CHAPTER

CHAPTER

13

Mathematical Reasoning

(d) False

(Cube root of 27 is 3.)

Paper 2
1. (a) It is a statement.

(Because it is true.)

(e) False
(5 , 4)

(b) It is a statement.

(Because it is false.)

(f) True
(g) False
(1 3 = 4)

(c) It is a statement.

(Because it is true.)

(h) True

(d) It is not a statement.

(Because it is neither true nor false.)

4. (a) True

(e) It is a statement.

(Because it is false.)

(b) False

(2 is not divisible by 4.)

(f) It is not a statement.

(Because it is neither true nor false.)

(c) True
(d) True

(g) It is not a statement.

(Because it is neither true nor false.)

5. (a) All prime numbers are odd numbers.

No (2 is a prime number but not an odd
number.)

(h) It is not a statement.

(Because it is neither true nor false.)

(b) All sets have elements.

No (Empty set has no element.)

2. (a) It is not a statement.

(b) It is a statement.

(c) All acute angles are less than 90.

Yes

(c) It is a statement.
(d) It is a statement.

(d) a2 0 for all values of a.

Yes

(e) It is a statement.
(f) It is not a statement.

6. (a) Some rectangles are square.

Yes

(g) It is not a statement.

(b) Some prime numbers are even numbers.

Yes

(h) It is a statement.

(c) Some hexagons are regular hexagons.

Yes

3. (a) False
(3 , 3)

(d) Some trapeziums have a pair of parallel sides.

No (All trapeziums have a pair of parallel
sides.)

(b) True
(c) True

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 Mathematics SPM Chapter 13

15. (a) Antecedent : a , 0

Consequence : a2 . 0

7. (a) True
(b) True

(b) Antecedent : x is a prime number.

Consequence : 2x is an even number.

(c) True
(d) False
8.

Statement

Truth

2,1

False

n
n

2.1

16. (a) If k + 4 = 10, then k = 6.

(b) If ABCDE is a pentagon, then ABCDE has

5 sides.

True

17. (a) If m + 3 = 5, then m = 2. (True)

(b) If x , 4, then x , 1. (False)

9. (a) 1 m3 = 104 cm2

1 = 60

(c) If x2 = 4, then x = 2. (False)

(d) If 2a is an even number, then a is an even number.
(False)

1
1
(b) .
3
2
4 > 3

18. Implication 1: If m . n, then m + 1 . n + 1.

Implication 2: If m + 1 . n + 1, then m . n.

(c) 2 is a factor of 3.

3 is a factor of 5.

19. Implication 1: If ab , 0, then a , 0 or b , 0.

Implication 2: If a , 0 or b , 0, then ab , 0.

1
10. (a)
a2 = a a and = 0.5.
2
(b) The opposite angles of a parallelogram are equal
and a trapezium is a four-sided figure.

20. P is divisible by itself and number one.

21. 3 is a factor of 24.

11. (a) 82 = 16
1

= 0.2
5

22. x 9

(b) A square has two lines of symmetry.

Sum of the interior angles of a triangle is 90.

23. A hexagon is a polygon.

24. y is an obtuse angle.

12. (a) 50 = 1 or 2 4 = 6.
(b) A parallelogram has no line of symmetry or all
the angles of a square are 90.

25. 2m is not negative.

26. Cube A with sides 2 cm has a volume of 8 cm3.

13. (a) True

(b) False

27. Circle Q with radius 6 cm has an area of 36 cm2.

(c) False

28. 2n, n = 1, 2, 3, 4,

(d) False

29. 2n 1, n = 1, 2, 3, 4,

14. (a) True

30. 12 5n, n = 0, 1, 2, 3,

(b) True
(c) True
(d) False

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Mathematics SPM Chapter 13

7. (a) (i) All rhombuses have a total interior angles

of 360.
(ii)
Some hexagons are regular.

Paper 2

(b) If 3m . n, then m . n. (False)

Example: If m = 2, n = 5

3(2) . 5

2 . 5 (False)

1. (a) (i) 3 is a factor of 15 and 3 is divisible by 6.

(ii) False
(b) n 1
(c) Implication 1: If (2)n is a positive number, then

n is an even number.

Implication 2: If n is an even number, then (2)n

is a positive number.

(c) p < 3

2. (a) False

(Because (2)(3) 5)

Paper 2

(b) Implication 1: If 3x = 3, then x = 1.

Implication 2: If x = 1, then 3x = 3.

1. (a) (i) False

(Because both statements are false)
(ii) True

(c) Sum of the first 10 positive integers

= 10(1 + 10)
2

= 55

m
(b) Implication 1: If , 1, then n . m.
n
m

Implication 2: If n . m, then , 1.
n

(c) A rhombus has a sum of interior angles of 360.

3. (a) True

(Because 4 2 = 8)
(b) Some numbers divisible by 2 are divisible by 4.

2. (a) (i) True

(ii) False
(Because 64 42)

1
h = 3, then h = 6.
2
1
Implication 2: If h = 6, then h = 3.
2

(c) Implication 1: If

(b) x = 2
(c) 3n2 1, n = 1, 2, 3, 4,

4. (a) False
(b) If x is a factor of 10, then x is a factor of 5. (False)
(c) The perimeter of the square is not 12 cm.

3. (a) (i) Not a statement

(ii) A statement

5. (a) If x . 6, then x + 2 . 8

The converse is true.

(b) Implication 1: If 4a is positive, then a is

negative.

Implication 2: If a is negative, then 4a is
positive.

(b) q = 120
(c) The volume of the cube with side 4 cm is
64 cm3.

(c) p is not an even number.

6. (a) (i) True

(ii) False

4. (a) (i) 4 6 2 (A true statement)

(ii) 2a b = 2a + b (A false statement)

(b) Implication 1: If ABC is an equilateral triangle,

then all the sides of ABC are
equal.
Implication 2: If all the sides of ABC are equal,
then ABC is an equilateral triangle.

(b) All regular polygons have equal sides.

(c) 3n + 2, n = 0, 1, 2, 3,

(c) tan x 1

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 Mathematics SPM Chapter 13

5. (a) (i) True

9. (a) It is false.

(ii) False

(2 is a prime number and divisible by 2.)

(b) {2, 4} {1, 2, 4} and 3 {2, 4}

(c) If b = 7, then b 3 = 4. (True)

(b) If 2 is a factor of y, then 4 is a factor of y. (False)

Example: 2 is a factor of 6 but 4 is not a factor

of 6.

(d) If h = 0, then 2h = 0.

(c) A and B are congruent.

10. (a) It is not a statement.

(b) (b + 1) is an even number.

6. (a) 15 is a prime number or 102 = 100.

(c) 2n(n + 1), n = 1, 2, 3,

(b) {1, 2} < {2, 3} = {2}

(c) 3a is not a positive number.

11. (a) (i) Some elements in {2, 3, 4, 6} are even

numbers.
(ii)
All pentagons are 5-sided figures.

7. (a) (i) 16 is an even number or 3 . 2. (True)

(b) a 0

(ii) 16 is an even number and 3 . 2. (False)

(c) Set P has 5 elements.

(b) Implication 1: If a + b + c = 180, then a, b and

c are interior angles of a triangle.

Implication 2: If a, b and c are interior angles of

a triangle, then a + b + c = 180.

12. (a) (i) Every square root of a number is positive.

(ii)
Several triangles are isosceles triangles.

(c) All heptagons have 7 sides.

(b) B is not a subset of A.

(c) 14 5n, n = 0, 1, 2, 3,

8. (a) 5 . 7 , 1
(b) The perimeter of PQR is 15 cm.

13. (a) 2n 1, n = 1, 2, 3, 4,

(c) Implication 1: If P Q, then P Q = P.

Implication 2: If P Q = P, then P Q.

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(b) 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + + 2n 1 = n2,
where n = 1, 2, 3, 4,