TNE30003: Communication Principles - Group 1_Lab 1 Report

Lab 1: Signals in Time Domain and Frequency Domain

Introduction:
To better understand the transition from time domain to frequency domain, a series of
different waveforms in both domains were observed using the TIMS unit and the
Tektronix Oscilloscope ,and their characteristics were recorded. Preliminary work were
carriied out prior to the carried out of the experiment upon which results were compared
and verified with mathematical proofs.

Experiment 1: Single Sinusoid (Single Tone)

Procedures:
1.1. The "TIMS" unit was powered up by using the switch at the back.
1.2. The Tektronix Oscilloscope (TDS2002 or TDS1002B) was connected to the PC
using the USB cable provided. The OpenChoice Desktop software was openned to
capture the waveform on the oscilloscope display or waveform data.
1.3. On the "TIMS" unit, the 2 kHz (sin t) message found on the Master Signals
module was connected, to input A-CH1 of the Scope Selector. Making sure the toggle
switch is set to A,CH1 of the scope selector was connecetd to CH1 of the DSO via the
coaxial cable provided .
1.4. The time domain signal was observed and recorded, characteristics such as
frequency and amplitude were noted. (Note: the probe setting on the DSO is 1X).
1.5. The frequency domain information was obtained by using the Tektronix
Oscilloscope, as per
1.5.1. the spectrum was captured and recorded, noting the characteristics like peaks
and frequencies.
1.5.1. the Math Menu button on the oscilloscope was pressed and set the Operation
to FFT. This will display the spectrum of the sinusoid. The position of the impulse was
adjusted using SEC/DIV control and you can use the Cursor button to make your
measurements.
1.6. The 2 kHz message was disconneted and the 100 kHz Carrier was connected with
steps 1.3 to 1.5 repeated.
Question 01
Compare your predictions (based on the preliminary work) with the experimental
results (indicate the differences). Comment on differences (indicate why they are
different).
Peak to Peak Voltage
Amplitude
predicted
4.00
2.00
Experimental (2kHz)
4.00
2.08
Experimental (100kHz)
4.40
2.12
There is a slight difference for both the 2kHz and 100kHz waveform.. This might be due
to noise or power loss to heat in the equipment. With regard to the peak-to-peak
voltage, the tuning is done manually using the knob. The internal noise generated by the
components might have caused the interference. And the wire connection from the
modules to the oscilloscope might have been loosely connected causing a delay.
All these factors could have contributed to the difference in the experimental values with
the theoretical ones.

Group 1: SYED AHMED HUSSAINSYED AHMED HUSSAIN

LILANKA KUSHAN UDAWATTA
KINISI MARAMA TIKOICINA

TNE30003: Communication Principles - Group 1_Lab 1 Report

Fig 1.1: 2KHz Time Domain Waveform

Fig 1.2: 100KHz Time Domain Waveform

Question 02
What is the relationship between the strength of the impulse (peak indicated on
the spectrum based on Step 1.5) and the amplitude of the sinusoid (based on Step
1.4 - are they the same)?
Strength of impulse for 2kHz wave :2.004
Strength of impulse for 100kHz wave : 1.828
For 2kHz,
Vrms= 10^(3.03/20)=1.4174
Vp= Vrms x =2.004
For 100kHz,
Vrms= 10^(3.03/20)=1.4174
Vp= Vrms x =2.004
Amplitude of the 2kHz sinusoid: 2.00
Amplitude of the 100kHz sinusoid: 2.00

Group 1: SYED AHMED HUSSAINSYED AHMED HUSSAIN

LILANKA KUSHAN UDAWATTA
KINISI MARAMA TIKOICINA

TNE30003: Communication Principles - Group 1_Lab 1 Report

The strength of impulse and the amplitude of the waves are about the same value for the
2kHz and the 100kHz wave.
The following are the captured signals for the 2kHz and 100kHz respectively:

Fig 1.3: 2kHz Frequency Domain Signal

Fig 1.3: 100kHz Frequency Domain Signal

Group 1: SYED AHMED HUSSAINSYED AHMED HUSSAIN

LILANKA KUSHAN UDAWATTA
KINISI MARAMA TIKOICINA

TNE30003: Communication Principles - Group 1_Lab 1 Report

Experiment 2: Addition of Two Sinusoids

Procedures
2.1. Connected the 2kHz signal to input A of the Adder module.
2.2. Connected input B to ground (GND).
2.3. Connected the output of the Adder(GA+gB) to input A-CH1 of Scope Selector or
the PC-Based Instrument Inputs.
2.4. Adjusted the G control so that the output of the adder is 4Vpp sine wave.
2.5. Disconnected the ground from the B input.
2.6. Connected the output of the Audio Oscillator module to the analogue input of the
Frequency Counter module. Using the f control on the audio oscillator module,
adjusted the audio oscillator output to 5 kHz. And then applied the 5 kHz signal to input
B of the Adder module. Grounding input A of the Adder.
2.7. Adjusted the g control so that the output of the adder is a 4Vpp sine wave.
2.8. Removed the ground from input A of the Adder module reconnecting the 2 kHz
message signal.
2.9. Observed and recorded the resultant waveform in both the time and frequency
domains, noting all the important characteristics.
Question: 1.
Compare your predictions (based on the preliminary work Part 2) with the
experimental results (indicate the differences). Comment on differences (indicate
why they are different).

Part 2(i) Preliminary work: The results that were expected if the two sinusoids were to be
combined:
y(t) = 2sin(22E3t ) + 2sin(25E3t)

Figure 2.1: Resultant of both waveforms.

Figure. 2.2:

Group 1: SYED AHMED HUSSAINSYED AHMED HUSSAIN

LILANKA KUSHAN UDAWATTA
KINISI MARAMA TIKOICINA

TNE30003: Communication Principles - Group 1_Lab 1 Report

The result was obtained in the lab using an adder module in TIMS for time domain was
as follows:

Figure 3
So the experiment proved the expectation correct.
The next part asked to draw frequency domain of the waves. From the equations the
frequency and their amplitudes could easily be obtained:
y(t) = 2sin(22E3t) + 2sin(25E3t)
The results obtained in the labs for frequency domain were as follows:

The results obtained in frequency domain showed that results were approximately similar
to those expected.
If the dB were to be converted to V peak values using the equation: dB = 20log (Vrms)
Then V peak for 2.25 dB = 1.83 V and
2.65 dB = 1.91 V
These little inaccuracies might be the results of computation related to FFT. Initially there
some hassle to obtain the correct frequency domain so we had to repeat the whole
procedure again in order to obtain the more appropriate result.

Group 1: SYED AHMED HUSSAINSYED AHMED HUSSAIN

LILANKA KUSHAN UDAWATTA
KINISI MARAMA TIKOICINA

TNE30003: Communication Principles - Group 1_Lab 1 Report

Experiment 3: Product of Two Sinusoids

Procedure
3.1. Connected the two signals used in Experiment 2 above to the Multiplier module.
3.2. Observed and recorded the resultant waveform in both the time and frequency
domains.

In this part of the experiment, two sinusoids of frequencies 2 KHz and 5 KHz are
multiplied using the Multiplier module to determine the product of the two sinusoids.
The amplitudes and the frequencies of the resultant waveforms are recorded in the Time
domain and the Frequency domain.
Observation and Results

Time-Domian Product Waveform

Preliminary Predictions

Experimental Observations

Frequency-Domain Product waveform

Group 1: SYED AHMED HUSSAINSYED AHMED HUSSAIN
LILANKA KUSHAN UDAWATTA
KINISI MARAMA TIKOICINA

TNE30003: Communication Principles - Group 1_Lab 1 Report

Preliminary Predictions

Experimental Observations

The two analog inputs used to produce the waveform were

Error: Reference source not found and Error: Reference source not found
The signal mathematically reduced to help us draw the waveform was
Results

Preliminary
Results
Experimental
Results

Peak to Peak
Voltage/V

Peak
Amplitude/V

8.00

4.00

4.28

2.16

The observed Time domain waveform is identical to the predicted waveform in the
preliminaries, but the Amplitude and the Peak to Peak voltages did not agree with the
preliminaries. The results observed are almost half the value predicted of the
preliminaries.
The signal from the multiplier is scaled down by a factor of 0.5 by the TIMS unit to
prevent overloading. This resulted in the results observed during the experiment to be
scaled down by a factor of 0.54, which explains for the reduction of the Amplitude and
Peak to Peak voltages.
Frequency domain observation of the waveform proves to show intended results which
agrees with the preliminaries. The two peaks are at 3.00 KHz and 7.10 KHz. The peak at
7.10 KHz is a 0.1 KHz over the prediction of the peak at 7.00 KHz in the preliminaries,
but is acceptable as the intended result.

Group 1: SYED AHMED HUSSAINSYED AHMED HUSSAIN

LILANKA KUSHAN UDAWATTA
KINISI MARAMA TIKOICINA

TNE30003: Communication Principles - Group 1_Lab 1 Report

Experiment 04:

Square Wave

Procedures
4.1. Connected the TTL output (square wave) of the Audio Oscillator to the Scope
Selector.
4.2. Adjusted the frequency of the square wave to 2 kHz.
4.3. Then the maximum frequency span of the spectrum was set to approximately
25kHz.
The table below is showing both the theoretical and experimental values of the square
waveform.
Preliminary Work
2 kHz
4.00 V
500 s

Frequency
Peak to Peak Voltage
Period

Experimental Result
2.024 kHz
4.32 V
494 s

Preliminary
Results

Experimental
n

Frequency(kHz)

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
0
1
1
1
2

0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18

Magnitude(
dB)

Magnitude
(V)

5.4515

2.649

-6.9485

0.636

-9.348499

0.482

-12.9485

0.319

-15.7485

0.23

20
22

Magnitude(V)
0
2.53
0
0.85
0
0.51
0
0.36
0
0.28
0

-18.5485

0.167

25

Group 1: SYED AHMED HUSSAINSYED AHMED HUSSAIN

LILANKA KUSHAN UDAWATTA
KINISI MARAMA TIKOICINA

0.23
0

TNE30003: Communication Principles - Group 1_Lab 1 Report

Question
Compare your predictions (based on the preliminary work) with the experimental
results (indicate the differences). Discuss whether this is a perfect square wave.
The preliminaries gave peak voltage of 4 V, frequency of 2 kHz and magnitude of 2.55 V.
But the experiment that we carried out in the lab gave the following results,
The time domain had a peak voltage of 4.32 V and frequency of 2.024 kHz.
The frequency spectrum had a magnitudes of the square wave showed a
significant differences in magnitudes. But the trend was similar to the
preliminaries.
It can be seen that the results of the two are not similar. This may be due to noise effect
on the experimental equipment or miscalculations of the preliminaries.
No, this is not a perfect square wave. Actually in reality it is impossible to generate a
perfect square wave. This is because there are physical limitations to the device used to
generate it. Examples of these limitations include resistance in the wiring used in the
devices circuitry which will delay the change in voltage levels.
Captured waveforms in Time and Frequency Domain:

Figure 4.1: Time Domain Waveform - Square Wave

Group 1: SYED AHMED HUSSAINSYED AHMED HUSSAIN

LILANKA KUSHAN UDAWATTA
KINISI MARAMA TIKOICINA

TNE30003: Communication Principles - Group 1_Lab 1 Report

Figure 4.2: Frequency Domain Signal

Conclusion:
In this laboratory exercise there were some differences in the theoretical values and
experimental values but not in large scale which could have been caused by human
errors in taking readings, setting up of equipment, procedures in adjusting the
waveforms, malfunction of the equipment or cards slots where the Adder, Multiplier and
Oscillator modules are seated. The difference in the amplitudes was mainly due the
sensitivity of the knob of the DSO, but is very difficult to adjust the vertical parameters
using the DSO knob in real life.
At the conclusion of the laboratory, our group gained a lot of knowledge on the different
type of signals generated and also did gain experience on handling the equipment,
notably the TIMS unit.

Group 1: SYED AHMED HUSSAINSYED AHMED HUSSAIN

LILANKA KUSHAN UDAWATTA
KINISI MARAMA TIKOICINA