Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Lecture-07
Introduction to Earthquake
Resistant Design of Reinforced
Concrete Structures
By: Prof Dr. Qaisar Ali
Civil Engineering Department
NWFP UET Peshawar
drqaisarali@nwfpuet.edu.pk
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Topics
y Introduction
z
Effects of Earthquake
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Topics
y Gravity vs. Earthquake Loading in RC Buildings
y ACI Special Provisions for Seismic Design
z
Miscellaneous Considerations
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Introduction
y Earths Interior
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Introduction
y Earthquake results from the sudden movement of
the tectonic plates in the earths crust.
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Introduction
y Effect of Earthquake
y The movement, taking place at the fault lines, causes
energy release which is transmitted through the earth in
the form of waves. These waves reach the structure
causing shaking.
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Introduction
y Seismic Events around the globe
y Mostly takes place at boundaries of Tectonic plates
Dots
represents an
earthquake
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Introduction
y Types of Waves Generated Due to Earthquake
Body Waves
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Surface Waves
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Introduction
y Displacement due to Earthquake
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Introduction
y Horizontal and Vertical Shaking
z
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Introduction
y Horizontal and Vertical Shaking
z
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Introduction
y Earthquake Types with respect to Depth of Focus
z
Shallow
z
Deep
z
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Introduction
y Earthquake characteristics with respect to distance
from epicenter
1.0 T 10 sec
1 Hz f 0.1 Hz
Near Field: 0 to 25 km
Intermediate Field: 25 to 50 km
Far Field: Beyond 50 km
Epicenter
0.05 T 0.3
20 Hz f 3.33 Hz
25 km
Low period & high
frequency field
Moderate period &
low frequency field
Large period & low
frequency field
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Introduction
y Resonance risk for structures w.r.t near, intermediate
and far field earthquakes
z
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Introduction
y Resonance risk for structures w.r.t near, intermediate
and far field earthquakes
Medium rise
Structure
(upto 5 stories)
High rise
Structure
(Above 5 stories)
Epicenter
Low rise
Structure
(upto 3 stories)
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Introduction
y Earthquake Recording
z
Seismograph
z
Using
around
multiple
the
seismographs
world,
accurate
as
or
well
size
as
its
can
be
determined.
z
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Introduction
y Earthquake Recording
z
Richter Scale
z
magnitude
measurement
is
ten
Richter
times
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Introduction
y Earthquake Recording
z
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Introduction
y Earthquake Occurrence
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Introduction
y Seismic Zones
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The
behavior
of
building
during
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Performance level
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Dynamic lateral force procedure [sec. 1631, UBC-97 or sec. 5.31, BCP-2007].
Static lateral force procedure [sec. 1630.2, UBC-97 or Sec. 5.30.2, BCP 2007], and/or
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Ground
acceleration
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a (ft/sec2)
Peak
Response
a (ft/sec2)
(Ts1,D1)
D2
(Ts2,D2)
T
(Ts3,D3)
Response
a (ft/sec2)
D3
Structural
Time
period
T
T
Ts3 = 2.0 sec
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V = (CI/RT) W
z
Where,
z
The total design base shear shall not be less than [ V = 0.11CaIW ]
In addition for seismic zone 4, the total base shear shall also not
be less [ V = (0.8ZNI/R) W ]
z
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Seismic Zone
Soil type
Closest distance to known seismic source (required only for highest seismic
zone).
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i. Seismic Zone
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As per UBC code, if soil type is not known, type SD shall be taken.
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iii. Past Earthquake magnitude: This is required only for seismic zone 4
to decide about seismic source type so that certain additional coefficients
can be determined.
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Cv:
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Ca:
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Structural Period (By Method A, UBC 97): For all buildings, the value T
may be approximated from the following formula:
T = Ct (hn)3/4
z
Where,
z
hn = Actual height (feet or meters) of the building above the base to the nth level.
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For zone 4, the total base shear shall also not be less than:
V = (0.8ZNI/R) W
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Ft = Additional force that is applied to the top level (i.e., the roof) in
addition to the Fx force at that level.
The
12-0
800 kip
800 kip
60-0
800 kip
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Therefore, I = 1.00
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T = Ct (hn)3/4
w5 = 700 kip
w4 = 800 kip
= 0.030 (60)3/4
w3 = 800 kip
= 0.646 sec.
12-0
W = w1 + w2 + w3 + w4 + w5
hn = 60-0
w1 = 800 kip
= 4 800 + 700
= 3900 kip
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V = {CvI/RT}W
= {0.54 1.00/ (8.5 0.646)} 3900 = 383 kips
The total design base need not exceed the following:
V = (2.5CaI/R) W
= {(2.5 0.36 1.00)/ (8.5)} 3900 = 413 kips
The total design base shear shall not be less than the following:
V = 0.11CaIW
= 0.11 0.36 1.00 3900 = 154.44 kips
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Ft = Additional force that is applied to the top level (i.e., the roof) in addition to the
Fx force at that level.
Ft = 0.07TV {for T > 0.7 sec}
Ft = 0 {for T 0.7 sec}
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Fx = (V Ft)xhx/ihi
Therefore for the case under consideration, Force for storey 1 is:
F1 = (383 0) 800 12/ {(138000)} = 27 kip
Level
x
5
4
3
2
1
hx (ft)
60
48
36
24
12
wx
(kip)
700
800
800
800
800
wxhx (ft-kip)
wxhx /(wihi)
Fx (kip)
42000
0.304
117
38400
0.278
107
28800
0.209
80
19200
0.139
53
9600
0.070
27
wihi = 138000 Check Fx =V = 383 kip OK
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117 kips
700 kip
107 kips
800 kip
80 kips
800 kip
53 kips
800 kip
27 kips
800 kip
Level
x
5
4
3
2
1
hx (ft)
60
48
36
24
12
wx
(kip)
700
800
800
800
800
wxhx (ft-kip)
wxhx /(wihi)
Fx (kip)
42000
0.304
117
38400
0.278
107
28800
0.209
80
19200
0.139
53
9600
0.070
27
wihi = 138000 Check Fx =V = 383 kip OK
383 kips
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and
shaking
reverses
compression
in
members
y Reinforcement is required on
both faces of members.
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(Seismic Hook)
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i.
they hold together the vertical bar and prevent them from excessively
bending outwards (in technical terms, this bending phenomenon is called
buckling), and
iii.
they contain the concrete in the column. The ends of the ties must be bent
at 135 hooks. Such hook ends prevent opening of hoops and
consequently buckling of concrete and buckling of vertical bars.
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z
z
Note: These provisions generally apply to beams because axial load on beams
is generally 0 or less than Agfc/10.
z
However they are also applicable to columns subjected to axial load less
than Agfc/10.
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1.
a.
b.
c.
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Flexural Reinforcement
min = 3fc/fy, 200/fy (at critical sections)
max = 0.025 (at critical sections)
Asl
Asl+ (Asl)/2
Asr
Asr+ (Asr)/2
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Transverse Reinforcement
d/4
s
s d/2
2h
2h
Column
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Column
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Lap Splice
Lapping of
Longitudinal bars
Spacing of stirrups
Least of d/4 or 4
inches
2h
2h
Lapping prohibited in regions where
longitudinal bars can yield in tension
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Size
a)
b)
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2.
Longitudinal Reinforcement
Clear span, hc
0.01 g 0.06
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h1
Members Subjected
to
Bending
and
Axial Load
3.
lo
h2
Trans. Rein.
lo
Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali
Larger of h1 or h2
Clear span/6
18
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3.
Trans. Rein.
Provide add.
trans. reinf.
if thickness > 4
6db extension
6db 3
hx
hx
Alternate
90-deg hooks
hx
hx
hx
4 so = 4 + [(14 hx)/3] 6
hx = max. value of hx on all column faces
hx 14
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4.
Lap Splice
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Column
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M+nc,t
M-nc,t
M+nb,r
M+nb,l
M-nb,l
M+
nc,b
M-nc,t
6(M+
M-nc,b
nb,l
M-nb,r)/5
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M-nb,r
M-nc,b
M+
nc,t
M+nc,b
6(M-nb,l
+ M+nb,r)/5
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Beam longitudinal
reinforcement with
diameter (db)
20db
Column
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Beam longitudinal
reinforcement
Column
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2.
3.
4.
ordinary beam
requirement).
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2.
Asr
Asl
Asl+ (Asl)/3
Asr+ (Asr)/3
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2.
3.
4.
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lo
h1
so/2
h2
so
Larger of h1 or h2
lo
Clear span/6
18
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Miscellaneous Considerations
y IMRF are not allowed in regions of high seismic risk, however,
SMRF are allowed in regions of moderate seismic risk.
y Unlike regions of high seismic risk, two way slab system without
beams are allowed in regions of moderate seismic risk.
y In regions of low or no seismic risk ordinary moment resisting
frames OMRF are allowed but IMRF and SMRF may also be
provided.
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Design Example
y Example 1: Detail the selected frame of E-W interior frame of the
given structure as per SMRF requirements. The structure is
already designed for the following seismic zone data.
z
Seismic zone: 4
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Design Example
y Given 3D structure:
fc = 3 ksi
fy = 40 ksi
SDL = 40 psf
LL = 60 psf
SDL = 40 psf
LL = 60 psf
SDL = 40 psf
LL = 60 psf
10.5 ft
15 ft
15 ft
10.5 ft
15 ft
20 ft
20 ft
20 ft
Slab-Beam Frame
Structure
20 ft
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Design Example
y Selected portion of E-W interior Frame:
Portion of frame
considered
20 ft
20 ft
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20 ft
20 ft
89
Design Example
y Reinforcement from Design:
For the beam in the given frame, we have
Asmin = 0.005 x15 x 15 = 1.125 in2
Asmax = 0.025x15 x 15 = 5.625 in2
Reinforcement in in2
1.61
1.02
1.21 1.02
2.25
2.25
20 ft
20 ft
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20 ft
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Design Example
y Calculation of number of bars:
No. of bars = As/Ab
Use No. 5 bar,
Negative reinforcement at joint:
Left joint:
No. of #5 bars
6 bars
8 bars
20 ft
20 ft
20 ft
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Design Example
y SMRF Requirements Checklist
z
Sizes
z
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Design Example
y SMRF Requirements Checklist
z
Flexural Reinforcement
Asl = 6 #5
Asr = 6 #5
Asmid+ = 4 #5
Asl+ = 4 #5
2 #5 bars (6 #5 bars)
4 #5 bars (6 #5 bars) OK
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Asr+ = 4 #5
OK
93
Design Example
y SMRF Requirements Checklist
z
Transverse Reinforcement
d/4 = /4 = 3.75
8 smallest long. bar dia.= 8 5/8= 5
2h = 36
2h = 36
Column
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Design Example
y SMRF Requirements Checklist
z
Not to be provided within joints. Not to be provided within 2h region from face of
the support.
2h=36
Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali
CE 404
2h=36
Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures
95
Design Example
y SMRF Requirements Checklist
z
Size: All columns are 15 square, therefore the size is more than the
least required for SMRF (i.e., 12).
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Design Example
y SMRF Requirements
Checklist
z
Transverse Reinforcement:
z
lo
#3 @ 3.75 c/c
throughout height
hc = 8.5
8, #5 bars
lo
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15 15
column
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Design Example
y SMRF Requirements Checklist
z
Lap Splice:
z
hc = 8.5
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Design Example
y SMRF Requirements Checklist
z
To prevent beam column joint cracking, ACI Code 21.5.1 requires that
the column dimension parallel to the beam reinforcement must be at
least 20 times the diameter of the largest longitudinal bar.
20 5/8 = 12.5
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Design Example
y SMRF Requirements Checklist
z
6 #5 bars
2
Beam
6 #5 bars
Joint
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Column
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Design Example
y Example 2: A two dimensional frame of the building is shown in
figure 01. All beams in the frame are 12 wide and 18 deep. All
columns are 12 square. It is required only for frame BFGC to:
a.
Provide suitable number of bars in beams and columns for which flexural
reinforcement is shown in the figure (Use only #5 bars as main reinforcement
and #3 bars as transverse reinforcement).
b.
Provide suitable spacing for stirrups and ties when shear reinforcement as
per design is 0.23 in2/ft in all parts of the frame.
c.
d.
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Design Example
y Given Building:
1.2 in2
J
1.2 in2
1.0 in2
1.44 in2
1.44 in2
10 ft
F
2.4 in2
2.6 in2 3.0 in2
E 1.0 in2 1.2 in2 1.0 in2 1.2 in2
3.2 in2
10 ft
1.8 in2
3.2 in2
B
10 ft
Detail X
G
3.0 in2 2.6 in2
2.4 in2
H
1.2 in2 1.0 in2 1.2 in2 1.0 in2
3.2 in2
3.2 in2
ln =15 ft
10 ft
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Design Example
y Solution of Part (a)
z
# of bars = As/Ab
1.8 in2
G
3.0 in2 2.6 in2
1.2 in2
3.2 in2
3.2 in2
Column reinforcement:
3.2/ 0.31 = 10.32 (take 12 bars for even
10 ft
15 ft
10 ft
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Design Example
y Solution of Part (a)
F
E
(5+5) #5
4 #5
(5+5) #5
(4+2) #5
4 #5
12 #5
12 #5
B
10 ft
C
15 ft
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D
10 ft
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Design Example
y Solution of Part (b)
z
0.23 in2/ft
i. Avfy/50bw = 14 c/c
H
0.23
in2/ft
0.23
in2/ft
10 ft
15 ft
D
10 ft
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Design Example
y Solution of Part (b)
z
H
#3, ties @ 10 c/c
B
10 ft
C
15 ft
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D
10 ft
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Design Example
y Solution of Part (c)
z
Sizes
z
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Design Example
y Solution of Part (c): SMRF Requirements Checklist
z
Flexural Reinforcement
Asr = (5+5) #5
Asl = (5+5) #5
Asl+ = 4 #5
As+ (at joints) As (at joints)
4 #5 bars {(5+5) #5 bars} N.G
Provide at least 5 bars at joint.
Asmid+ = (4+2) #5
Asr+ = 4 #5
O.K
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OK
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Design Example
y Solution of Part (c): SMRF Requirements Checklist
z
3 #5
Asl = (5+5) #5
Asmid+ = (4+2) #5
Asl+ = (4+2) #5
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Asr = (5+5) #5
Asr+ = (4+2) #5
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Design Example
y Solution of Part (c): SMRF Requirements Checklist
z
Transverse Reinforcement
d/4 = 16.5/4 = 4.125 4
8 smallest long. bar dia.= 8 5/8= 5
12
2h = 36
Column
2h = 36
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Design Example
y Solution of Part (c): SMRF Requirements Checklist
z
Not to be provided within joints. Not to be provided within 2h region from face of
the support.
2h=36
Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali
CE 404
2h=36
Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures
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Design Example
y Solution of Part (c): SMRF Requirements Checklist
z
Size: All columns are 12 square, which is equal to least required for
SMRF (i.e., 12).
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Design Example
y Solution of Part (c): SMRF
Requirements Checklist
z
Transverse Reinforcement:
z
lo
hc = 9.25
12, #5 bars
bar dia = 3
z
lo
G.L
12 12
column
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Design Example
y Solution of Part (c): SMRF
Requirements Checklist
z
Lap Splice:
z
lo
hc = 9.25
lo
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G.L
12 12
column
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Design Example
y Solution of Part (c): SMRF Requirements Checklist
z
To prevent beam column joint cracking, ACI Code 21.5.1 requires that
the column dimension parallel to the beam reinforcement must be at
least 20 times the diameter of the largest longitudinal bar.
20 5/8 = 12.5
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Design Example
y Solution of Part (c): SMRF Requirements Checklist
z
(5+5) #5 bars
2
Beam
(4+2) #5 bars
Joint
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Column
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Design Example
y Solution of Part (d):
y Presentation of appropriately proportioned structural details of
beam, column and selected joint.
z
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Design Example
y Solution of Part (d):
y Structural Details for beam (Long section):
Note: Lap splice is provided
only if required.
s = 4 (5+5) #5
2
3 #5
A
2h = 36
Column
s = 8.25
(4+2) #5
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(5+5) #5
(4+2) #5
2h = 36
(4+2) #5
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Design Example
y Solution of Part (d):
y Structural Details for Beam (Cross sections):
(5+5) #5
#3, 2 legged
@ 4 c/c
18
(4+2) #5
3 #5
12
(4+2) #5
Section A-A
Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali
CE 404
#3, 2 legged
@ 8.25 c/c
18
12
Section B-B
119
Design Example
y Solution of Part (d):
y Structural Details for Column:
lo = 18.5
12 #5
Lap length = 2.5
#3 ties @ 3 c/c
(throughout)
12
#3ties @ 3 c/c
12, #5 bars
lo = 18.5
12
G.L
12 12
column
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Design Example
y Solution of Part (d):
y Structural Details for Joints:
(5+5) #5 bars
2
Beam
(4+2) #5 bars
Joint
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Column
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References
y ACI 318
y UBC-97
y BCP SP-2007
y Earthquake tips from IITK.
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The End
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