VALLIAMMAI ENGINEERING COLLEGE

SRM Nagar, Kattankalathur

Department of Electronics and Engineering
IC6501 CONTROL SYSTEMS
UNIT I

SYSTEMS AND THEIR REPRESENTATION

PART A

1. What are the basic elements in control systems?

The basic elements in closed loop control system: the feedback element, controller and
controlled system. Controller consists of an error detector and control elements.
2. Define transfer function
The transfer function of a linear time-invariant system is defined to be the ratio of the Laplace
transform of the output variable to Laplace transform of the input variable under the
assumption that all initial conditions are zero.
3. List the majoradvantage and disadvantages of open loop control systems.
Advantage:
Simple in construction, Low cost, there no feedback element and system is stables.
Disadvantage:
Variation in external condition or internal parameters of the system may cause the output to
vary from the desired valued in an uncontrolled fashion therefore, open loop control is
satisfactory only if such fluctuations can be tolerated or system components are designed and
constructed so as to limit parameter variations and environment conditions are well
controlled.
4. What are the applications of synchro?
Error detection and Data transmission
5. List out the advantages of closed loop control system
i.
Controlled variable accurately follows the desired value.
ii.
Effect on the controlled variable of external disturbances other than
associated with the feedback sensor are greatly reduced.
iii.
They have the possibility for being adopted to perform their assigned task
automatically.
iv.
Accuracy
6. What are advantage of SFG approach of determining transfer function?
This SFG approach is not tedious. Less time consuming for complicated syst.
7. The open loop gain of a system increases by 25%. Calculate the change in the closed loop
gain assuming unity feedback.
= 100 , 25% = 125,
= 0.01
8. What is aligned position of a Synchro pair?
When = 900 , i.e., the two rotors are at right angles, then the voltage induced in the control
transformer is zero . This position is known as the electrical zero position of the control
transformer (aligned position).The error signal is zero in the aligned position.

9. Write masons gain formula to find the system transfer function

Overall gain of the system given by =

P_(K )=path gain of Kth forward path, = = 1

( ) +
( )
( )
(
) , . , = 1 1 + 2 3 +. .,
10. What are analogous systems?
Force equation of mechanical translational system, mechanical rotational system and
electrical system are of identical form. Such systems whose differential equations are the of
identical form are called analogous system.
11. Why negative feedback is preferred in control system?
The negative feedback results in better stability in steady state and rejects disturbance signal.
It also low sensitivity to parameter variations. Overall gain of the system is reduces.
12. Compare closed and open loop system
Sl. Open loop
No.
1
Inaccurate and unreliable
2
Simple and economical
3
Changes in output due to external disturbances are not
corrected automatically
4

They are stable

closed loop
Accurate and reliable
complex and costly
Changes in output due to
external disturbances are
corrected automatically
Great efforts are needed to
design a stable

13. State the basic elements for modeling in translational and rotational system.
Sl. Translational system
Rotational system
No.
1
Force, f
Torque T
2
Velocity v
Angular velocity
3
Displacement X
Angular displacement
4
Mass M
Moment of inertia J
5
Frictional coefficient B
Frictional coefficient
6.
Stiffness K
Stiffness K
14. What are the Basic elements in electrical and mechanical system?
Electrical system
Mechanical
Sl.
Translational system
Rotational system
No.
1
Voltage V
Force, f
Torque T
2
Current I
Velocity v
Angular
velocity
3
Charge q
Displacement X
Angular
displacement
4
Inductance L
Mass M
Moment of inertia J
5
Resistance R
Frictional coefficient B
Frictional
coefficient

6.

Inverse of capacitance
1/Cs

Stiffness K

Stiffen K

15. What are the lumped parameters?

The process of ignoring the spatial dependence by choosing a representative value is called
lumping and the corresponding modeling parameter is known as lumped parameter.
16. What are the basic components of block diagram?
Block, branch point and summing point.
17. Define linear system
A system is said to be linear, if it obeys the principle of superposition and homogeneity,
which states that the response of a system to weighed sum of signals is equal to the
corresponding weighed sum of the response of the system to each of the individual input
signals.
18. State the principle of superposition
The principle of superposition and homogeneity states that if the system has response C1(t)
and C2(t) for the inputs r1(t) and r2(t) respectively then the system response to the linear
combination of the input a1ra(t)+a2r2(t) is given by linear combination of the individual
outputs a1c1(t)+a2c2(t), where a2 and a2 are constants
19. What is sink and source?
Source is the input node in the signal flow graph and it has only outgoing branches. Sink is a
output node in the signal flow graph and it has only incoming branches.
20. What are the two major types control systems?
Open loop control system and closed loop control system.

PART B

1. With neat diagram , explain the working of AC and DC servo motors

2. Using block diagram reduction rules, convert the block diagram of Fig.1 to a simple loop
H2
R

Y
G1

G2
H1
G4

FIG.1

G3

3. Write the differential equations for the mechanical system shown in fig. Obtain an analogous
electric circuit based on force-current analogy.
F(t)
1
2
12
M2
M1
K1

K1

B1

B2

4. Consider the signal flow graph shown in fig. Obtain the closed loop transfer function

()
()

by

the use fo Mason,s gain formula

G6

R(s)

G1

G7

G2

G3

G4

G5

G(s)

-H1
-H2
5. Discuss the mathematical modelling of fundamental components of mechanical translational
system. Obtain the mathematical model of the mechanical system shown in the figure below.
X2
K3

X3
j(t)

M3

B2

M2

K2

X1
B1

M1

K1

6.
a. Using block diagram reduction technique, find

()
()

H3
R(s)

G1

G2
H2

H1

b. Write detailed notes on synchros

G3

C(s)

7. Obtain the transfer function C/R for the block diagram shown in Figure using the block
diagram reduction technique

G4
R(s)

G1

C(s)

G3

G2
H1
H2

8. Find the transfer function for the signal flow graph shown in figure using Manson gain
formula
G4

R(s)

G1

G2
-H2

G3

C(s)

-H1
-1

9.
a. What are open and closed loop control system? State and explain the three major
objectives of control system analysis and design.
b. Construct a block diagram for the simple electrical network shown in fig. (a) (ii) and
hence obtain the signal flow graph.
R1

Ei

R2

i1

C1

i2

C2

Eo

10.
a. Derive the transfer function of a field controlled DC servomotor.
b. Describe the various block diagram reduction rules with examples

UNIT II

TIME RESPONSE

PART A

1. What is the type and order of the system?

a. () =

(+1)

Type I and second order system.

2. Write the PID controller equation
() = + +

3. What are the standard test signal used in control system?

Step signal, Ramp signal, Parabolic signal and Impulse signal.
4. What is the effect of PD controller on the performance of a system?
The effect of PD controller is to increase the damping ratio of the system and so the peak
overshoot is reduced.
5. Distinguish between the steady state and transient response of the system.
The transient response is the response of the system when the input changes from one state to
another. The response of the system as is called the steady state response.
6. Define settling time
Time taken by the response to reach and stay within a specified error and the error is usually
specified as % of final value. The usual tolerable error is 2% or 5%of the final value.
7. What are test signal?
Step signal, Ramp signal, Parabolic signal and Impulse signal.
8. Distinguish between type and order of a system
(ii)
Type number is specified for loop transfer function but order can
be specified for any transfer function.
(iii)
The type number is given by number of poles of loop transfer
function lying at the origin of S-plane but the order is given by
the number of poles of transfer function
9. The open loop transfer function of a unity feedback control system is given by
() =
() =

10(+2)
2 (+5)
10(+2)

.Find the acceleration error constant.

2 (+5)
2 10(+2)

0 (

2 (+5)

= 0 2 ()() =

) = 0 (

10(+2)
(+5)

)=4.

10. What is the effect of PI controller on a system performance?

The PI controller increases the order of the system by one, which results in reducing, the
steady state error. But the system decides steady state error.
11. Sketch the response of a second order under damped system

12. What are the generalized error coefficients? How they are determined
They are the co-efficient of generalized error series. The generalized error series is given by
() = 0 () +

1
1!

() +

2
2!

() +

3
3!

() + +

().

The coefficients 0 , 1, 2 . . generalized error co-efficient or dynamic error

coefficients. The coefficient, = 0

(), () =

1
1+()()

13. Give the transfer function () of a PID controller

() = + +

14. For a unity feedback control system shown in fig. Find the ratio of time constants of open
loop response to closed loop response
()

()
2
+4

Ratio = 2.99

15. What are the difference between steady state and generalized error coefficients
Steady state error
Generalized error coefficients
coefficients
1 It is a measure of system accuracy.
2 Static error constants are used to
determine steady state error when
the input is any one of the standard
input.

It gives error signal as function of

time.
Using generalize error constants the
steady state error can be determined
for any type of input.

16. What do you mean by peak over shoot

Ratio of the maximum peal value to final value where the maximum peak value is measured
from final value.
( ) ()
=
()
17. Define steady state error of a system
The steady state error is the value of error signal e(t), when t tends to infinity .The steady state
error is a measure of accuracy. The error arises from nature of inputs, type of system and nonlinearity of systems components.
18. Find the acceleration error constant for
(1 + )(1 + 2)
() = 2 2
( + 4 + 20)

acceleration error constant =

20
19. State the effect of PI and PID controller on system performance
The PI controller increases the order of the system by one, which results in reducing, the
steady state error. But the system decides steady state error.
The PID controller stabilizes gain, reduces the steady state error and peak overshoot of the
system.
20. Define rise time
It is the time taken for response to raise from 0 to 100% for the very first time.(For under
damped system-0 to 100%, over damped system-10 to 100%, critical damped system-5 to
95%,)
PART B

1. Derive the expression for unit step response of under damped second order system
2. Obtain the expression for dynamic error coefficients of the following system
10
() =
(1 + )
3. A unity feedback system is characterized by an open loop transfer function

() =
( + 10)
Determine the gain K so that the system will have a damping ratio of 0.5. For this value of K,
determine settling tome, peak overshoot and time to peak overshoot for a unit step input
4. The open loop transfer function of a servo system with unity feedback is
10
() =
(0.1 + 1)
Evaluate the static error constants (Kp, Kv, Ka) for the system. Obtain the steady state error

of the system when subjected to an input given by the polynomial () = 0+ 1 + 2 2

2

5.
a. Discuss the unit step response of second order system
b. Obtain the unit step response and unit impulse response of the following system
()
()

10
2 +2+10

6.
a. Write short notes Dynamic error coefficients
b. For a unity feedback second order system, the open loop transfer function is
() =

2
( +2

.Calculate the generalized error coefficients and find error series.

7.
a. Derive the expression for time domain response of second order system for underdamped
case subjected to a step input.
b. The characteristic equation of a feedback control system is 4 +3 3 + 12 2 ( 16) +
= 0. Sketch root locus plot for 0<K<. Determine the range of gain for which the
system is stable.
8.
a. Explain briefly the function and uses of PID controller
b. Sketch the root locus of the system whose OLTF is

() =
.
( + 2)( + 4)
Find the value of K so that damping ratio of the system is 0.5
9. Derive the time response of a first order control system subjected to
i.
Unit step input function
ii.
Unit ramp input function
iii.
Unit impulse input function
10.
a. The overall transfer function of a control system is given by

()
()

16
( 2 +1.6+16)

. It is

desired that the damping ratio be 0.8.Determine the derivative rate feedback constant Kt and
compare rise time, peak time, maximum overshoot and steady state error for unit ramp input
function without and with derivative feedback control.
b. Draw the root locus of the following system
()() =

UNIT III

10
( + 1)( + 2)

FREQUENCY RESPONSE

PART A

1. Write the expression for resonance frequency and peak in terms of time response
specifications
, = 1 2 2

1
1 2 2

2. Define Gain margin

The gain margin, Kg is defined as the value by which gain of the system has to be increased
to drive system to be verge of instability. It is given by the reciprocal of the magnitude of
open loop transfer function, at phase cross-over frequency, . When expressed in decibels,
it is given by, the negative of db magnitude of G(j) .

 , =
1

Kg in decibel = 20 log|()|

1
|()|=

= 20|()|=

3. Define the terms: resonant peak and resonant frequency

The maximum value of the magnitude of closed loop transfer function is called Resonant
peak.
The frequency at which the resonant peak occurs is called resonant frequency. The resonant
pea is the maximum value of magnitude of closed loop transfer function
4. What is a constant M circle?
The magnitude, M of closed loop transfer function with unity feedback will be in the form of
circles in complex plane for each constant value of M. The family of these circle are called
M-circles.
5. What is the cut-off frequency?
The frequency at which M has a value of 1/2 is of special significance is called the cut-off
frequency.
6. Define phase margin
The phase margin, is the amount of additional phase lag at the gain cross over
frequency, required to bring to the verge of instability. It is given by 1800 + where
I the phase of G(j) at phase cross-over frequency.
() = 1800 + < ()| =

7. What are the frequency domain specifications

Resonant peak, , resonant frequency, Bandwidth, Cut-off rate, gain margin, phase margin.
8. Draw the general shape of the polar plot of the transfer function of a Type 0 first order
system.

9. What is the correlation between phase margin and Damping factor

= tan1 2 (

1
2

1
1

(4 4 + 1 )2 2 2

10. Draw the polar lots for () =

1
(+1)

and () = 1 +

11. Define phase cross over frequency

The phase cross over frequency is the frequency at which the phase of the open loop transfer
function is 1800 .
12. What is the meaning of 6 dB/octave in a semi log sheet
Semi-log paper draw an asymptotic

approximation to the amplitude ratio.

6 dB/octave means First order system

13. How will you get closed loop frequency response from open loop response using Nichols
chart?
The G(j) locus or the Nichols plot is sketched on the Nichols chart. The meeting point of Mcontour with (G(j)) nd the meeting
point with N-circles gives the argument/phase of the closed loop system.
14. What are advantages of frequency response analysis?
i. The absolute and relative stability of the closed loop system can be estimated from the
knowledge of the open loop response.
ii. The practical testing of system can be easily carried with available sinusoidal generator
and precise measurements equipments
iii. The transfer function of complicated function can be experimentally frequency response
test
iv. The design and parameter adjustment can be carried more easily
v. It can be extended a non linear
15. Define gain crossover frequency
The gain cross over frequency is the frequency at which the magnitude of the open loop
transfer function is unity.

16. Define resonant peak.

The maximum value of the magnitude of closed loop transfer function is called resonant peak.
17. Define corner frequency.
The magnitude plot can be approximated by asymptotic straight lines. The frequencies
corresponding to the meeting point of asymptotes are called corner frequency. The slope of
the magnitude plot changes at every corner frequency.
18. What is Nichols plot?
The Nichols plot is a frequency response plot of the open loop transfer function of a system. It
is a graph between magnitude of G(j)in decibel and the phase of G(j) in degree, plotted on
a ordinary graph sheet.
19. What are advantages of Nichols plot?
It is used to find the closed response from the open loop response.
The frequency domain specification can be obtained from the Nichols chart.
The gain of the system adjusted to satisfy the given specification
20. What is frequency response?
The magnitude and phase function of sinusoidal transfer function of a system are real function
of frequency and so they are called frequency response.
PART B

1. Draw the Bode plot of the following system () =

10
(0.1+1)(0.01+1)

and hence obtain gain

crossover frequency.
2. Using polar plot, determine gain crossover frequency, phase crossover frequency, gain margin
and phase margin of feedback system with open-loop transfer function
10
()() =
(1 + 0.2)(1 + 0.002)
3. Sketch the Bode plot showing the magnitude in decibels and phase angle in degrees as a
function of log frequency for the transfer function
() =

75(1 + 0.2)
( 2 + 16 + 100)

From the Bode plot, determine the gain cross-over frequency

4.
a. Discuss the correlation between time and frequency response of second order system
b. How the closed loop frequency response is determined from the open loop frequency
using Nichols chart? Explain how the gain adjustment is carried out on the Nichols
chart.
5.
a. Explain the frequency domain specifications of a typical system
b. Draw the Bode plot of the open loop transfer function
() =
6.

200( + 10)
( + 5)( + 20)

a. What is the effect on polar plot if a pole at origin is added to the transfer function?
Explain. Draw the polar plot of a first order system.
b. For the following system, sketch the polar plot
() =

500
( + 6)( + 9)

7. Sketch the Bode plot for the following open loop transfer function
4(1+

() =

)
2

. From the plot determine the gain crossover frequency.

2
8

(1+)1+0.4( )( )

8. For the following unity feedback system obtain the values of K and r to get a peak resonance
of 1.26 at a resonance frequency of 10.5 rad/sec

() =
( + 1)
9.
a. Draw the Bode plot for the transfer function given below:
()() =

48(+10)

. Apply correction to the magnitude plot for the quadratic

(+20)( 2 +2.4+16)

term and comment on the stability.

b. The open loop transfer function of a unity feedback system is given by () =
1
2 (1+)(1+2)

Sketch the polar plot and determine the gain and phase margin

10.
a. Derive the expression for radius and centre of constant M and N circles
b. Explain how closed loop frequency response is obtained from open loop frequency
response using Nichols chart.

UNIT IV

STABILITY AND COMPENSATOR DESIGN

PART A

1. What are the location of roots in S-plane for stability?

Right half of the S-plane
2. What is meant by +20db/sec slope change?

Change in slope at 2 is unknown but we can determine it.

Change in slope is -20-0 = +20 db/sec
3. How are the locations of roots of characteristics equation related to stability?

If the roots of characteristics equation has positive real part then the impulse response of the
system is not bounded (the impulse response will be infinite as t). Hence the system will
be unstable. f the roots has negative real part then the impulse response is bounded.(then the
impulse response becomes 0 as t).Hence the system will be stable.
4. State the Nyquist stability criterion
If G(s)H(s) contour in the G(s)H(s)-plane corresponding to Nyquist contour in s-plane
encircles the point -1+j0 in the anticlockwise direction as many times as the number of right
half s-plane poles of G(s)H(s). Then the closed loop system is stable.
5. State the necessary and sufficient condition for stability
All the coefficients of the characteristics polynomial be positive.
6. Why are marginally stable systems considered unstable under the BIBO definition of stability
If the system has distinct roots on the imaginary axis, then the system is said to be marginally
stable; This system is not unstable as there is no root in the right-half of s-plane. But in this
instance, the impulse response does not decay to zero although it is bounded. In addition,
certain bounded input produce bounded output. Therefore marginally stable system are
unstable from Rouths criterion point.
7. For the loop transfer function ()() =

(+6)

, find the centroid of the root locus

(+3)(+5)

diagram.
Centroid =

8(6)

21

= 2

8. The forward function of a control system is =

function is=

20
(+10)

and its Define feedback attenuation

. Find the characteristics equation

(+2)

Characteristics equation: 1+G(s)H(s) =0, 2 + 12 + 120

9. What is the condition for the system () =

(+)
(+)

to have a circle in its root locus

For root locus to be a circle it is necessary that || > ||

10. How is the value of gain K determined from root locus plots
The gain K at a point s= on root locus is given by
K=

11. What is the effect of adding zeros?

The addition of a zero to open loop transfer function will put the root locus to the left which
make the system more stable and reducing the settling time.
12. What is the need of compensator?
The compensation is the design procedure in which the system behaviour is altered to meet
the desired specifications.
13. What are the desired performance criteria specified in compensator design?
In time domain, the transient state performance specifications are given in terms of rise time,
maximum overshoot, settling time and/or damping ratio. In frequency domain, the transient
state performance specifications are given in terms of phase margin, gain margin, resonant
peak and/or bandwidth. The steady state requirement are given in terms of error constants.

14. What is the necessity of compensation in feedback control system?

i.
When the system is absolutely unstable, then compensation is require to stabilize the
system and also to meet the desired performance.
ii.
When the system is stable, compensation is provided to obtain the desired
performance.
15. Write the transfer function of lag-lead compensator
Transfer function of lag-lead compensator () =

1
1
) (+ )
1
1
1
1
(+
) (+
)
1
1

(+

16. What is the relation between and ?

= tan1

1 sin
1 + sin

17. What type of compensator suitable for high frequency noisy environment?
Lag compensator is essentially low pass filter and so high frequency noise signals are
attenuated.
18. Mention the important characteristics of lead compensator
The lead compensation increases requires the bandwidth
19. What is lag-lead compensator
A compensator having the characteristics of lag-lead network is called lag-lead compensator.
If a sinusoidal signal is applied to a lag-lead compensator then the output will have both phase
lag and lead with respect to input, but in different frequency regions.
20. Why is the phase margin increased above that desired when designing a lag compensator?
When designing a lag compensator the crossover frequency is decreased which causes the
phase angle is increased.
PART B

1. Consider the closed-loop system shown in fig.2 ,determine the range of K for which the
system is stable

( 2 + + 1)( 2 + 4)

Fig.2

2.
a. The open loop transfer function of a unity feedback control system is given by

() =
( + 2)( + 4)( 2 + 6 + 25)

By applying Routh criterion, discuss the stability of the closed loop system as a
function of K. Determine the values of K which will cause sustained oscillations in
the closed loop system. What are the controlling oscillation frequencies?
b.

Explain procedure Lag compensator design using bode plots.

3. For each of the characteristics equation of feedback control system given, determine the range
of K for stability. Determine the value of K so that the system is marginally stable and the
frequency of sustained oscillations.
i.
4 +25 3 + 15 2 + 20 + = 0
ii.
4 + 3 + 2 + + 1 = 0
iii.
3 +3 2 + ( + 2) + 4 = 0
iv.
4 + 3 + 5 2 + 10 + 10 = 0
4.
a. Explain procedure Lead compensator design using bode plots.
b. Sketch the Nyquist plot for the open loop transfer function

()() = 4
.
( + 1)
5. By use of the Nyquist criterion, determine whether closed-loop systems having the following
open-loop transfer function is stable or not. If not, how many closed loop poles lies in the
right half s-plane?()() =

10
(+1)(2+1)

6.
a. For the transfer function given below, find the constraints on 1 and 2 such the function
will have only two poles on axis.
1 + 2
+ 1 3 + 2 + 2 + 1)
b. Describe the effect of addition of a pole to a stable system.
() =

( 4

7.
a. By applying Nyquist stability criteria, find the range of K for which the closed loop
system having the following loop transfer function is stable.
b. A unity feedback system has an open loop transfer function
5
()() =
( + 1)(0.5 + 1)
Design a suitable compensator to maintain phase margin of at least 40 .
9. a. Consider the unity feedback system whose open-loop transfer function is
() =

(. 1 + 1)(0.2 + 1)

:
i.
Velocity error constant = 30
ii.
Phase margin = 30
iii.
Bandwidth 1 = 12 /
b. Explain the electric network realization of a lead compensator and also its frequency
response characteristics
10. a. Describe the procedure for the design of lag compensator using Bode plo

b. The open loop transfer function of the uncompensated system is

G()=

. Design a suitable lag compensator for the system so that the static velocity

s(s+2)

error constant is 20 1 , the phase margin is at least 550 and the gain margin is at
least 12 db.

UNIT V

STATE VARIABLE ANALYSIS

PART A
1.

.
Define state and state variable.
The state is the condition of a system at any time instant, A set of variable which describes the state of
the system at any time instant are called state variables.

2.

What is controllability?
A system is said to be completely state controllable if it is possible to transfer the system state fom any
initial state X(t0) at any other desired state X(t), in specified finite time by a control vector U(t).

3.

What is observability?
A system is said to be completely observable if every state X(t) can be completely identified by
measurements of the output Y(t) over a finite interval of time.

4.

What is the effect of state feedback?

By choosing appropriate gain matrix, K for possible state feedback, it is possible to force the system to
have closed loop poles at the desired location, provided that the originally system is completely state
controllable. In this design technique it is assumed that all state variables are measurable and are
available for feedback

5.

Write the state model of a linear time invariant system.

The complete system model for a linear time-invariant system consists of (i) a set of n state equations,
defined in terms of the matrices A and B, and (ii) a set of output equations that relate any output
variables of interest to the state variables and inputs, and expressed in terms of the C and D matrices.
X = Ax + Bu
y = Cx + Du
The matrices A and B are properties of the system and are determined by the system structure and
elements. The output equation matrices C and D are determined by the
particular choice of output variables.

6.

What is state vector?

The state vector is a (nX1) column matrix (or vector) whose elements are state variables of the system
(where n is the order of the system, (where n is the order of the system). It is denoted by X(t).

7.

What are the advantages of state variable analysis?

i.
The state space analysis is applicable to any type of systems. They can be used for
modelling and analysis of linear and non-linear, time invariant and time variant
ii.
The state space analysis can be performs with initial conditions
iii.
Variables used to represent the system can be any variables in the system
iv.
Using this analysis the internal states of the system at any time instant can be
predicted.
v.
What are the limitation of physical system modelled by transfer function approach?
i.
Transfer function is defined under initial conditions.

8.

ii.
iii.
iv.
9.

Transfer function is applicable to linear time invariant systems

Transfer function analysis is restricted to single input and output system.
Does not provides information regarding the internal state of the system

What is meant by Linear Time Invariant system?

A system is considered to be a Linear Time-Invariant (LTI) system if it satisfies the
requirements of time-invariance and linearity.
A system is called time-invariant if the system relationship between the input and output
signals is not dependent on the passage of time.
A system is considered linear if it satisfies the conditions of Additivity and Homogeneity.

10. Draw the block diagram of the state model of a linear system.

11. Write the state equation and output equation of LTI system.
X = Ax + Bu
y = Cx + Du
12. Define State space.
The set of all possible values which the state vector X(t) can have (or assume) at time t forms the state
space of the system.
13. Define the characteristics equation of a matrix.
The characteristics equation of a nXn matrix A is the nth degree polynomial of equation | | =
0 , where is the unit matrix
14. What are Eigen values and Eigen vector?
A non-zero column vector X is an eigenvector of a square matrix A, if there exists a scalar such that
AX= , .
15. What is a state vector?
The set of all possible values which the input vector u(t) can have at time t forms the state space of the
system.
16. What is canonical form of state model?
If the system matrix, A is in the form of diagonal matrix then the state model is called canonical
form.(In diagonal matrix, we have the Eigen values on the main diagonal and all other elements are
zero)
17. What is the need of observability test?
The observability test is necessary to find whether the state variables are measurable or not. If the state
variables are measurable then the state of the system can be determined by practical measurements of
the state variables.
18. What are Eigen value and Eigen vector?

A non-zero column vector X is an eigenvector of a square matrix A, if there exists a scalar such that
AX = X, then is an Eigen value of A.
19. What is state diagram?
The pictorial representation of the state model of the system is called state digram. The state diagram of
the system can be either in block diagram or in signal flow graph form.
20. Mention few types of system can be analysis through state space analysis.
Linear system, Non-linear system,, Time variant system, Time varying system and multiple input and
multiple output system.

PART B

1.
2.
3.
4.

Construct state space model for linear system.

State the concept of controllability and observability
Sate the concept of Effect of state feedback.
Obtain the t state model of the electrical network by choosing the minimal number of state
variable
L1

R1

L2

R2

e(t)

5. Determine the state space model for armature control method

6. State and explain wit h block diagram of State space representation using canonical variable
7. Determine the canonical state model of the system, whose transfer function is T(s) =
2(+5)
[(+2)(+3)(+4)]

8. A feedback system has a closed loop transfer function

()
()

10(+4)
(+1)(+3)

Construct three different state models for this system.

9. Obtain the state model of the system whose transfer function is given as function

()
()

10
3 +4 2 +2+1

10. A feedback system has a closed loop transfer function

()
()

10(+4)
(+1)(+3)

Construct three different state model for this system give block diagram representation for
each state model.

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