than other types. They also have more capacity. The main problem with these
electric bike batteries is that the cadmium is very harmful and difficult to recycle. They are also expensive.
Lithium Polymer: One of the final types of electric bike batteries is the lithium polymer design. These
batteries are safer to use when compared to lithium ion batteries. They are also one of the lightest electric
bike batteries that can be bought. However, they are also the most expensive. Also, these batteries have
only been tested in the laboratory instead of real world applications.
When buying an electric bike today there are only two common types of battery chemistry. Lead acid,

10

which is the older, heavier, dirtier and cheaper option; and lithium ion, which is the newer, lighter, far longer
lasting and efficient, and more expensive option. The vast majority of new electric bicycles are equipped
with lithium ion batteries. Lead acid batteries typically fail after 100 to 300 charges, and during this time
their max capacity falls very quickly. Lithium ion cells last far longer on the other hand, usually lasting to
between 700 to over 1000 charges before dropping below it half capacity. They have next to no memory
effect, meaning that people can partially charge them without issue and their natural discharge over time
doesnt create the problems which are experienced with older chemistry types such as lead acid. They are
extremely light in comparison to other batteries which is ideal for electric bikes, and they also carry a large
charge so people can travel further on a single charge. The biggest drawback with the technology is that it is
expensive and is likely the most costly component of any electricbike. The cost is not so important for this
conceptual design therefore the most common and efficient Lithium ion batteries will be used the reasons
will be explained next part.
Lithium ron Phosphate (LiFePO4 ) Battery: The lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4 )battery, also
called LFP battery. LiFePO4 batteries have lower energy density than the more common LiCoO2 design
found in consumer electronics, but offers longer lifetimes, better power density and are inherently safer.
The LiFePO4 battery uses a lithium ion derived chemistry and shares many advantages and disadvantages
with other Lithium-ion battery chemistries. However, there are significant differences.LFP chemistry offers
a longer cycle life than other lithium ion approaches. Like nickel based rechargeable batteries and unlike
other lithium ion batteries, LiFePO4 batteries have a very constant discharge voltage. Voltage stays during
discharge until the battery is exhausted. This allows the battery to deliver virtually full power until it is
discharged. And it can greatly simplify or even eliminate the need for voltage regulation circuitry. And, along
with the good safety characteristics of LFP batteries, this makes LFP a good potential replacement for leadacid batteries in many applications. The use of phosphates avoids cobalts cost and environmental damage,
particularly concerns about cobalt entering the environment through improper disposal. LiFePO4 has higher
current or peak-power ratings than LiCoO2. The energy density of a new LFP battery is some 14% lower
than that of a new LiCoO2 battery. Also, many brands of LFPs, as well as cells within a given brand of
LFP batteries, have a lower discharge rate than lead-acid or LiCoO2 . Since discharge rate is a percentage
of battery capacity a higher rate can be achieved by using a larger battery if low current batteries must
be used. Better yet, a high current LFP cell which will have a higher discharge rate than a lead acid or
LiCoO2 battery of the same capacity can be used.LiFePO4 cells experience a slower rate of capacity loss
greater calendar-life than lithium-ion battery chemistries such as LiCoO2 cobalt or LiMn2 O4 manganese
spinel lithium-ion polymer batteries or lithium-ion batteries. After one year on the shelf, a LiFePO4 cell
typically has approximately the same energy density as a LiCoO2 Li-ion cell, because of LFPs slower decline
of energy density. Thereafter, LiFePO4 likely has a higher density.
5.1.2

Specifying Electric Bike Battery Capacity

When choosing electric bike battery or browsing the battery capacity on an ebike The first thing when
thinking of purchasing, there are generally two figures provided which describe the capacity; Voltage (V),
and Amp hours (Ah). Both of these contribute to the overall capacity of the battery, so higher voltage or
a greater number of amp hours, translates to larger capacity and a greater distance traveling on a single
charge. In fact the best way to get a feel for the capacity of a battery is to multiply the two numbers together
which will give the Watt hours (Wh). For example:
Battery A: 24V * 10Ah = 240Wh
Battery B: 36V * 8Ah = 288Wh
So Battery B has a total of 288 watt hours, providing it with a larger capacity that will take further
on a single charge than Battery A. Its impossible to exactly say what distance a batterys full charge will
actually cover, theres too many variables such as hill conditions, amount of pedaling, outside temperature,

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total weight, wind etc. As a very rough guide, a 36V 10Ah battery powering a 250W motor and ridden
under standard conditions will cover 50-60km. That includes light pedaling and few hills. In tough and hilly
conditions that distance can easily half. Ebike battery capacity is not the only important aspect, its also
worth paying attention to voltage options.
Sticking with the no-nonsense explanation, voltage can be thought of as the ability for the battery to
provide energy over the shortest period of time possible. Basically, it affects the max power which the battery
is capable of providing. Batteries and motors work their hardest during hill climbs, and an electric bike with
a 24V battery may not climb as fast or as well as an identical electric bike with a 36V battery. What is
crucial here is to match the battery to the motor. A powerful electric motor will require a relatively higher
voltage battery to perform at its best, while on the flip side a weak electric motor with a high voltage, high
capacity battery, is not getting any performance advantage from the higher voltage although the capacity is
obviously better.
5.1.3

Choosing a Battery

As covered in the electric bike motor section of this guide the maximum legal motor size is 250 watts provided
people want to be able to ride your bike on the road and have it treated as a regular bicycle under law.
From personal experience when riding up hills, a 36V battery will outperform a 24V battery slightly. There
are 48V batteries available but they are costly for the added capacity and are basically overkill for a 250
watt motor. If you decide to purchase an ebike which is overpowered and illegal for road and bike path
riding, then this might be the best choice and of course it adds to the total range you can expect on a
single charge. One of the big reasons most manufacturers do not exceed 36V is because human skin usually
does not conduct electricity below about 40V which makes these batteries extremely safe. When it comes
to deciding on how much capacity people want, bear in mind that larger capacity e bike batteries are more
expensive and if people only planning on taking short trips without too many hills, you may find a smaller
battery to be totally adequate. That said, if its within budget a larger capacity battery is always better
than one with smaller capacity.

5.2

Motor and Transmission

In our design we will be targeting people living in the cities with lots of hills that people cannot normally
ride with a bike. As mentioned above there are 3 different motor types. The motor that will be used in this
design will be a hub-drive motor due to the following reasons; first when compared to FDs the hub-drive
motor gives better performance, second when compared to mid-drive motors the give less power however they
are easier to maintain and run, third they give moderate ranges when compared to the other two motors,
fourth the batteries used with these motors are smaller than mid-drive motors making the bike weigh less,
sixth all sorts of maintenance and repair operations are easier and can be done by virtually anyone. Several
Hub-drives will be presented below after all the parts required in the design have been presented here.
The second important part in the design of the motor and transmission is the transmission system. The
most common transmission system used in normal bikes is generally a 27-speed chain driven transmission
with twist grip shifters on the handlebar. However using a 27-speed chain driven transmission is not the
trend of today due to it being not extremely reliable, requiring frequent maintenance when compared to
the new transmission systems. The transmission system that will be used will be a Rohloff speedhub. As
explained above this system has gears inside the hub in an oil bath which makes a total of 14 different speed
configurations which has ratios that rival the 27-speed transmissions. However to use the Rohloff speedhub
this device needs to be mounted on the rear tire, and the hub-drive motor has to be mounted on to the
front-tire. Since the two devices are of the same approximate weight, the weight distribution of the bike is
quite good. Also since the Rohloff uses traditional twist grip shifters most users will feel comfortable with
the device. The approximate price for such a system is 1220 $.
The other important devices are the sensors that will be used within the system. The sensors that we
will want to see in our design will be torque sensors since the targeted customers are people who will not

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race but will climb hills, introducing the need for a torque sensor so that the electric motor can adjust itself
to the riders characteristics.
Also another thing to consider is the regenerating breaking option. This sort of breaking as mentioned
above gives the rider the change to slowly recharge the batteries while moving which in turn increases the
range of the bike. To enable regenerating breaking E-brakes will have to be used. These brakes have a 3-pin
connection which is connected to the controller of the system. When the brakes are touched slightly the
regenerating breaking option is turned on, however if the rider pulls on the brakes hard then the regenerating
breaking option will not be enabled and the mechanical brakes will do all the work. Apart from recharging
the battery the regenerating braking system is sort of a control system which makes it possible for the bike
to maintain its speed without actually using the mechanical brakes.
To combine all the information given above I will compare some products that can be used in the design
and will come up with a preliminary design combining the given products.
5.2.1

Motor Comparison

1) BionX P250 DL/RL: These kits made by BionX offer a 250 Watt power output motor. The kits come
fully equipped on the front rim making assembly a much easier process. The kit also includes the battery,
charger, holder. The DL version has the battery holder mounted below the saddle while the RL version
makes it possible to mount the battery on top of the rear wheel. The battery used for this motor which is
also supplied with this kit is a Li-ion 48V 6.6Ah battery with 39 cells. The range of this bike is approximately
80 Km. And most importantly the torque output of this motor has nominal/maximum values of 9/40 Nm.
Also another important aspect of this kit is that by purchasing E-brakes and connecting it to the controller
of this kit one can achieve regenerating breaking. This kit satisfies all the requirements of the project. The
price for such units is approximately 1600 EUR.
2) Crystalyte HT2425: This motor is a hub motor by crystalayte which allow disc brakes to be
mounted on to the bike unlike other hub drives. The T in the model name stands for Torque version of the
series which as the name implies puts more emphasis on the torque output of the motor rather than the top
speed. This model weighs approximately 5.7 kg and can be mounted on the front wheel of the bike. These
models have different configurations that can be chosen from such as sensorless and sensored models. For our
design we will be using sensored models which will include the torques sensor mentioned before. Also this
motor gives the option to use regenerative braking by using E-brakes that are connected to the controller
unit. The reliability of this unit is quite good it has only one moving part which is the center bearing and
since the motors can produce up to 2000 Watts without problem, normal riding conditions at around 250
Watts will not produce any burnouts. There are however drawbacks to this motor. The brand crystalyte
is known for its dragging pedaling. Although many modifications were made by the company in the newer
models, when compared to other motors it is harder to pedal freely. Unlike the BionX motor kit this does
not come with a controller and a suitable controller must be chosen. There are many controllers one can
choose but the brand recommended Crystalyte analog controller will be used which is approximately 130
EUR. Also since the torque model will be used on the front wheel a torque arm needs to be installed which is
approximately 25$. Also the pedal assist system module will need to be purchased in order for the controller
to be able to adjust the speed of the motor while free pedaling which costs approximately 15$. Also the
E-brake system will need to be purchased and installed which costs around 50$. And finally to accelerate or
decelerate we will need a throttle that will be attached to the handlebar which is approximately 20$.
3) BMC Geared-Hub Motor: The BMC geared-hub motors are approximately 8 pounds in weight
and are able to get e-bikes up to speeds of 30 MPH. The version we will be interested in will be the V2 model
which is designed especially for hill-climbing. The V2 motor is a high-torque motor which is internally geared
making this a better solution for the hub-drive motors. It is quiet and small which makes it hard for anyone
to notice the motor. It uses a planetary gear reduction technique which makes it run more efficiently than
its direct-drive counterparts like the crystalyte motor above. This motor also has a one-way clutch making

13

free pedaling easy when the motor is not in use. In terms of durability this motor rivals the crystalyte motor
since it is built for above 1500 Watt power output but is generally run at around 200-300 Watts making
burnouts near-impossible. Also when compared these motors are better at hill-climbing. The battery of
choice for these motors is 48V LiPo batteries running at 10-Ah. The controller also needs to be chosen for
this motor since it does not come as a kit. Crystalyte analog controllers will be used which is approximately
130 EUR. The same extra accessories mentioned in the crystalyte motor will also be used here.
Conclusion: When the above motors are compared it is logical to select the BionX kit and combine it
with a Rohloff speedhub. The logic behind is the following, first the BionX kit comes fully equipped with
torque sensors, display unit, motor, battery making the assembly very easy. Second the Rohloff speedhub
enables people to make use of high-end gear technology while using the common twist grip shifts. Third
maintenance is less of an issue since the BionX motor is specifically designed with city touring in mind. Also
for the inexperienced E-bike use it would be easier to disassemble this kit for regular maintenance. Another
thing to note is that this kit allows for regenerating breaking making it ideal for city touring by increasing
the range of the e-bike. Another issue with the maintenance that should be considered is that since the
shifting is done inside the Rohloff speedhub there will be only one chain connected to the pedals making it
easier to replace and maintain. The total cost for the system mentioned above will be 7240 TL including
shipment fees. Also by adding the torque sensor, torque arm, twist grip shift, controller(if needed), E-brakes,
and throttle the total amount adds up to 8000 TL ( torque sensor + torque arm+ twist grip shift+ controller
+ E-brakes + throttle).

5.3

Frame Material and Fork Material

Different materials are used for manufacturing the frame of a bicycle. Most commons are steel, aluminum,
titanium and carbon fiber. All of the materials have specific advantages and disadvantages as explained
below (It is considered that the measure of the frame is same for all materials).
5.3.1

Steel

Important material properties of steel (SAE 4130) are given below.

Youngs Modulus(E)
Density ()
Tensile Strength T
Yield Strength Y

205 GPa
7850 kg/m3
731 Mpa
460 Mpa

[6] Advantages:
Steel frame is stiff and strong; therefore, it can be affected from accidents less.
Steel frame is cheaper than others ($1200-$3000 [3]).
Steel frame is relatively easy to repair.
Manufacturing a frame is easy from steel.
Disadvantages:
Because of the high density, steel frame is the heaviest one in the 4 options.
Steel frame doesnt absorb shock well enough. It causes to feel roads roughness if there is no suspension
on the frame.

14

 If steel frame isnt maintained, it would be rusted.

Fork of bicycle can be made of steel and it shows the properties of the frame.
5.3.2

Aluminum

Important material properties of aluminum (6061 (T6)) are given below.

Youngs Modulus(E)
Density ()
Tensile Strength (T )
Yield Strength (Y )

69 GPa
2700 kg/m3
310 Mpa
275 Mpa

[6]
Advantages:
Manufacturing an aluminum frame is easy.
Aluminum absorbs shock well.
As the density of aluminum is less, the frame made of aluminum is light.
Aluminum frame is repairable.
Aluminum frame is also cheap ($2000-$3000 [3]).
Disadvantages:
It is more open to get damage compared to steel Aluminum forks are stiff and light and can be shaped
easily for better aero dynamism.
5.3.3

Titanium

Important material properties of titanium (Ti-6Al-4V Solution treated and aged) are given below.
Youngs Modulus(E)
Density ()
Tensile Strength (T )
Yield Strength (Y )

105 GPa
4428.78 kg/m3
1050 Mpa
827.4 Mpa

[6]
Advantages:
Titanium frame lasts for a very long time.
It is light (approximately half weight of the steel and two times of the aluminum frames) also.
It is also stiff and much stronger than steel frame.
Disadvantages:
Titanium frame is the most expensive metal frame ($3000 - $4000 [3]).

15

 Manufacturing a titanium frame is hard. To manufacture frame, expensive titanium welding tools.
It is hard to manufacture titanium fork because of difficulties of manufacturing of titanium. Titanium
frames generally.
5.3.4

Carbon Fiber

Important material properties of steel (SAE 4130) are given below.

Youngs Modulus(E)
Density ()
Tensile Strength (T )
Yield Strength (Y )

- GPa
1780 - 2000 kg/m3
- Mpa
- Mpa

[6]
Carbon fiber frame can be the lightest, the stiffest and the most durable according to the intensity of
matrix. Depending on stress analysis, a part of a frame can be more intense in carbon fiber matrix (where
stress is higher e.g at joining points) that makes the part stiffer, stronger. Carbon fiber is the lightest option
according to the comparison of density values. As carbon fiber is not a metal there is no risk of being rusted.
Also, carbon fiber frames are very durable. However, like titanium frames, carbon fiber frames are expensive
too (approximately $5000 [3]). Moreover, carbon fiber frames arent repairable as a carbon fiber bar is a
product of following knit of fibers. Carbon fiber can be also considered as the best choice of manufacturing
a fork because of the natural ability of absorbing shock. However, it is not suggested heavy cyclers because
the fork weights less than 1 lb. which cannot be carry the load.
In conclusion, it is demanded that the frame should be strong, stiff, durable and light (cost isnt a concern
in conceptual design phase). Carbon fiber frame meets the demand depending on the material comparison
above. Additionally, for fork, to appeal everyone aluminum is the best choice.

Discussion and Conclusion

By considering the given information above, it is seen that the frame should be light, durable, stiff and strong,
also considering that the budget is not an issue at this stage the most appropriate material for the frame
is chosen as carbon fiber. However, the fork of the bike cannot be made out of carbon fiber because if the
fork is made from carbon fiber it cannot bear the weight above approximately 90 kg. Due to this limitation
the fork will be made out of aluminum. The total approximate cost for the frame and fork is approximately
5500-6000$. This value is an approximate value which does not include labor cost, mold cost, and material
cost specifically, it is an approximate value found by comparing different frame structures readily available.
As mentioned before to satisfy the requirements of the system in question hub-drive motor at the front wheel
combined with a Rohloff speedhub gear box at the rear wheel will be used. The transmission from the pedals
will be done by using a regular chain. The choice of chain comes from the facts that it is easy to maintain,
it is readily available, and since we will only have one chain connected to two gears breakdown of the chain
will be near impossible assuming it is changed annually and is serviced monthly/weekly depending on usage.
The hub-drive motor will be bought as a kit combining the hub-drive motor, the display unit, torque sensor,
and battery and the Rohloff will be directly bought from the company for a total cost of approximately 8000
TL ( approximations are done to account for the change in Dolar/TL rate). The motor will give out 200-300
Watt power using a 48V battery. The recharger will also come with the kit itself. The E-brakes, twist grip
shift, torque arm will cost approximately 150 EUR. The twist grip shift will be chosen from shimano and the
torque sensor will come from crystalyte. The controller unit comes together with the kit as well. The saddle
will be made out of leather and will have springs at the back for comfort, it will be Velo Plush costing 60 TL.
There will also be suspensions at the front to account for the added weight of the hub-motor. The breaks
will be disc brakes will be Avd Elixir R with an approximate value of 1500 TL for front and back. The
16

handlebar will be delta epoch carbon and will be approximately 150 TL. Pedals will be Shimano PD-M530
MTB locked at a price of 180 TL.

References
[1] http://citybikes.com/articles/road-bike-materials-pg57.htm
[2] http://bigshark.com/articles/which-frame-material-is-the-best-pg531.htm#.
[3] http://www.rodbikes.com/articles/material-world.html
[4] http://www.rei.com/learn/expert-advice/bike-frame-materials.html
[5] http://talu.com/materials.php
[6] SolidWorks
[7] http://www.electricbike.com/bionx/
[8] http://newwheel.net/electric-bike-basics/
[9] http://www.electricbike.com/hub-motor-conversion-front-or-rear-wheel-drive/
[10] http://lyen.com/
[11] http://electric-bikes.com/betterbikes/bmc.html
[12] http://www.jozztek.com/shop/controllers/191-crystalyte-analog-system-controller-.html
[13] http://www.elektrofahrrad-einfach.de/products/bionx/BionX-P-250-DL.html
[14] http://ridebionx.com/
[15] deltabisiklet.com

Appendix

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Figure 3: Proposed E-Bike Design

18

Figure 4: Proposed Design in Nature

19

Figure 5: CAD drawing vs. Original Product

20