Chemistry data booklet

First assessment 2016

Edited in 2014 (version 2)

Diploma Programme
Chemistry data booklet

Published June 2014

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4073

Contents

1. Some relevant equations......................................................................................................................................................... 1

2. Physical constants and unit conversions ......................................................................................................................... 2

3. The electromagnetic spectrum............................................................................................................................................. 3

4. Fundamental particles ............................................................................................................................................................. 3

5. Names of the elements ............................................................................................................................................................. 4

6. The periodic table ...................................................................................................................................................................... 6
7. Melting points and boiling points of the elements (at 101.325 kPa) .................................................................. 7
8. First ionization energy, electron affinity and electronegativity of the elements ........................................... 8

9. Atomic and ionic radii of the elements ............................................................................................................................. 9

10. Covalent bond lengths ........................................................................................................................................................ 10

11. Bond enthalpies and average bond enthalpies at 298 K ..................................................................................... 11

12. Selected compoundsthermodynamic data ........................................................................................................... 12

13. Enthalpies of combustion ................................................................................................................................................. 13
14. Common oxidation numbers of the 3d ions .............................................................................................................. 14

15. Spectrochemical series ...................................................................................................................................................... 14

16. Ligands ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 15
17. Colour wheel ........................................................................................................................................................................... 15
18. Lattice enthalpies at 298 K (experimental values) ................................................................................................ 16

19. Enthalpies of aqueous solutions .................................................................................................................................... 17

20. Enthalpies of hydration ..................................................................................................................................................... 18
21. Strengths of organic acids and bases ........................................................................................................................... 19

22. Acid-base indicators ............................................................................................................................................................ 21

23. Values of ionization constant .......................................................................................................................................... 22
24. Standard electrode potentials at 298 K ...................................................................................................................... 23
25. Activity series ......................................................................................................................................................................... 24

26. Infrared data ........................................................................................................................................................................... 25

27. 1H NMR data .......................................................................................................................................................................... 26

28. Mass spectral fragments lost ........................................................................................................................................... 27

29. Triangular bonding diagram ........................................................................................................................................... 28

30. Resin identification codes ................................................................................................................................................. 29

31. Representations of some materials molecules ........................................................................................................ 29

32. Solubility product constants at 298 K ......................................................................................................................... 30

33. 2-amino acids ......................................................................................................................................................................... 31
34. Lipids, carbohydrates and nucleotide components............................................................................................... 33
35. Vitamins and pigments ...................................................................................................................................................... 35
36. Binding energy curve .......................................................................................................................................................... 37
37. Representations of some medicinal molecules ....................................................................................................... 38

38. References ............................................................................................................................................................................... 40

Notes

This booklet cannot be used for paper 1 of the examination (SLP1 and HLP1), but the periodic table given in
section 6 will be available as part of these examination papers. Clean copies of this booklet must be made
available to candidates for papers 2 and 3 (SLP2, HLP2, SLP3 and HLP3).

1. Some relevant equations

Topic

Equation

1.3

5.1

2.2 and C.4

8.3
12.1
15.2
16.2

= log10 [H3 O+ ]
or

= log10 [H + ]
=

16.2
16.2
17.1
19.1
A.5
A.8
B.7
B.7

ln =
ln

+ ln

1
1
1
=

2
2 1

= ln

% atom economy =

molar mass of desired product

100
molar mass of all reactants
= 2sin

= + log
log10

[ ]

[]

0
=

Topic

Equation

C.1

Energy density =

C.1

Speciic energy =

C.3

energy released from fuel

mass of fuel consumed

= 0

C.3 and D.8

C.6

energy released from fuel

volume of fuel consumed

1 =
2

ln 2

= 0

C.7
D.8

ln

Rate1
2
=
Rate2
1

2. Physical constants and unit conversions

Avogadros constant ( or ) = 6.02 1023 mol1

Gas constant () = 8.31 J K 1 mol1

Molar volume of an ideal gas at STP = 2.27 102 m3 mol1 = 22.7 dm3 mol1

1 dm3 = 1 litre = 1 103 m3 = 1 103 cm3

STP conditions = 273 K and 100 kPa

SATP conditions = 298 K and 100 kPa

Speed of light = 3.00 108 ms 1

Specific heat capacity of water = 4.18 kJ kg 1 K 1 = 4.18 J g 1 K 1

Plancks constant () = 6.63 1034 J s

Faradays constant () = 9.65 104 C mol1

Ionic product constant for water (w ) = 1.00 1014 mol2 dm6 at 298 K

1 amu = 1.66 1027 kg

= 0 (0.5)

3. The electromagnetic spectrum

energy

16
14
10
8
12
10
1014 10
1012 10
1010 10
108
1016 10

rays

X-rays

UV

6
10
106

IR

4
10
104

2
10
102

2
10
102

0
10
100

microwaves

4
10
104

6
10
106

radio waves

108

wavelength
/ nm
108

V I B G Y O R

700

400

wavelength / nm

4. Fundamental particles
Mass (kg)

Charge (C)

Proton

Neutron

Electron

1.602189 1019

1.602189 1019

1.672622 1027

1.674927 1027

9.109383 1031

5. Names of the elements

Element

actinium
aluminium
americium
antimony
argon
arsenic
astatine
barium
berkelium
beryllium
bismuth
bohrium
boron
bromine
cadmium
caesium
calcium
californium
carbon
cerium
chlorine
chromium
cobalt
copernicium
copper
curium
darmstadtium
dubnium

Symbol
Ac
Al
Am
Sb
Ar
As
At
Ba
Bk
Be
Bi
Bh
B
Br
Cd
Cs
Ca
Cf
C
Ce
Cl
Cr
Co
Cn
Cu
Cm
Ds
Db

Atomic number
89
13
95
51
18
33
85
56
97
4
83
107
5
35
48
55
20
98
6
58
17
24
27
112
29
96
110
105

Element

dysprosium
einsteinium
erbium
europium
fermium
fluorine
francium
gadolinium
gallium
germanium
gold
hafnium
hassium
helium
holmium
hydrogen
indium
iodine
iridium
iron
krypton
lanthanum
lawrencium
lead
lithium
lutetium
magnesium
manganese

Symbol
Dy
Es
Er
Eu
Fm
F
Fr
Gd
Ga
Ge
Au
Hf
Hs
He
Ho
H
In
I
Ir
Fe
Kr
La
Lr
Pb
Li
Lu
Mg
Mn

Atomic number
66
99
68
63
100
9
87
64
31
32
79
72
108
2
67
1
49
53
77
26
36
57
103
82
3
71
12
25

Element

meitnerium
mendelevium
mercury
molybdenum
neodymium
neon
neptunium
nickel
niobium
nitrogen
nobelium
osmium
oxygen
palladium
phosphorus
platinum
plutonium
polonium
potassium
praseodymium
promethium
protactinium
radium
radon
rhenium
rhodium
roentgenium
rubidium

Symbol
Mt
Md
Hg
Mo
Nd
Ne
Np
Ni
Nb
N
No
Os
O
Pd
P
Pt
Pu
Po
K
Pr
Pm
Pa
Ra
Rn
Re
Rh
Rg
Rb

Atomic number
109
101
80
42
60
10
93
28
41
7
102
76
8
46
15
78
94
84
19
59
61
91
88
86
75
45
111
37

Element

ruthenium
rutherfordium
samarium
scandium
seaborgium
selenium
silicon
silver
sodium
strontium
sulfur
tantalum
technetium
tellurium
terbium
thallium
thorium
thulium
tin
titanium
tungsten
uranium
vanadium
xenon
ytterbium
yttrium
zinc
zirconium

Symbol
Ru
Rf
Sm
Sc
Sg
Se
Si
Ag
Na
Sr
S
Ta
Tc
Te
Tb
Tl
Th
Tm
Sn
Ti
W
U
V
Xe
Yb
Y
Zn
Zr

Atomic number
44
104
62
21
106
34
14
47
11
38
16
73
43
52
65
81
90
69
50
22
74
92
23
54
70
39
30
40

6. The periodic table

1
2
3
4
5
6
7

1.01
3

Li

6.94
11

Na

Mg

Rb

Sr

85.47
55

Cs

132.91
87

Fr

(223)

Ca

40.08
38
87.62
56

Ba

137.33
88

Ra

(226)

Atomic number

10

11

12

Element

Be

24.31
20

39.10
37

21

Sc

44.96
39

88.91
57

La

22

Ti

47.87
40

Zr

91.22
72

Hf

138.91
89

178.49
104

Ce

Ac

(227)

Rf

(267)
58

140.12
90

Th

232.04

23

50.94
41

Nb

92.91
73

Ta

180.95
105

Db

(268)
59

Pr

140.91
91

Pa

231.04

24

Cr

52.00
42

Mo

95.96
74

183.84
106

Sg

(269)
60

Nd

144.24
92

238.03

25

Mn

54.94
43

Tc

(98)
75

Re

186.21
107

Bh

(270)
61

Pm

(145)
93

Np

(237)

26

Fe

27

Co

58.93

101.07
76

102.91
77

Os

190.23
108

Hs

(269)
62

Sm

150.36
94

Pu

(244)

14

15

16

17

10.81
13

55.85

44
Ru

13

Relative atomic
mass

9.01
12

22.99
19

45
Rh
Ir

192.22
109

Mt

(278)
63

Eu

151.96
95

Am

(243)

28

Ni

58.69
46

Pd

106.42
78

Pt

195.08
110

Ds

(281)
64

Gd

157.25
96

Cm

(247)

29

Cu

63.55
47

Ag

107.87
79

Au

196.97
111

Rg

(281)
65

Tb

158.93
97

Bk

(247)

30

Zn

65.38
48

Cd

112.41
80

Hg

200.59
112

Cn

(285)
66

Dy

162.50
98

Cf

(251)

Al

26.98
31

Ga

69.72
49

In

114.82
81

Tl

204.38
113

Uut

(286)
67

Ho

164.93
99

Es

(252)

12.01

14.01

28.09
32

30.97
33

14
Si
Ge

72.63
50

Sn

118.71
82

Pb

207.20
114

Uuq

(289)
68

Er

167.26
100

Fm

(257)

15
P
As

74.92
51

Sb

121.76
83

Bi

208.98
115

Uup

(288)
69

Tm

168.93
101

Md

(258)

16.00
16

32.07
34

Se

78.96
52

Te

127.60
84

Po

(209)
116

Uuh

(293)
70

Yb

173.05
102

No

(259)

19.00
17

Cl

35.45
35

Br

79.90
53

126.90
85

At

(210)
117

Uus

(294)
71

Lu

174.97
103

Lr

(262)

18
2

He

4.00
10

Ne

20.18
18

Ar

39.95
36

Kr

83.90
54

Xe

131.29
86

Rn

(222)
118

Uuo

(294)

7. Melting points and boiling points of the elements (at 101.325 kPa)
259.2

252.9
180.5

Li

Melting point (C)

1287

Be

1342
97.79

2468
650.0

Ca

Na

882.9
63.38

Element

Mg

2077

Boiling point (C)

4000
660.3

1090
842.0

1541

1670

1910

1907

1246

1538

1495

1455

1085

39.30

768.8

1522

1854

2477

2622

2157

2333

1963

1555

961.8

28.44

725.0

1768

1064

758.8

Rb

687.8

Cs

670.8
27.00

Fr

676.8

1484

Sr

1377

Ba

1845
699.8

Ra

1140

Sc

2836

3345

920.0

La

3464
1050

Ac

3200

Ti

3287

Zr

4406
2233

Hf

4600

3407

Nb

4741
3017

Ta

5455

Cr

2671

Mo

4639
3414

5555

Mn

2061

Tc

4262
3453

Re

5900

Fe

2861

Ru

4147
3033

Os

5008

Co

2927

Rh

3695
2446

Ir

4428

Ni

2913

Pd

2963

Pt

3825

Cu

2560

Ag

2162

Au

2836

Al

3500

4827
1414

Si

419.5

2519
29.77

3265
938.2

321.1

156.6

231.9

38.83

303.8

327.5

Zn

907.0

Cd

766.8

Hg

356.6

Ga

2229

In

2027

Tl

1473

Ge

2833

Sn

2586

Pb

1749

210.0

195.8
44.15

280.5
816.8

As

613.0

630.6

Sb

1587

271.4

Bi

1564

218.8

183.0
115.2

444.6
220.8

Se

684.8

449.5

Te

987.8

253.8

Po

962.0

219.7

188.1
101.5

Cl

34.04
7.050

Br

58.78

113.7

184.4
301.8

At

336.8

He

268.9
248.6

Ne

246.0
189.3

Ar

185.8
157.4

Kr

153.4
111.8

Xe

108.1
71.15

Rn

61.85

8. First ionization energy, electron affinity and electronegativity of the elements

131

73

2.2

520

60

Li

1.0

496

53

Na
0.9

419

48

0.8

403

47

Rb
0.8

376

46

Cs

0.8

393

47

Fr

0.7

900

738

First ionization
energy (kJ mol1)

Be

1.3

590

Ca

1.0

549

Sr

1.0

503

14

Ba

0.9

509

10

Ra

0.9

801

Element

Electronegativity

1.6

Mg

Electron affinity (kJ mol1)

(2nd EA / kJ mol1)

633

18

Sc

1.4

600

30

1.2

538

45

La

1.1

499

34

Ac

1.1

659

Ti

1.5

640

41

Zr

1.3

659

Hf

1.3

651

51

1.6

652

88

Nb
1.6

728

31

Ta

1.5

653

64

Cr

1.7

684

72

Mo
2.2

759

79

1.7

717

Mn
1.6

702

53

Tc

2.1

756

14

Re
1.9

27

2.0

578

762

15

Fe

1.8

710

101

Ru
2.2

814

106

Os

2.2

760

64

Co

1.9

720

110

Rh
2.3

865

151

Ir

2.2

737

112

Ni

1.9

804

54

Pd
2.2

864

205

Pt

2.2

745

119

Cu
1.9

731

126

Ag
1.9

890

223

Au
2.4

906

868

Zn

1.6

Cd
1.7

1007

Hg
1.9

42

Al

1.6

579

41

Ga

1.8

558

29

In

1.8

589

36

Tl

1.8

1086 122

2.6

787

134

Si

1.9

762

119

Ge

2.0

709

107

Sn

2.0

716

35

Pb
1.8

1402

3.0

1012

72

2.2

944

78

As

2.2

831

101

Sb

2.0

703

91

Bi

1.9

2372

He

1314 141
(+753)

1681 328

2081

3.4

1000 200
(+545)

4.0

1251 349

1520

2.6

3.2

1140 325

1351

2.6

3.0

1008 295

1170

2.1

2.7

2.0

2.2

941

869

195

Se

190

Te

812

183

Po

Cl

Br
I

270

At

Ne
Ar

Kr

Xe

2.6

1037

Rn

9. Atomic and ionic radii of the elements

32

130

Li

Atomic radius
(1012 m)

Na

Mg

140

102 (1+)

72 (2+)

138 (1+)

Ca

100 (2+)

75 (3+)

Rb

152 (1+)

Sr

118 (2+)

90 (3+)

Cs

167 (1+)

Ba

135 (2+)

La

103 (3+)

Fr

Ra

Ac

200
215
238
242

174
190
206
211

84

Ionic radius
(1012 m)

Be

45 (2+)

160

Element

99

76 (1+)

37

159

Sc

148

Ti

176

86 (2+)
61 (4+)
164

194

164

201

Zr

72 (4+)

Hf

71 (4+)

144

79 (2+)
54 (5+)
156

Nb

72 (3+)
64 (5+)
158

Ta

64 (5+)

130

Cr

129

Mn

62 (3+)
44 (6+)
146

83 (2+)
53 (4+)
138

150

141

Mo

65 (4+)

66 (4+)
60(6+)

Tc

65(4+)

Re

63(4+)
53(7+)

124

Fe

Co

117

Ni

122

Cu

120

Zn

16 (4+)

146 (3)

140 (2)

133 (1)

Al

Si

Cl

196 (1)

Sb

76 (3+)
150

Te

221 (2)

220(1)

Bi

142

Po

At

Ir

Pt

Au

Hg

Tl

80(2+)
63(4+)

62(3+)

130

Cd

132

In

137 (1+)

85 (3+)

119 (1+)
102 (2+)

146

198 (2)

Br

Os

68(+3)
63 (+4)

148

58 (3+)
46 (5+)
140

Se

80(3+)

63 (4+)
55(6+)

136

As

95 (2+)

86(2+)
62(4+)
130

136

Ge

115 (1+)

67 (+3)
60 (+4)
132

116

Ga

Pd

68(3+)
62 (4+)
136

117

181 (1)

74 (2+)
140

101

184 (2)

123
142

120

53 (4+)
272(4)
140

Sn

144

118(2+)
69 (4+)
145

89 (3)

78 (4+)

150 (1+)

Pb

119 (2+)

120

103 (3+)

76(5+)

118
137

97(4+)

62

Ne

100

38 (5+)

77 (1+)
73 (2+)
136

Ag

104

40 (4+)

69 (2+)
130

109

54 (3+)

65(+2)
55 (+3)
134

Rh

60

27 (3+)

114

64

61 (2+)
55 (3+)
136

Ru

71

124

118

75

He

Ar

Kr

Xe

Rn

10. Covalent bond lengths

Single bonds ( = )
Br

Cl

147

143

136

142

Br

228

194

214

176

141

247

214

Cl

214

177

199

163

128

232

197

C
F

H
I

N
O

194
176
141
247
214

220

Si

216

227

154
138
108
214
147
143
184
182
185

177
163
128

138
142
92

108
92
74

232

257

160

170

142

97

197
203
199
202

Multiple bonds ( = )

136

101

214
257
160
267

154

142

247

156

148

243

158

134

101
146
136
175
174

170
97

136

227

216

203

199

202

184
154
142
247
154

161

210

163

221

182
158
134
175
161
210
205
215

C=C 134

CN 116

NN 110

C C
140
(in benzene)

C=S 156

O=O 121

CC 120

C=N 130

C=O 122

N=N 125

Si

220

148
154

N=O 114

S=S 189

185
156
148
243
174
163
215
232

11. Bond enthalpies and average bond enthalpies at 298 K

Single bonds ( )
Br

Cl

228

286

280

278

Br

193

285

219

249

366

178

Cl

219

324

242

255

431

211

C
F

H
I

285
249
366
178

201

218

Si

264
330

346
492
414
228
286
358
264
289
307

324
255
431
211
192
206
322
271
400

Multiple bonds ( )

492
159
567
280
278
191
490
327
597

414
567
436
298
391
463
322
364
323

298
151
201
184
234

192
391
158
214

201

264

218

330

206

322

271

400

358
191
463
201
214
144
363
466

264
490
322
184

289
327
364

363
198

266
293

CN 890

NN 945

C C
507
(in benzene)

C=S 536

O=O 498

C=N 615

C=O 804

N=N 470

307
597
323
234
466

C=C 614
CC 839

Si

N=O 587

S=S 429

293
226

12. Selected compoundsthermodynamic data

Substance

methane
ethane
propane
butane
pentane
hexane
ethene
propene
but-1-ene
cis-but-2-ene
trans-but-2-ene
ethyne
propyne
buta-1,3-diene
cyclohexane
benzene
methylbenzene
ethylbenzene
phenylethene
chloromethane
dichloromethane
trichloromethane
bromomethane
iodomethane
chloroethane
bromoethane
chlorobenzene
methanol
ethanol
phenol
methanal
ethanal
propanone
methanoic acid
ethanoic acid
benzoic acid
methylamine
water
steam
carbon monoxide
carbon dioxide
hydrogen bromide
hydrogen chloride
hydrogen fluoride
hydrogen iodide

Formula

CH4
C2 H6
C3 H8
C4 H10
C5 H12
C6 H14
C2 H4
C3 H6
C4 H8
C4 H8
C4 H8
C2 H2
C3 H4
C4 H6
C6 H12
C6 H6
C6 H5 CH3
C6 H5 CH2 CH3
C6 H5 CHCH2
CH3 Cl
CH2 Cl2
CHCl3
CH3 Br
CH3 I
C2 H5 Cl
C2 H5 Br
C6 H5 Cl
CH3 OH
C2 H5 OH
C6 H5 OH
HCHO
CH3 CHO
(CH3 )2 CO
HCOOH
CH3 COOH
C6 H5 COOH
CH3 NH2
H2 O
H2 O
CO
CO2
HBr
HCl
HF
HI

State
g
g
g
g
l
l
g
g
g
g
g
g
g
g
l
l
l
l
l
g
l
l
g
l
g
l
l
l
l
s
g
g
l
l
l
s
g
l
g
g
g
g
g
g
g

( )
74.0
84.0
105
126
173
199
+52.0
+20.0
+0.10
7.0
11.0
+228
+185
+110
156
+49.0
+12.0
12.0
+104
82.0
124
134
36.0
14.0
137
90.0
+11.0
239
278
165
109
166
248
425
484
385
23
285.8
241.8
110.5
393.5
36.3
92.3
273.3
+26.5

( )

( )

+68.0
+62.0
+71.0
+66.0
+63.0
+211
+194
+151

+220
+267
+306
+301
+297
+201
+248
+279

58.0

+235
+178
+202
+246
+163

50.0
32.0
24.0
17.0

+125

74.0
26.0
53.0
26.0
167
175
102
133
361
390

+32.0
237.1
228.6
137.2
394.4
53.4
95.3
275.4
+1.7

+186
+230
+270
+310

+173

+199

+127
+161
+144
+219
+264
+200
+129
+160
+168
+243
+70.0
+188.8
+197.7
+213.8
+198.7
+186.9
+173.8
+206.6

13. Enthalpies of combustion

The values of the molar enthalpy of combustion( ) in the following table refer to a temperature of 298 K and a pressure of 1.00 105 Pa .
Substance

hydrogen
sulfur
carbon (graphite)
carbon monoxide
methane
ethane
propane
butane
pentane
hexane
octane
cyclohexane
ethene
buta-1,3-diene
ethyne
benzene
methylbenzene
naphthalene
chloroethane
iodoethane
trichloromethane
methanol
ethanol

Formula

H2
S
C
CO
CH4
C2 H6
C3 H8
C4 H10
C5 H12
C6 H14
C8 H18
C6 H12
C2 H4
C4 H6
C2 H2
C6 H6
C6 H5 CH3
C10 H8
C2 H5 Cl
C2 H5 I
CHCl3
CH3 OH
C2 H5 OH

State
g
s
s
g
g
g
g
g
l
l
l
l
g
g
g
l
l
s
g
l
l
l
l

( )
286
297
394
283
891
1561
2219
2878
3509
4163
5470
3920
1411
2541
1301
3268
3910
5156
1413
1463
473
726
1367

Substance

propan-1-ol
butan-1-ol
cyclohexanol
phenol
ethoxyethane
methanal
ethanal
benzaldehyde
propanone
pentan-3-one
phenylethanone
methanoic acid
ethanoic acid
benzoic acid
ethanedioic acid
ethyl ethanoate
ethanamide
methylamine
phenylamine
nitrobenzene
urea
glucose
sucrose

Formula

C3 H7 OH
C4 H9 OH
C6 H11 OH
C6 H5 OH
(C2 H5 )2 O
HCHO
CH3 CHO
C6 H5 CHO
(CH3 )2 CO
(C2 H5 )2 CO
CH3 COC6 H5
HCOOH
CH3 COOH
C6 H5 COOH
(COOH)2
CH3 COOC2 H5
CH3 CONH2
CH3 NH2
C6 H5 NH2
C6 H5 NO2
CO(NH2 )2
C6 H12 O6
C12 H22 O11

State
l
l
s
s
l
g
g
l
l
l
l
l
l
s
s
l
s
g
l
l
s
s
s

( )
2021
2676
3728
3053
2724
571
1167
3525
1790
3100
4149
255
874
3228
243
2238
1186
1086
3393
3088
633
2803
5640

14. Common oxidation numbers of the 3d ions

Sc

+3

Ti

Cr

Mn

Fe

Co

Ni

+2

+2

+2

+2

+2

+2

+2

+4

+4

+3

+3
+5

+3

+6

+3
+4

+3

+3

Cu

Zn

+2

+2

+1

+6
+7

15. Spectrochemical series

Ligands can be arranged in a spectrochemical series according to the energy difference they produce between the
two sets of d-orbitals in an octahedral complex.
I < Br < S2 < Cl < F < OH < H2 O < SCN < NH3 < CN CO

16. Ligands

NH2

NH2

1,2-ethanediamine

HO
N

O
O

O
HO
N

O
HO

ethanedioate

OH

EDTA

17. Colour wheel

647 nm

700 nm
400 nm

Orange

585 nm

Red

Yellow

Violet

Green

424 nm

Blue

491 nm

575 nm

18. Lattice enthalpies at 298 K (experimental values)

The lattice enthalpy values (lattice

) given relate to the endothermic process Ma Xb (s) aMb+ (g) + bX a (g)
in which the gaseous ions of a crystal are separated to an infinite distance from each other.

Experimental values

The data in these tables are experimental values obtained by means of a suitable BornHaber cycle.
Alkali metal halides

Cl

( )

Br

Li

1049

864

820

764

829

720

691

650

Na
Rb
Cs

930

790

795

754

695

759

668

670

647

705
632
613

Other substances

( )

Other substances

( )

BeCl2

3033

BaO

3054

CaF2

MgCl2
CaCl2
SrCl2

BaCl2
MgO
CaO

2651

SrO

2540

CuCl2

2170

AgCl

2271
2069
3791
3401

AgF

AgBr
AgI

3223
2824
974
918
905
892

19. Enthalpies of aqueous solutions

Solute

( )

Solute

( )

NH4 NO3

+25.69

KBr

+19.87

LiCl

37.03

RbF

LiI

63.30

RbBr

+3.88

CsF

NH4 Cl
LiF

LiBr
NaF

NaCl

NaBr
NaI
KF

+14.78
+4.73

48.83
+0.91
0.60
7.53

17.73

KCl
KI

RbCl
RbI

CsCl

CsBr
CsI

+17.22
+20.33
26.11
+17.28
+21.88
+25.10
36.86
+17.78
+25.98
+33.35

20. Enthalpies of hydration

Cations

( )

Anions

( )

Na+

424

Cl

359

Li+
K+

Rb+
Cs +

538

340

Br

291

ClO
3

315

Be2+

2524

BrO
3

Ca2+

1616

ClO
4

1346

CN

Mg 2+
Sr 2+

Ba2+

Ra2+
Al3+

Ga3+
In3+
Tl3+
Tl+

Sn2+

Pb2+

1963
1483
1335

IO
3

OH
NO
3

4741

HCO
3

4171

HSO
4

346

PO3
4

4745
4163
1587

1523

504
328
287
331
358
446
205
519
341
316
383

CO2
3

1486

SO2
4

1099

362

2921

21. Strengths of organic acids and bases

The acid strengths in the following tables are given in terms of pa values, where pa = log10 a .

The dissociation constant a values are for aqueous solutions at 298 K . Base strengths are given in terms of pb
values.

Carboxylic acids
Name

Formula

ethanoic

CH3 COOH

methanoic
propanoic
butanoic

HCOOH

3.75

CH3 CH2 COOH

4.87

CH3 (CH2 )2 COOH

2-methylpropanoic

(CH3 )2 CHCOOH

2,2-dimethylpropanoic

(CH3 )3 CCOOH

phenylethanoic

C6 H5 CH2 COOH

Name

Formula

dichloroethanoic

CHCl2 COOH

pentanoic
benzoic

Halogenated carboxylic acids

chloroethanoic

trichloroethanoic

CH3 (CH2 )3 COOH

C6 H5 COOH

4.76
4.83
4.84
4.83
5.03
4.20
4.31

CH2 ClCOOH

2.87

CCl3 COOH

0.66

fluoroethanoic

CH2 FCOOH

iodoethanoic

CH2 ICOOH

bromoethanoic

CH2 BrCOOH

1.35
2.59
2.90
3.18

Phenols
Name

Formula

2-nitrophenol

O2 NC6 H4 OH

phenol

3-nitrophenol
4-nitrophenol

2,4-dinitrophenol

C6 H5 OH

9.99

O2 NC6 H4 OH

8.36

O2 NC6 H4 OH

(O2 N)2 C6 H3 OH

2,4,6-trinitrophenol

(O2 N)3 C6 H2 OH

Name

Formula

ethanol

C2 H5 OH

Alcohols
methanol

7.23
7.15
4.07
0.42

CH3 OH

15.5

Name

Formula

methylamine

CH3 NH2

Amines
ammonia

ethylamine

dimethylamine

NH3

4.75

CH3 CH2 NH2

3.35

(CH3 )2 NH

trimethylamine

(CH3 )3 N

triethylamine

(C2 H5 )3 N

diethylamine
phenylamine

15.5

(C2 H5 )2 NH
C6 H5 NH2

3.34
3.27
4.20
3.16
3.25
9.13

22. Acid-base indicators

Colour change

Indicator

pH range

Acid

bromophenol blue

4.2

3.04.6

yellow

4.46.2

red

yellow

yellow

red

methyl orange

bromocresol green
methyl red

bromothymol blue
phenol red

phenolphthalein

3.7
4.7
5.1
7.0
7.9
9.6

3.14.4

3.85.4

red

yellow

yellow

blue

6.07.6

yellow

8.310.0

colourless

6.88.4

Alkali
blue

blue

pink

23. Values of the ionization constant of water

Temperature ()

value

0.113 1014

10

0.292 1014

20

0.684 1014

15
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95

100

0.185 1014

0.453 1014
1.00 1014
1.47 1014
2.09 1014
2.92 1014
4.02 1014
5.43 1014
7.24 1014
9.55 1014
12.4 1014
15.9 1014
20.1 1014
25.2 1014
31.3 1014
38.3 1014
46.6 1014

56.0 1014

24. Standard electrode potentials at 298 K

Oxidized species
Li+ (aq) + e
K + (aq) + e

Ca2+ (aq) + 2e
Na+ (aq) + e

Mg 2+ (aq) + 2e
Al3+ (aq) + 3e

Mn2+ (aq) + 2e
H2 O(l) + e

Zn2+ (aq) + 2e
Fe2+ (aq) + 2e
Ni2+ (aq) + 2e

Sn2+ (aq) + 2e

Pb2+ (aq) + 2e
H + (aq) + e

Reduced species

()

Oxidized species

K(s)

2.93

SO2
4 (aq) + 4H (aq) + 2e

Li(s)

Ca(s)

2.87

Na(s)

2.71

Mg(s)

2.37

Al(s)

Mn(s)

1
H (g)
2 2

Zn(s)
Fe(s)
Ni(s)

Sn(s)

Pb(s)

1
H (g)
2 2

3.04

Cu2+ (aq) + e

1
O (g)
2 2

+ e

Ag + (aq) + e

0.83
0.45

Cu+ (aq) + e

Fe3+ (aq) + e

1.18
0.76

+ H2 O(l) + 2e
1
I (s)
2 2

1.66
+ OH (aq)

Cu2+ (aq) + 2e

1
O (g)
2 2

1
Br (l)
2 2

+ e

+ 2H2 (aq) + 2e

0.26

Cr2 O2
7 (aq) + 14H (aq) + 6e

0.13

MnO
4 (aq) + 8H (aq) + 5e

0.14
0.00

1
Cl (g)
2 2

+ e

1
F (g)
2 2

+ e

Reduced species

()

H2 SO3 (aq) + H2 O(l)

+0.17

Cu+ (aq)
Cu(s)

2OH (aq)
Cu(s)

I (aq)

Fe2+ (aq)
Ag(s)

Br (aq)
H2 O(l)

2Cr 3+ (aq) + 7H2 O(l)

Cl (aq)

Mn2+ + 4H2 O(l)

F (aq)

+0.15
+0.34
+0.40
+0.52
+0.54
+0.77
+0.80
+1.09
+1.23
+1.36
+1.36
+1.51
+2.87

25. Activity series

Increasing
activity

Li
Cs
Rb
K
Ba
Sr
Ca
Na
Mg
Be
Al
C

Zn
Cr
Fe
Cd
Co
Ni
Sn
Pb
H

Sb
As
Bi
Cu
Ag
Pd
Hg
Pt
Au

26. Infrared data

Characteristic ranges for infrared absorption due to stretching vibrations in organic molecules.
Bond

Organic molecules

CBr

bromoalkanes

CI

CCl
CF

CO

C=C

iodoalkanes

chloroalkanes

600800

16201680

hydrogen bonding in carboxylic acids

NH

strong

alkenes

alcohols, esters, ethers

OH
OH

500600

490620

10001400

aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids and

esters

CH

Intensity

fluoroalkanes

C=O
CC

Wavenumber ( )

alkynes

alkanes, alkenes, arenes

hydrogen bonding in alcohols and phenols

primary amines

10501410

17001750
21002260

strong
strong
strong
strong

medium-weak; multiple
bands
strong

variable

25003000

strong, very broad

32003600

strong, broad

28503090
33003500

strong

medium, two bands

27. 1H NMR data

Typical proton chemical shift values () relative to tetramethylsilane (TMS) = .

R represents an alkyl group, and Hal represents F, Cl, Br, or I.

These values may vary in different solvents and conditions.
Type of proton
CH3

CH2 R
R2CH

0.91.0
1.31.4
1.5

O
RO

Chemical shift (ppm)

CH2

2.02.5

O
C

2.22.7

CH2

CH3

C C H

CH2 Hal

R O CH2
O
R

O CH2

2.53.5
1.83.1
3.54.4
3.33.7
3.74.8

O
R

O H

R O H

HC CH2

9.013.0
1.06.0
4.56.0

Type of proton

Chemical shift (ppm)

OH

4.012.0

6.99.0

O
R

9.410.0

28. Mass spectral fragments lost

Mass lost

Fragment lost

17

OH

15
18

CH3

H2 O

28

CH2 =CH2 , C=O

31

CH3 O

29
45

CH3 CH2 , CHO

COOH

29. Triangular bonding diagram

van Arkel-Ketelaar
Triangle of Bonding

Electronegativity
difference
3.0

2.5

Electronegativity
difference
= | |

Ionic

2.0
1.5

Polar
covalent

1.0
0.5
0

% covalent
% ionic

Metallic
0.79 1.0

1.5

Covalent
2.0

2.5

3.0

Average electronegativity =

3.5

( + )

92

25

75

50

50

75

25

100

4.0

30. Resin identification codes

Resin Identification Code
(RIC)

Plastic types

Resin Identification Code

(RIC)

Plastic types

polyethylene
terephthalate

polypropylene

high-density
polyethylene

polystyrene

polyvinyl chloride

other

low-density polyethylene

31. Representations of some materials molecules

O

Clm

polychlorinated biphenyls

Cl

O
Clm

Cln

Cl

Cln

O
O

1,4-dioxin

polychlorinated dibenzofuran
O

Cl
Cl

2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxin

Cln

Clm
O

polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin

32. Solubility product constants at 298 K

Compound
BaCO3

Ba(OH)2 8H2 O

2.58 109

2.55 104

BaSO4

1.08 1010

Cd(OH)2

7.2 1015

CdCO3

1.0 1012

PbCO3

7.40 1014

PbSO4

2.53 108

Pb(OH)2
Hg 2 CO3
Hg 2 SO4
NiCO3

1.43 1020
3.6 1017
6.5 107

1.42 107

Ni(OH)2

5.48 1016

Ag 2 SO4

1.20 105

Ag 2 CO3
ZnCO3

Zn(OH)2

8.46 1012
1.46 1010
3.0 1017

33. 2-amino acids

Common name
alanine

Symbol
Ala

H2N CH COOH

H2N CH COOH

Arg

asparagine

Asn

H2N CH COOH

aspartic acid

Asp

H2N CH COOH

cysteine

Cys

H2N CH COOH

glutamic acid

Glu

H2N CH COOH

glutamine

Gln

H2N CH COOH

glycine

Gly

His

6.0

CH3

arginine

histidine

pH of isoelectric
point

Structural formula

CH2 CH2 CH2 NH C NH2

NH

CH2 C NH2
O

CH2 COOH

CH2 SH

CH2 CH2 COOH

CH2 CH2 C NH2
O
H2N CH2 COOH

H2N CH COOH
CH2

10.8
5.4
2.8
5.1
3.2
5.7
6.0
7.6

N
N

isoleucine

Ile

leucine

Leu

H2N CH COOH
H3C CH CH2 CH3

H2N CH COOH
CH2
H3C CH CH3

6.0
6.0

Common name
lysine

Symbol
Lys

methionine

Met

phenylalanine

Phe

proline

Pro

serine

Ser

threonine

Thr

tryptophan

Trp

Structural formula

H2N CH COOH

CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 NH2

H2N CH COOH
CH2 CH2 S CH3
H2N CH COOH
CH2

COOH
HN

H2N CH COOH
CH2 OH

H2N CH COOH
H3C CH OH
H2N CH COOH
CH2

pH of isoelectric
point
9.7
5.7
5.5

6.3
5.7
5.6
5.9

NH

tyrosine

Tyr

H2N CH COOH
CH2

5.7

OH

valine

Val

H2N CH COOH
H3C CH CH3

6.0

34. Lipids, carbohydrates and nucleotide components

Lipids

Octanoic acid

CH3 (CH2 )6 COOH

Palmitic acid

CH3 (CH2 )14 COOH

CH3 (CH2 )10 COOH

Lauric acid

CH3 (CH2 )16 COOH

Stearic acid

CH3 (CH2 )7 CH=CH(CH2 )7 COOH

Oleic acid

CH3 (CH2 )4 (CH=CHCH2 )2 (CH2 )6 COOH

Linoleic acid

CH3 CH2 (CH=CHCH2 )3 (CH2 )6 COOH

-Linolenic acid

CH3

H3C H CH2
CH3
CH2
C
CH2
CH
CH3
CH3

HO

Carbohydrates

cholesterol

H C O

CH2OH

H C OH

C O

HO C H

HO C H

H C OH

H C OH

H C OH

H C OH

CH2OH

CH2OH

straight chain glucose

-glucose

straight chain fructose

CH2OH

CH2OH

OH

OH

OH

CH2OH
H

OH

OH

fructose

ribose

Nitrogenous bases
HC

C
N

C N

NH

CH
H

NH2

adenine

N
C

C
N
H

uracil

C
N

OH

NH2

C N

CH
H

CH
CH

N
C

C
N

N
O

C
N

CH
CH

cytosine

O
H

OH

deoxyribose

guanine

O
H

CH2OH

NH2

OH

CH3

CH

thymine

35. Vitamins and pigments

Vitamins

CH3

H
C

CH3
CH

O
O

CH3

CH

CH

CH

CH

CH2

HO

OH

CH3
CH3

CH
HO

OH
CH2

ascorbic acid (vitamin C)

retinol (vitamin A)
CH3
CH3

CH2

OH

CH

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH CH3
CH3

CH
CH2

HO

vitamin D (D3)

Pigments

CH2

CH

CH2

H 3C

N
CH
CH3

Mg

2+

CH2
C

CH2
O

CH

CH3

CH2
CH

CH

N
CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

N
Fe2+

HC

C H O
O

CH2
CH2

CH3

C20H39

CH2
CH2

CH3

OH HO

chlorophyll

CH2

CH

heme B
R

OH
O

OH
O+

OH

R
O glucose

O glucose

OH

OH

quinoidal base (blue)

CH3

CH3

CH3
CH

CH

CH

flavylium cation (red)

CH3

CH3
CH

CH

CH

CH

CH

CH

CH

CH3

CH3

-carotene

CH

CH

CH

CH3

CH
CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH

CH

CH3

CH3

CH

CH

CH

CH

CH

CH

CH

CH

CH

CH

CH3

CH3

CH

CH3

CH
CH3

CH3

-carotene
CH3

CH3
CH

CH

CH

CH3

CH
H 3C

CH3

CH3 CH3
CH

CH
C

CH

CH

CH

Average binding energy per nucleon (MeV)

7
6

CH

He

CH

all-trans-retinal

U235

Fe56

CH

36. Binding energy curve

O16
8 C12

CH3

11-cis-retinal

CH3

CH3

U238

Li7
Li6

H3
He3
H2

1
0 H
0

30

60

90

120

150

180

Number of nucleons in nucleus

210

240

270

CH

CH

37. Representations of some medicinal molecules

O
C

OH

O
C

CH3

CH2

CH3

NH

S
N

CH3

CH3

ibuprofen

paracetamol (acetaminophen)
OH

OH

CH2 CH2

H 3C N

CH2 CH2
O

OH

morphine
O
CH3

CH3

diamorphine (heroin)

NH
CH3

O
C

CH3

codeine

OH

C COOH

CH2 CH2

penicillin (general structure)

CH3 N

CH3
CH3

HO

aspirin
CH3

O
S

N
CH3
CH3

CH3

omeprazole

O CH3

CH3

NH

CH3

H 3C

N+

NH

ranitidine

O
CH3

OH

NH2

NH

CH3

NH

CH3

OH

OH

CH3

O
NH

NH

CH3

oseltamivir

OH
NH2

zanamivir
O
CH3
O
CH3 OH

NH

CH3
O
O

OH

CH3
CH3
OH

O
O

taxol

CH3
O

38. References

Data in sections 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 22, 26 and 27 was taken fully or in part from:

Aylward, G and Findlay, T. 2008. SI chemical data. (5th edition). Queensland, Australia. John Wiley & Sons.
Data in section 20 reproduced by permission of The Royal Society of Chemistry.

Barret, J. 2003. Inorganic chemistry in aqueous solution. London, UK. Royal Society of Chemistry.

Data in section 13 was taken in part from:

Burgess, DR. 2012. "Thermochemical Data". NIST Chemistry WebBook, NIST Standard Reference Database.
Number 69. http://webbook.nist.gov.

Data in sections 7, 8, 9, 12, 13, 18, 19, 21, 23, 24, 28, 32, 33 was taken fully or in part from:

Haynes, WM, (ed). 2012. CRC Handbook of chemistry and physics. (93rd edition). Boca Raton, US. CRC Press.

Data in section 29 can be found in the following source:

Leach, MR. 2013. Timeline of structural theory. 04 January 2013.

http://www.meta-synthesis.com/webbook/30_timeline/timeline.html.