Design of Drainage

in Barangay Sebac, Tudela Misamis Occidental

A Project Proposal Presented

To the Faculty of
College of Engineering and Architecture

In Partial Fulfillment of the

Requirements for the degree of
Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering

By:
Akiat, Trishia U.
Henosolango, Jessel Pie P.
Alarde, Nell Albert

CHAPTER 1
1. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Over the last few years, towns and cities of Misamis Occidental had experienced an
increased number of floods. Flood as one of the natural hazards in urban and rural areas often
results in enormous damage on people and socio-economic values in some areas. As an effect
heavy rains, it has caused severe traffic delays, large damage to properties, infrastructures and
pavements in urban and rural areas. These damages could greatly affect the rapid development of
an area and bring various environmental nuisances, and high levels of pollutants in its
surrounding areas.
Drainage system is a vital infrastructure that will convey stormwater from urban and rural
areas to the catchbasin. It does not only aim to minimize flooding or eliminate surface water, but
it also aims to enhance the ground water quality.
A drainage system comes in different types and applicability. One must consider a lot of
things to decide whether what type and design of drainage system will it be. Traditionally,
drainage system is an underground structure mainly consisting of networks of pipes. Drainage
projects can be costly, but the need to integrate this in our designs is very important and worthy
to protect our properties and investments due to the reduced risk of flooding. Given a functioning
drainage system at present, its design capacity is challenged due to the extreme rainfalls added
by climate change, so floods are expected to occur when the system gets overloaded.
People considering the installation of a drainage system must also know their rights and
responsibilities concerning the removal of excess water and its transfer to other land. A drainage
system must be designed and installed with all of its requirements and with its prevailing

conditions in order to attain its purpose, which is actually to give solution to water drainage
problems.
2. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Barangay Sebac is one of the most flooded area here in Tudela Misamis Occidental.
During heavy rains, the place is submerged with water, in which it could be due to inadequate
drainage systems. This is one of the issues which were not given much attention especially in
rural areas.
This research seeks answer the following questions:
1. What particular area in Barangay Sebac is most affected by the flood?
2. What best engineering design is most suitable to the area affected?
3. How efficient is the old drainage system in Barangay Sebac in collecting the
stormwater runoff?
4. Will the proposed drainage system accumulates all the stormwater runoff?
3. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
1. To determine the amount of runoff brought by heavy rains in Barangay Sebac, Tudela
Misamis Occidental
2. To formulate a drainage master plan in the most affected area in Barangay Sebac,
Tudela Misamis Occidental
3. To assess whether the designed drainage could accumulate all the stormwater runoff

III. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

Designing an effective drainage system in Tudela Misamis Occidental eliminates surface

water on road pavements and the discharged of water can be properly managed from the
carriageway and surrounding areas & lead it to an exit point where it can be safely discharged.
An effective drainage system is therefore essential to allow water to flow off and away from the
road as quickly as possible.
This research will help the barangay officials and Engineers of the municipality of
Tudela as reference for future plans about constructing a drainage system.
This research will also benefit the residents of Barangay Sebac, because this could serve
as the solution for the flooding problems in the place.
IV. SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS
This study focuses in the design of drainage systems that is capable of conveying
stormwater runoff from road pavements in Tudela Misamis Occidental. This is limited to
Barangay Sebac. The area, width and length covered shall be based on the results of the survey
questionnaires given to the resident of the barangay.

V. DEFINITION OF TERMS

Terms here are conceptually defined for better understanding of the readers.
1. Stormwater runoff excess water from rain that does not seeps to the ground but instead
it runs off.
2. Irrigation it is the artificial increase in supply of water that will eventually help assist
the growing agricultural crops and vegetation.
3. Precipitation is the product of the condensation of water which reaches to the earth
from the atmosphere.
4. Waterways is a navigable channel, usually a river, canal, lake, sea or ocean.
5. Impermeable surfaces are mainly artificial structures like pavements that are covered or
protected by materials that cannot penetrate water.
6. Sewer systems - is facility consisting of pipes or conduits, generally closed but does not
flow. It is for carrying off liquid or solid sewage.
7. Runoff water that comes from precipitation that neither evaporates nor penetrates but
flows to the ground surface or into the pipes, finding its way to streams/ rivers.

CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 Causes of Floods

Flooding has been the main concern of the people in Barangay Sebac, Tudela Misamis
Occidental. Over the past few years, the place was devastated by flood brought by the typhoons.
The flood brought several damages to the houses, roadways and vegetation in the barangay. The
flooding scenario in Barangay Sebac, is the consequence of inadequate drainage system in the
place.
2.2 Floods in the Philippines
Acoording to Briceo, the Philippines is regularly exposed to climate-related hazards
such as intensifying typhoons and floods, as well as seismic and volcanic events that have
affected whole regions of the country. It is recognized that nowadays climate change does have
great impacts on the water cycle and precipitation patterns.
Several towns and cities from Misamis Occidental experienced such calamities brought
by climate change. Flood is the most common problem in Misamis Occidental. Every year, lives
and properties were devastated by floods.
In some places such as in Tudela , especially the ones that are located in lowlands, it is
expected to entail an increase in the frequency and intensity of stormwater due to heavy rains,
thus leading to increased risk of flooding. The rapid growth and development of infrastructure in
the place, may result to increased volume of wastewater from storm, therefore it is inevitable to
experience inadequacy of water drainage.
Since flooding is one of the most serious concerns in Barangay Sebac, the researchers
sought the solution of the problem with the assistance of the Local Government Unit of Tudela.
The main objective of the project is to formulate a drainage master plan, which will serve as a
guide for the development of a well-planned and well-designed drainage system in Barangay

Sebac. This research will hopefully help the barangay improve their environment, making it
flood free areas and reducing hazards that could greatly affect lives in the community.
2.3 Drainage and Stormwater Management Strategies for Rural Communities
According to Melbourne Water (2013),the land use, management practices and landform
could greatly influenced the movement of stormwater through rural landscapes. Lands that are
used for agricultural purposes increases stormwater to waterways. Rural land generates more
runoff which in turn increases transportation of sediment, agricultural fertilizers, nutrients and
chemicals to waterways and the bays. Together with increased dependence on rivers and creeks
for irrigation and water supply, this has changed the natural timing and volume of flows in rural
waterways, leading to reduced stream flows during dry periods and increased stream flows after
storms.
According to Stauffer, that in rural areas, the cumulative impact of countryside living
subdivisions, roads and buildings causes an increase in peak flow rates, and the volume of water
that is discharged after storm events. This leads to 2 key effects: flooding and stream erosion
(ARC 2010). The main problem in rural areas is impermeable surfaces that are either caused by
roads and buildings and overstrained sewer systems. In rural areas and agricultural land it can
lead to erosion.
A study by D. Sharma , in Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata in India and other parts of developing
countries, wherein stated that these places mainly suffered from localized flooding problems and
water pollution due to insufficient, unscientific and weakly maintained drainage. A system of
underground man made pipes were designed and constructed to prevent flooding by flushing
away immediately. These drainage systems are designed for specific flow rate of water and thus

they are unable capture the fluctuations due to change in the volume the water. As a result of the
construction of drainage systems, pollutants from Delhi enter the river of Yamuna which is the
only source of water for the city with a population of more than one million. Conventional
drainage systems are unable to control poor runoff quality. The drainage system has been
unsustainable option impacting both the terrestrial and aquatic environments. This might have
been the cause of ignoring completely the community facilities and landscape while constructing
this drainage. It strongly affects the water problem in city like Delhi which is greatly dependent
upon the groundwater.
According to Stauffer (2010), stormwater management is essential to prevent erosion of
agricultural land and flooding of inhabited urban or rural areas. Both cases can cause severe
damages and contamination of the environment if sanitation facilities are flooded. This results in
high costs and notably massive suffering for the local communities.
2.4 Design of Drainage

Planning and designing an effective drainage system really takes time. It also requires
factors that need to be considered such as topographic features, the characteristics of soil,
intensity of rainfall, effect on wetlands, environmental impacts and the present crops and
vegetation.
According to the study of Saeed Ahmed Khokhar, a professor and head of Civil
Engineering department in Parul Institute of Engineering and Technology, it is important to study
and understand the rainfall runoff process of such areas, so that runoff which is an essential
parameter for planning of drainage measures. He added that in planning a surface drainage, the
following aspects have to be considered such as rainfall patterns and frequencies, land use and

characteristics, and the human interference in the drainage basin. The purpose of the drainage
system, in whether urban and rural areas, the operational aspects, whether gravity or pump
drainage and the hydrological effects also need to be considered.
One of the most important factors in designing a drainage system is its physical aspects
that needs to be provided to achieve flood control and minimize the impact of pollution of
srormwater runoff.
It is also important that all drainage should be designed according to set of criterias such
as economic, social and environmental aspects. The design process therefore should be of proper
planning and management, where these criterias are meet.
2.5 Related Studies in the Design of Drainage System
According to the study of Renato Cruz, flooding was the identified as a problem. In 1986,
Metro Manila experienced flood and was submerged in water reaching a depth of 2.1 meters in
some areas. Investigations were made and revealed that inadequate drainage and serious
clogging of drainage system causes the flooding problem. Since then, the Philippine government
in cooperation with the Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH) has engaged in
declogging programs, has constructed drains in low-lying areas and has renovated drains and
river walls. The government has spent an average of PI 00 million for each of the past five years
for flood control activities.
Some international countries also conducted studies concerning drainage systems. A
study made by R.J.Oosterbaan about drainage in India where it is not well developed. Main
drains were not enough to provide a drainage exit. Water logging is the cause of flooding in
India. According to Oosterbaan, it is due to the inflow of groundwater through the aquifer that is

fed by percolation losses from the irrigated agriculture and the monsoon rainfalls. When high
intensity rainfalls occur, farmers pump the excess surface water into the irrigation canals that
overtop in the low-lying parts.
The construction and development of drainage system in India took place in the latter
years. The drains were connected to a piped collector to form a composite drainage system.
Water was then pumped out and all synthetic material performed well.

Chapter 3
METHODOLOGY

The researchers focused on the most affected area in Barangay Sebac, Tudela Misamis
Occidental. To gather the information needed, the researchers used the following procedures as
stated below.

PART ONE

A. The researchers conduct a survey through distribution of questionnaires to the

residents of the certain barangay. This will eventually help them determine the most
affected area in the barangay.
B. The researchers select an area to be focused and studied on..
PART TWO PROFILE LEVELING
Data Gathering Instruments:
1.

Leveling instrument - is an optical instrument used to determine the elevation of

the ground.

2.

Leveling rods - used in measuring the vertical distance between a point on the
ground or the difference in elevation.

5.

Steel tape an instrument in linear scale usually in meters or inches; used for
taking horizontal and vertical measurements.

6.

Stakes a piece of wood or metal pinned into the ground to mark the points to be
shot by the instrument.

Procedure :

1.
2.
3.

The researchers followed these steps to accomplish the work.

Established stations and labeled it as stations A, B and C.
Set up and leveled the instrument that is accessible to the other side.
Performed a back sight on a nearby benchmark and recorded the height of the

4.

instrument.
Took foresights from centerline points up to within practical limits of sightings

5.

and recorded the rod readings.

Took a foresight on the established turning point, determine its elevation when the
rod has been advanced to a point which further readings to ground points cannot

6.

be observed.
Transferred the instrument in another farther position, set up and took a back sight
on turning point which has just been established. Continue taking rod readings on

7.

the established points on the ground until the end points was reached.
Values obtained from the profile leveling were tabulated, observed, and computed
accordingly.

PART THREE DRAINAGE DESIGN METHOD:

The following data must be gathered before designing a drainage:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Profile of the proposed canal

Area
Side Slope
n; coefficient of roughness
Water Supply (discharge, Q)

Steps in Drainage Design

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

To obtain the desired slope, preliminary grade lines must be drawn.

Calculate the discharge of the drainage using the slope.
Calculate the preliminary depth of water with slope (S) and discharge (Q) .
Solve the velocity using the Mannings formula.
Check the discharge obtained with the required in step 2.
Note: They must be more or less equal.

Designing Structures
1. Determine the drainage elements to be designed.
2. Determine whether you what type to be used, whether it is a barrel or a pipe.
Guide: For Q less than 0.50 m3/s, recommend it for pipe.
3. Using the formula of discharge , get the most possible value of A.
4. Get the actual Vs with the actual area of pipe to be use.
5. Determine the head loss.
6. Determine the fill elevation.

TIME FRAME
JUL

AUG

SEPT

OCT

NOV

DEC

JAN

Proposal
Data
Gathering
Discussion
Analysis
Conclusio
n
Final
Defense

REFERENCES
1. http://www.fao.org/3/a-ai587e/ai587e01.pdf
2. http://www.ecrr.org/Publications/tabid/2624/mod/11083/articleType/ArticleView/articleId
/3316/Rural-sustainable-drainage-systems.aspx
3. http://soilandwater.ohiodnr.gov/portals/soilwater/pdf/swcd/Drainage_Report.pdf
4. http://essc.org.ph/content/wp-content/uploads/2007/02/5.1.3%20case%201.2%20%20drcc,%20davao%20city,%20mindanao.pdf
5.