Analytical Chemistry Answer

Structured Questions - Answers
1
(a) Pb2+ ions should not be present because Pb2+ ions could react with sodium sulphate to
form lead(II) sulphate which is insoluble in water. [1] Therefore, a white precipitate
could be observed if it is present. [1]
Pb2+(aq) + SO 4 2(aq) PbSO 4 (s) [1]
(b) (i) The student could not identify the cation by the results of test (2). [1]
Both Zn2+ ions and Al3+ ions could react with a little sodium hydroxide solution to
give white precipitates [1] and both precipitates redissolve in excess sodium
hydroxide solution. [1] Therefore, it is impossible to identify whether the cation is
Zn2+ ion or Al3+ ion.
(ii) In test (2), the student should add a little and then excess ammonia solution to X.
[1] If Zn2+ ions are present, a white precipitate will form first and then redissolve to
give a clear solution. [1] If Al3+ ions are present, a white precipitate will form and
remain unchanged after adding excess ammonia solution. [1]
2
(a) (i)
Zinc ions are present in solution B. [1]
(ii) Zn2+(aq) + 2OH(aq) Zn(OH) 2 (s) [1]

(b) Potassium ions are present in solution A. [1]
Potassium ions give lilac flame when heated in a Bunsen flame. [1]
Calcium ions are present in solution C. [1]
Calcium ions give brick-red flame when heated in a Bunsen flame. [1]
3
(a) (i) Copper(II) hydroxide [1]
(ii) Pale blue precipitate [1]
(b) (i) Copper(II) sulphate solution [1]
(ii) Cu(OH) 2 (s) + H 2 SO 4 (aq) CuSO 4 (aq) + 2H 2 O(l) [1]
(c) (i) Metal C is iron. [1]
Solution D is iron(II) sulphate solution. [1]
Solid E is copper. [1]
(ii) Displacement reaction [1]
(d) Iron(II) hydroxide [1]
4
The four unknown solutions can be identified by the following procedure:
1. Add a little ammonia solution to each of the solutions. [1] Only the solution containing
calcium ions shows no observable change. [1] All the other three solutions will form
white precipitate. [1]
2.
3.
Add excess ammonia solution to the remaining three solutions. [1] Only the precipitate
in zinc solution will redissolve to give a clear colourless solution. [1] The precipitates in
the other two solutions remain unchanged. [1]
Add excess sodium hydroxide solution to the remaining two solutions. [1] Only the
precipitate in aluminium solution will redissolve to give a clear colourless solution. [1]
Therefore, the remaining solution is magnesium solution. [1]
5
(a) (i)
Dissolve ammonium chloride salt in water. [1] Divide ammonium chloride solution
into two equal portions. [1]
Identify ammonium ions:
Warm the first portion with sodium hydroxide solution. [1] If a gas with a
characteristic pungent smell is detected and the gas turns moist red litmus paper
blue, ammonium ions should be present in the solution. [1]
Identify chloride ions:
Add acidified silver nitrate solution to the second portion. [1] If white precipitate is
observed, chloride ions should be present in the solution. [1]
(ii) Identify ammonium ions:
NH 4 +(aq) + OH(aq)
Identify chloride ions:
NH 3 (g) + H 2 O(l) [1]
Ag+(aq) + Cl(aq) AgCl(s) [1]

(b) (i) Divide sodium hypochlorite solution into two equal portions. [1]
Identify sodium ions:
Dip the wire into the first portion and heat the wire in a Bunsen flame. [1]
If brilliant golden yellow flame is observed, sodium ions should be present in the
solution. [1]
Identify hypochlorite ions:
Add several drops of solution from the second portion to a piece of litmus paper.
[1] If the paper turns white, hypochlorite ions should be present in the solution. [1]
(ii) Identify hypochlorite ions:
OCl(aq) + dye Cl(aq) + (dye + O) [1]
6
(a) (i)
A green precipitate (FeCO 3 ) would be observed. [1]
(ii) K 2 CO 3 (aq) + Fe(NO 3 ) 2 (aq) 2KNO 3 (aq) + FeCO 3 (s) [1]

(b) His statement is incorrect [1] because potassium carbonate salt will not decompose on
heating. [1]
(c) His statement is incorrect [1] because both potassium hydroxide and sodium carbonate
are soluble in water. [1]
7
The three unknown solutions can be identified by the following procedure:
1. Add barium nitrate solution to each of the solutions. [1] Only sodium sulphate solution
forms a precipitate with barium nitrate solution. [1]
2.
3.
Na 2 SO 4 (aq) + Ba(NO 3 ) 2 (aq) BaSO 4 (s) + 2NaNO 3 (aq) [1]

Add a little sodium hydroxide solution to each of the two remaining unknown solutions.
[1] Both will form a white precipitate. [1]
MgCl 2 (aq) + 2NaOH(aq) Mg(OH) 2 (s) + 2NaCl(aq) [1]
AlCl 3 (aq) + 3NaOH(aq) Al(OH) 3 (s) + 3NaCl(aq) [1]
Add excess sodium hydroxide solution to each of them. [1] Only the precipitate present
in aluminium chloride solution redissolves to become colourless solution. [1]
Al(OH) 3 (s) + OH(aq) [Al(OH) 4 ](aq) [1]
The solution with the precipitate is magnesium chloride solution. [1]
8
(a) Solution X contains NH 4 + ions. [1] NH 4 + ions react with warm sodium hydroxide
solution to give ammonia gas which has a characteristic pungent smell. [1]
NH 3 (g) + H 2 O(l) [1]
NH 4 +(aq) + OH(aq)
(b) (i) Gas Y is ammonia. [1]
(ii) It turns moist red litmus paper blue. [1]
(c) (i) NH 3 (g) + HCl(g) NH 4 Cl(s) [1]
(ii) A white fume is observed. [1]
9
(a) (i)
Chlorine gas [1]
(ii) 2H+(aq) + Cl(aq) + OCl(aq) Cl 2 (g) + H 2 O(l) [1]

(iii) Test chlorine with moist blue litmus paper. [1] It turns moist blue litmus paper red
and then white. [1]
(b) (i) Carbon dioxide [1]
(ii) CaCO 3 (s) + 2HCl(aq) CaCl 2 (aq) + CO 2 (g) + H 2 O(l) [1]
(iii) Test carbon dioxide with limewater. [1] It turns limewater milky. [1]
(c) (i) Sulphur dioxide [1]
(ii) SO 3 2(aq) + 2H+(aq) SO 2 (g) + H 2 O(l) [1]
(iii) Test sulphur dioxide with bromine water. [1] It decolorizes bromine water. [1]
(d) (i) Hydrogen [1]
(ii) Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) MgCl 2 (aq) + H 2 (g) [1]
(iii) Test hydrogen with a burning splint. [1] It burns with a pop sound. [1]
10
(a) (i)
Bromide ions are present in solution B. [1]
(ii) Ag+(aq) + Br(aq) AgBr(s) [1]

(b) (i) Sulphite ions are present in solution A. [1]
(ii) SO 3 2(aq) + 2H+(aq) SO 2 (g) + H 2 O(l) [1]
(iii) It turns bromine water from brown to colourless. [1]/
It turns acidified potassium dichromate solution from orange to green. [1]/
It decolorizes acidified potassium permanganate solution. [1]
(c) (i) Hypochlorite ions are present in solution C. [1]
(ii) 2H+(aq) + Cl(aq) + OCl(aq) Cl 2 (g) + H 2 O(l) [1]
(iii) It turns moist blue litmus paper red, then bleaches it. [1]
11
(a) NH 3 should not be the gas in the jar. [1] When NH 3 gas dissolves in water, it will give
an alkaline solution which turns moist red litmus paper blue quickly. [1]
NH 3 (g) + H 2 O(l)
NH 4 +(aq) + OH(aq) [1]
(b) HCl should be the gas in the jar. [1] When HCl is placed near ammonia gas, a white
fume will form. [1]
HCl(g) + NH 3 (g) NH 4 Cl(s) [1]
On the other hand, SO 2 will not form a white fume when placed near ammonia gas. [1]
12
(a) methylpropanal
[1]
methylpropan-1-ol
[1]
methylpropan-2-ol
[1]
methylpropene
[1]
(b) The four unknown compounds can be identified by the following procedure:
1. Add bromine in organic solvent to each of the compounds. [1] Only methylpropene
decolorizes the orange bromine. [1]
2. Add 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine solution to each of the three remaining unknown
compounds. [1] Only methylpropanal forms an orange-yellow precipitate. [1]
3. Add acidified potassium dichromate solution to each of the two remaining
unknown compounds. [1] Only methylpropan-1-ol changes acidified potassium
dichromate solution from orange to green. [1]
4. methylpropan-2-ol, the remaining compound, has no reaction with acidified
potassium dichromate solution. [1]
13
(a) Acidified potassium dichromate solution changes from orange to green. [1]
(b) (i) Ethanoic acid [1]
(ii) It is tested by reacting with sodium carbonate or sodium hydrogencarbonate
solution to give carbon dioxide which turns limewater milky. [2]
(iii) 2CH 3 COOH + Na 2 CO 3 2CH 3 COONa+ + H 2 O + CO 2 [1]
(c) (i) Intermediate A is ethanal. [1]
(ii) It is tested by reacting with Tollens reagent to give a silver mirror. [2]
14
(a) 3-methylpent-1-ene:
[1]
Pentan-3-one:
[1]
Propan-2-ol:
[1]
Pentanal:
[1]
(b) The four unknown organic compounds can be identified by the following procedure:
1. Add bromine in organic solvent to each of the compounds. [1] Only
3-methylpent-1-ene decolorizes the orange bromine. [1]
2.
3.
4.
Add Tollens reagent to each of the three remaining unknown compounds. [1] Only
pentanal gives a silver mirror. [1]
Add acidified potassium dichromate solution to each of the two remaining
unknown compounds. [1] Only propan-2-ol turns the solution from orange to
green. [1]
Pentan-3-one, the remaining compound, can be identified by reaction with
2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine solution [1] to give an orange-yellow precipitate. [1]
15
(a) C 18 H 34 O 2 [1]
(b) Carbon-carbon double bond (C=C) [1]
Carboxyl group (COOH) [1]
(c) Test for C=C bond:
(i) Test it with bromine water. [1]
(ii) It decolorizes bromine water. [1]
(iii) CH 3 (CH 2 ) 7 CH=CH(CH 2 ) 7 COOH + Br 2
CH 3 (CH 2 ) 7 CHBrCHBr(CH 2 ) 7 COOH [1]
(accept other appropriate answers)
Test for COOH group:
(i) Test it with sodium carbonate. [1]
(ii) It gives carbon dioxide which turns limewater milky. [1]
(iii) 2CH 3 (CH 2 ) 7 CH=CH(CH 2 ) 7 COOH + Na 2 CO 3
2CH 3 (CH 2 ) 7 CH=CH(CH 2 ) 7 COONa+ + H 2 O + CO 2 [1]
(accept other appropriate answers)
16
(a) Using Tollens reagent. [1] Propanal reacts with Tollens reagent to give a silver mirror.
[1] On the other hand, propanone has no reaction with Tollens reagent. [1]
(b) CH 3 CH 2 CHO + 2[Ag(NH 3 ) 2 ]+ + 3OH CH 3 CH 2 COO + 2Ag + 4NH 3 + 2H 2 O [1]
17
(a) (i)
A silver mirror is observed. [1]
(ii) CH 3 CH 2 CHO + 2[Ag(NH 3 ) 2 ]+ + 3OH

(b) (i)
CH 3 CH 2 COO + 2Ag + 4NH 3 + 2H 2 O [1]

Acidified potassium dichromate solution changes from orange to green. [1]
(ii) 3SO 3 2(aq) + Cr 2 O 7 2(aq) + 8H+(aq) 3SO 4 2(aq) + 2Cr3+(aq) + 4H 2 O(l) [1]
(c) (i) A white fume is observed. [1]
(ii) NH 3 (g) + HCl(g) NH 4 Cl(s) [1]
(d) (i) Calcium hydroxide solution turns milky. [1]
(ii) Ca(OH) 2 (aq) + CO 2 (g) CaCO 3 (s) + H 2 O(l) [1]
18
(a) (i)
Propene should be present in bottle A. [1]

Propene has reaction with acidified potassium permanganate solution but has no
reaction with acidified potassium dichromate solution. [1]
(ii) CH 2 =CHCH 3 + H 2 O + [O] CH 2 OHCHOHCH 3 (can be further oxidized) [1]

(b) 2-methylpropanol should be present in bottle B. [1]
It is a tertiary alcohol which cannot be oxidized by either acidified potassium
dichromate solution or acidified potassium permanganate solution. [1]
(c) (i) The compound present in bottle C may be propan-1-ol [1] or propan-2-ol. [1]
Each of them could be oxidized by either acidified potassium dichromate solution
or acidified potassium permanganate solution. [1]
(ii) For propan-1-ol,
CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 OH + [O] CH 3 CH 2 COOH [1]
For propan-2-ol,
CH 3 CHOHCH 3 + [O] CH 3 COCH 3 [1]
19
The ions can be separated according to the following procedure:
1. Add a little ammonia solution to the mixture. All three ions will form a precipitate. [1]
2. When excess ammonia solution is added, only zinc ions will redissolve to give a
colourless solution. [1]
3. Filter the solution to obtain zinc complex in the filtrate. Aluminium hydroxide and
iron(II) hydroxide precipitates are obtained as residues. [1]
4. Acidify the filtrate with dilute sulphuric acid to obtain zinc ions. [1]
5. Add excess dilute sodium hydroxide solution to the residue. Only aluminium hydroxide
precipitate will redissolve to form a colourless solution. [1]
6. Filter the mixture again to obtain aluminium complex in the filtrate. [1] Iron(II)
hydroxide precipitate is obtained as the residue. [1]
7. Acidify the filtrate with dilute sulphuric acid to obtain aluminium ions. [1]
8. Add dilute sulphuric acid to iron(II) hydroxide precipitate to give a solution containing
iron(II) ions. [1]
20
The separation scheme:
[12M]
1. Add excess hydrochloric acid to the mixture. Only Ag+ ions will form a precipitate. [1]
2. Filter the solution to obtain Fe3+ ions, Al3+ ions, Ba2+ ions and K+ ions in the filtrate. [1]
The insoluble silver chloride is obtained as residue.
3. Add excess sulphuric acid to the filtrate. Only Ba2+ ions will form a precipitate. [1]
4. Filter the solution to obtain Fe3+ ions, Al3+ ions and K+ ions in the filtrate. [1] The
5.
6.
7.
8.
insoluble barium sulphate is obtained as residue.

Add excess ammonia solution to the filtrate. [1] Fe3+ ions and Al3+ ions will form a
precipitate. [1]
Filter the solution to obtain K+ ions in the filtrate. [1] Iron(III) hydroxide and aluminium
hydroxide precipitates are obtained as residues.
Add excess sodium hydroxide solution to the residues. Only aluminium hydroxide will
redissolve to form a colourless solution. [1]
Filter the mixture to obtain aluminium complex in the filtrate. [1] Iron(III) hydroxide
precipitate is obtained as residue.

21
1. Add excess hydrochloric acid to the mixture. Only silver ions will form a precipitate. [1]
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Ag+(aq) + Cl(aq) AgCl(s) [1]

Filter the solution to obtain ammonium ions, copper(II) ions and calcium ions in the
filtrate. [1] The insoluble silver chloride is obtained as residue.
Add excess sodium hydroxide solution to the filtrate. Copper(II) ions and calcium ions
will form a precipitate. [1]
Cu2+(aq) + 2OH(aq) Cu(OH) 2 (s) [1]
Ca2+(aq) + 2OH(aq) Ca(OH) 2 (s) [1]
Filter the solution to obtain ammonium ions in the filtrate. [1] Copper(II) hydroxide and
calcium hydroxide precipitates are obtained as residues.
Add excess ammonia solution to the residue. Only copper(II) hydroxide precipitate will
redissolve to form a deep blue solution. [1]
Cu(OH) 2 (s) + 4NH 3 (aq) [Cu(NH 3 ) 4 ]2+(aq) + 2OH(aq) [1]
Filter the mixture again to obtain copper(II) complex in the filtrate. [1] Calcium
hydroxide is obtained as residue.
22
(a) Both the cation and anion are colourless. [1] The compound may contain Group I ions,
Group II ions, aluminium ions or zinc ions. [1]
(b) The compound contains zinc ions. [1]
(c) The compound contains carbonate ions. [1]
(d) Zinc carbonate [1]
(e) (i) Y dissolved and a gas which turns limewater milky was evolved. [2]
(ii) ZnCO 3 (s) + H 2 SO 4 (aq) ZnSO 4 (aq) + CO 2 (g) + H 2 O(l) [1]
23
(a) Chlorine gas turns moist blue litmus paper red, then bleaches it. [1]
(b) Cl 2 (aq) + H 2 O(l)
HCl(aq) + HOCl(aq) [1]
OCl(aq) + dye Cl(aq) + (dye + O) [1]
(c) Chlorine gas is toxic. [1]
Safety precautions:
Performing the experiment in fume cupboard. [1]
Avoid breathing in chlorine gas. [1]
Wear gloves. [1]
24
(a) Crystallization by slow evaporation of a solution [1]

(b) As the solvent in a solution evaporates at room temperature, the remaining solution
becomes more and more concentrated. [1] As a result, the solution becomes saturated.
[1] Further evaporation causes crystallization to occur. [1]
(c) The impurity present in only a small amount will remain dissolved in the solution. [1]
(d) If hot distilled water or a large amount of water is used for washing, the crystal will
dissolve and the yield will decrease. [1]
25
(a) (i) ZnCO 3 (s) + H 2 SO 4 (aq) ZnSO 4 (aq) + H 2 O(l) + CO 2 (g) [1]
(ii) Test carbon dioxide with limewater [1] and it turns limewater milky. [1]
(b) The reaction is complete when no more gas bubbles are evolved. [1]
(c) Filter the mixture to obtain zinc sulphate solution [1] and unreacted zinc carbonate is
obtained as residue. [1]
(d) (i) As the solvent in a solution evaporates at room temperature, the remaining solution
becomes more and more concentrated. [1] Then, the solution becomes saturated.
[1] Further evaporation causes crystallization to occur. [1]
(ii) 1. Filter the mixture to obtain zinc sulphate crystals as residue. [1]
2. Wash the crystals two or three times with a little cold distilled water. [1]
3. Take out the crystals and dry them by gently pressing them between filter
papers. [1]
26
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Dissolve the sample in the water. [1]

Filter the solution to obtain magnesium sulphate in the filtrate. [1] Insoluble lead(II)
sulphate is obtained as residue. [1]
Heat the filtrate until it becomes saturated. [1]
Allow the saturated solution to cool down at room temperature. [1]
Filter the mixture to obtain magnesium sulphate crystals as residue. [1]
Wash the crystals two or three times with a little cold distilled water. [1]
Take out the crystals and dry them by gently pressing them between filter papers. [1]
27
(a) The crystals obtained by slow evaporation are larger, more regular in shape and more
pure than those obtained by cooling a hot concentrated solution. [3]
(b) Slow evaporation can give a more pure crystal. [1] It is because solute particles need
sufficient time to arrange themselves regularly inside the crystals. [1]
(c) Separate the crystals from the saturated solution by filtration. [1] After filtration, wash
the crystals two or three times with a little cold distilled water in order to remove any
soluble impurities on the surface of the crystals. [1] Then, take out the crystals and dry
them by gently pressing them between filter papers. [1]
28
(a) Fractional distillation [1]
(b) The two miscible liquids are separated into different fractions based on their different
boiling points. [1] It involves repeated vaporization and condensation of the mixture. [1]
(c) Apparatus X: fractionating column [1]
Apparatus Y: Liebig condenser [1]
(d) The beads provide a large surface area for repeated vaporization and condensation of the
mixture. [1]
(e) Liquid A [1]
(f) It is used in the refining of petroleum. [1]
29
The mixture can be separated by the following procedure:
1. Add equal volumes of water and heptane to the mixture. [1]
2. Shake the mixture. [1] Sodium chloride salt will dissolve in water while iodine solid will
dissolve in heptane. [1]
3. Filter the mixture to obtain sodium chloride and iodine in the filtrate. [1] The insoluble
sand is obtained as residue. [1]
4. Transfer the filtrate to a separating funnel. [1] Since water and heptane are immiscible,
they remain as two separate layers. [1] Heptane forms the top layer while water forms
the bottom layer. [1]
5. Run the water layer out from the separating funnel. [1] Boil the water layer to obtain a
saturated solution of sodium chloride. [1]
6. Allow the solution to cool down at room temperature in order to obtain sodium chloride
crystals. [1]
7. Separate sodium chloride crystals from the saturated solution by filtration. [1]
8. Wash the crystals two or three times with a little cold distilled water in order to remove
any soluble impurities on the surface of the crystals. [1]
9. Take out the crystals and dry them by filter paper. [1]
10. Run the heptane layer into a pear-shaped flask and distil off heptane in order to collect
the iodine solid. [1]
30
(a) Liquid-liquid extraction/Solvent extraction [1]
(b) The experimental procedure is shown below:

1. Add 20 cm3 aqueous solution of iodine and 20 cm3 heptane to a separating funnel.
[1]
2. Stopper the separating funnel and shake it gently. [1]
3. Invert the funnel and slowly open the tap. [1]
4. Close the tap and shake the funnel vigorously for a few seconds. [1]
5. Repeat steps 3 to 4 for three times. [1]
6. Remove the stopper of the flask. Leave the funnel to stand until two separate layers
appear. [1]
7. Place a beaker below the separating funnel. Open the tap to allow the lower layer to
drain into the beaker. [1]
8. Close the tap when the upper layer just reaches the tap. Remove the upper layer by
pouring it out from the top of the funnel to another beaker. [1]
(c) The upper layer contains most of iodine [1] because iodine is more soluble in heptane.
[1] Heptane forms the upper layer because it is less dense than water. [1]
31
(a) Paper chromatography [1]
Thin-layer chromatography [1]
Column chromatography [1]
(b) (i) Paper chromatography [1] and thin-layer chromatography [1]
(ii) Column chromatography [1]
(c) (i) Paper chromatography [1]
2.4 cm
(ii) R f =
= 0.48 [1]
5.0 cm
32
(a) A: solvent front [1]
B: baseline [1]
5.2 cm
(b) R f of spot C =
= 0.83 [1]
6.3 cm
R f of spot D =
3.8 cm
= 0.60 [1]
6.3 cm
R f of spot E =
2.6 cm
= 0.41 [1]
6.3 cm
(c) They are different compounds [1] because they have different R f values. [1]
33
(a) The set-up is applied to determine the boiling point of propan-2-ol. [1]
(b) The thermometer bulb should be immersed in the liquid. [1]
(c) A: anti-bumping granule [1]
B: Liebig condenser [1]
(d) Propan-2-ol is flammable. [1] It is dangerous to heat it in a naked flame. [1]
(e) If propan-2-ol is pure, its boiling point should be quite sharp. [1]
34
(a) P 4 O 10 [1]
(b) Place a little of the dry powdered phosphorus pentoxide solid in a thin-walled glass
melting point tube. [1] Attach the thermometer to the tube. [1] Then, heat the paraffin oil
gently. [1] Record the temperature (t 1 ) at which the solid starts to melt and the
temperature (t 2 ) at which the solid melts completely. [1] As a result, the melting point of
phosphorus pentoxide is between t 1 and t 2 . [1]
(c) If the white phosphorus pentoxide solid is pure, it has a sharp melting point, i.e. t 2 t 1 is
smaller than 0.5C. [1] If the white phosphorus pentoxide solid is impure, it melts
gradually over a wide temperature range. [1]
35
(a) Determining their boiling points. [1]
(b) They should have a sharp boiling point if they are pure. [1]
(c) The mixture of methanol and ethanol can be separated by fractional distillation [1]
because the difference in their boiling points is between 10C and 25C. [1]
(d) Toxic [1]
36
(a) Structure of X
[1]
Structure of Y
[1]
(b) X: butanal [1]

Y: methylpropanal [1]
(c) Butanal has a straight chain which is long and thin [1] while methylpropanal has a
branched chain which is more rounded. [1] Therefore, butanal has a larger surface area
than methylpropanal. [1] The van der Waals forces between butanal molecules are
stronger. [1] Thus, butanal has a higher boiling point than methylpropanal.
(d) Butanal and methylpropanal can be separated by fractional distillation [1] because they
are two miscible liquids which have very close boiling points. [1]
37
(a) Add excess potassium hydroxide solution to the mixture to precipitate all magnesium
ions. [1] Filter the mixture to obtain potassium chloride in the filtrate and insoluble
magnesium hydroxide is obtained as residue. [1] Add hydrochloric acid to the filtrate to
neutralize any remaining potassium hydroxide. [1] Allow the solution to evaporate at
room temperature until it becomes saturated. Potassium chloride crystals will come out
as water is further evaporated. [1] Filter the mixture to obtain potassium chloride
crystals. [1]
(b) Separate the mixture by fractional distillation [1] as there is a small difference in boiling
points between hexane and heptane. [1]
38
(a) W is butanoic acid. [1]
Z is ethyl ethanoate. [1]
(b) They are functional group isomers. [1]
(c) Butanoic acid contains the carboxyl group which can participate in hydrogen bond
formation. [1] The butanoic acid molecules are held together by strong hydrogen bonds
[1] while the ethyl ethanoate molecules are held together by weak van der Waals forces
only. [1] Therefore, butanoic acid has a higher boiling point than ethyl ethanoate.
(d) Simple distillation [1] can be used because they have a large difference in boiling points.
[1]
39
(b) The experimental procedure is shown below:
1. Dissolve the coating of each brand of chocolate beans into equal amounts of water.
[1]
2. Draw a baseline with a pencil across the bottom (about 1 cm from the edge)
of a
strip of filter paper. [1]

3. Place a drop of the banned pigment on the baseline. [1]
4. Place a drop of each brand of chocolate beans coating solution on the baseline. [1]
5. Allow those spots to dry. [1]
6. Pour a suitable solvent into a beaker to a depth of not more than 0.5 cm. [1]
7. Suspend the paper in the solvent, with the spots above the liquid level.
[1]
8. Wrap the beaker with a piece of polyethene film. [1]
9. Remove and dry the paper until the solvent is near the top of the paper. [1]
(c) (i) Brand C contains the banned pigment [1] because one spot from brand C has the
same R f value as the banned pigment. [1]
2.8 cm
(ii) R f =
= 0.56 [1]
5.0 cm
40
(b) It is based on different solubilities and adsorption characteristics of different pigments.
[1] Therefore, different pigments move up the paper at different speeds. [1]
(c) Pigment B will have a larger R f value. [1]
Since pigment B is more soluble in the running solvent, it is carried away by the solvent
to a greater extent. [1]
41
(a) It can be speeded up by using a Buchner funnel connected to a suction pump. [1]
(b) An electronic oven [1]
(c) (i) It keeps the content inside out of contact with the moisture from the air. [1]
(ii) Silica gel/anhydrous calcium chloride [1]
(d) The precipitate must be cooled to room temperature before weighing. [1]
This avoids any unsteadiness of reading during weighing. [1]
(e) An analytical balance [1]
42
The mass of copper in 500.0 cm3 of the sample solution can be determined by the following
procedure:
1. Weigh the filter paper using an electronic balance. [1]
2. Add excess sodium hydroxide solution to the 500.0 cm3 of sample solution. [1]
3. Filter the precipitate (Cu(OH) 2 ) formed by suction filtration. [1]
4. Dry the filter paper with the precipitate in an electronic oven. [1]
5. Put the filter paper with the precipitate in a desiccator for cooling. [1]
6.
7.
8.
Weigh the filter paper with the precipitate using the electronic balance. Find the mass of
the precipitate by weighing by difference. [1]
Calculate the percentage by mass of Cu in Cu(OH) 2 . [1]
Determine the mass of Cu in the sample solution by multiplying the mass of the
precipitate by the percentage by mass of Cu in Cu(OH) 2 . [1]
43
(a) MgCl 2 (aq) + 2AgNO 3 (aq) 2AgCl(s) + Mg(NO 3 ) 2 (aq) [1]
0.840 g
(b) Number of moles of AgCl formed =
= 0.00585 mol [1]
(108 35.5) g mol1
From the equation, mole ratio of MgCl 2 : AgCl = 1 : 2
Number of moles of MgCl 2 =
0.00585 mol
= 0.00293 mol [1]
2
Mass of MgCl 2 in the sample

= 0.00293 mol (24.3 + 35.5 2) g mol1
= 0.279 g [1]
Percentage purity of magnesium chloride in the original sample
0.279 g
100% = 62.0% [1]
=
0.450 g
44
(a) (i)
An excess of oxalic acid is added to a sample of water. [1] The precipitate formed
between calcium ions and oxalate ions is filtered, dried and weighed. [1] From the
mass of precipitate obtained, the concentration of calcium ions in the water sample
can be calculated. [1]
(ii) Ca2+(aq) + C 2 O 4 2(aq) + H 2 O(l) CaC 2 O 4 H 2 O(s) [1]

(b) Water can be classified as hard water if its calcium content is over 20 mg dm3. [1]
(c) (i) Mass of CaC 2 O 4 H 2 O obtained = 0.0548 g
Mass of Ca2+ in the water sample
40.1
= 0.0548 g
40.1 12.0 2 16.0 4 (1.0 2 16.0)
= 0.0150 g = 15.0 mg [1]
Concentration of Ca2+ in the water sample
15.0 mg
=
= 30.0 mg dm3 [1]
3
0.5 dm
(ii) The water sample is hard water because the concentration of Ca2+ in it is over 20
mg dm3. [1]
45
(a) An analytical balance [1]
(b) The pan of the analytical balance should be enclosed. [1]
(c) The mass of precipitate formed = 0.3500 g 0.3400 g = 0.0100 g [1]
(d) Ca2+(aq) + C 2 O 4 2(aq) + H 2 O(l) CaC 2 O 4 H 2 O(s) [1]
(e) Number of moles of CaC 2 O 4 H 2 O formed
=
0.0100
mol
40.1 12.0 2 16.0 4 1.0 2 16.0
= 6.84 105 mol [1]

Since 1 mole of CaC 2 O 4 H 2 O contains 1 mole of calcium ions, concentration of
calcium ions in the natural water sample
=
(f)
6.84 105 mol

25.0 cm3
= 2.74 106 mol cm3 [1]

Concentration of calcium ions in the natural water sample is mg dm3
= 2.74 106 40.1 1000 1000 mg dm3
= 110 mg dm3 [1]
the natural water is hard water as 110 mg dm3 > 20 mg dm3. [1]
46
HPO 4 2(aq) + NH 4 +(aq) + Mg2+(aq) + OH(aq) + 5H 2 O(l)
MgNH 4 PO 4 6H 2 O(s) [1]
(ii) A white precipitate can be observed. [1]
(iii) Magnesium ammonium phosphate hexahydrate [1]
(b) Percentage by mass of P in the fertilizer sample:
Mass of MgNH 4 PO 4 6H 2 O obtained = 0.97 g
Mass of P in MgNH 4 PO 4 6H 2 O
31.0
= 0.97 g
24.3 14.0 1.0 4 31.0 16.0 4 (1.0 2 16.0) 6
(a) (i)
= 0.123 g
% by mass of P in the fertilizer =
0.123
100% = 4.09% [1]
3.01
Percentage by mass of P 2 O 5 in the fertilizer sample:

Number of moles of P in MgNH 4 PO 4 6H 2 O =
0.123 g
= 0.00397 mol
31.0 g mol1
each mole of P 2 O 5 contains 2 moles of P.

number of moles of P 2 O 5 =
0.00397 mol
= 0.00199 mol [1]
2
Mass of P 2 O 5 = 0.00199 mol (31.0 2 + 16.0 5) g mol1 = 0.283 g

0.283 g
100% = 9.40% [1]
% by mass of P 2 O 5 =
3.01 g
47
(a) Pipette [1]
(b) (i) Methyl orange [1]
(ii) The reaction mixture changed from yellow to red. [1]
(c) Number of moles of HCl = 0.1 M
20.00
dm3 = 0.002 mol [1]
1000
2HCl + Na 2 CO 3 (aq) 2NaCl(aq) + H 2 O(l) + CO 2 (g)

From the equation, mole ratio of HCl : Na 2 CO 3 = 2 : 1
Number of moles of Na 2 CO 3 in 25.0 cm3 of solution
=
0.002
mol = 0.001 mol [1]
2
Number of moles of Na 2 CO 3 in 250.0 cm3 of solution

= 0.001 mol
250.0
= 0.01 mol [1]
25.0
Mass of Na 2 CO 3 in 250.0 cm3 of solution

= 0.01 mol (23.0 2 + 12.0 + 16.0 3) g mol1
= 1.06 g [1]
Mass of impurities = 1.20 1.06 g = 0.14 g
percentage by mass of impurities =
0.14
100% = 11.7% [1]
1.20
48
(a) H n A(aq) + nNaOH(aq) Na n A(aq) + nH 2 O(l) [1]
(b) Number of moles of H n A in 250.0 cm3 of solution
=
1.80
mol = 0.0200 mol [1]
90.0
Number of moles of H n A in 25.0 cm3 of solution

= 0.0200
25.0
mol = 0.00200 mol [1]
250.0
Number of moles of NaOH used = 0.14 mol dm3

Number of moles of NaOH
0.0040 2
[1]
Number of moles of the acid 0.00200 1
n=2
28.60 3
dm = 0.0040 mol
1000
Therefore, the basicity of the acid is 2. [1]
49
(a) 5H 2 C 2 O 4 (aq) + 6H+(aq) + 2MnO 4 (aq) 2Mn2+(aq) + 10CO 2 (g) + 8H 2 O(l) [1]
(b) The reaction mixture changed from colourless to purple. [1]
(c) Number of moles of MnO 4 = 0.034 M
23.00 3
dm = 7.82 104 mol [1]
1000
From the equation, mole ratio of H 2 C 2 O 4 : MnO 4 = 5 : 2

number of moles of H 2 C 2 O 4 in 25.0 cm3 of solution
5
= 1.96 103 mol [1]
2
number of moles of H 2 C 2 O 4 in 250.0 cm3 of solution
= 7.82 104 mol
250.0
= 1.96 102 mol [1]
25.0
mass of H 2 C 2 O 4 in 250.0 cm3 of solution
= 1.96 103 mol
= 1.96 102 mol (1.0 2 + 12.0 2 + 16.0 4) g mol1

= 1.76 g [1]
50
(a) Burette [1]
(b) Phenolphthalein [1]
(c) From pink to colourless [1]
(d) Number of moles of NaOH used =
2.24 g
= 0.0560 mol [1]
(23.0 16.0 1.0) g mol1
Molarity of the 250.0 cm3 NaOH solution

= 0.0560 mol
1000
dm 3 = 0.224 M [1]
250.0
Number of moles of NaOH in 25.0 cm3 of solution

= 0.224 M
25.0
dm3 = 0.00560 mol [1]
1000
NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) NaCl(aq) + H 2 O(l)

From the equation, mole ratio of NaOH : HCl = 1 : 1
Number of moles of HCl in 28.00 cm3 of solution = 0.00560 mol [1]
molarity of HCl solution = 0.00560 mol
51
1000
dm 3 = 0.200 M [1]
28.00
(a) 2MnO 4 (aq) + 5SO 3 2(aq) + 6H+(aq) 2Mn2+(aq) + 5SO 4 2(aq) + 3H 2 O(l) [1]
(b) The reaction mixture changed from colourless to purple. [1]
(c) Number of moles of MnO 4 in 15.25 cm3 of 0.01 M KMnO 4 (aq)
= 0.01 M
15.25 3
dm = 1.53 104 mol [1]
1000
From the equation, mole ratio of MnO 4 : SO 3 2 = 2 : 5 [1]

number of moles of SO 3 2 in 25.0 cm3 of solution
= 1.53 104 mol
5
2
= 3.83 104 mol [1]

Molarity of sulphite ions in the solution
= 3.83 104 mol
1000
dm 3
25.0
= 0.0153 M [1]
(d) each mole of Na 2 SO 3 contains 2 moles of Na+ ions.
number of moles of Na+ ions in 25.0 cm3 of solution
= 3.83 104 mol 2
= 7.66 104 mol [1]
Molarity of Na+ ions in the solution
= 7.66 104 mol
1000
dm 3
25.0
= 0.0306 M [1]
52
(a) CaCl 2 (aq) + 2AgNO 3 (aq) 2AgCl(s) + Ca(NO 3 ) 2 (aq) [1]
(b) Number of moles of AgNO 3 in 25.60 cm3 of 0.150 M AgNO 3
= 0.150 M
25.60 3
dm
1000
= 3.84 103 mol

From the equation, mole ratio of AgNO 3 : CaCl 2 = 2 : 1 [1]
number of moles of CaCl 2 in 25.0 cm3 of solution
3.84 103
=
mol
2
= 1.92 103 mol [1]
number of moles of CaCl 2 in 250.0 cm3 of solution
= 1.92 103
250.0
mol
25.0
= 0.0192 mol [1]

the mass of CaCl 2 present in 250.0 cm3 of solution
= 0.0192 mol (40.1 + 35.5 2) g mol1

= 2.13 g [1]
53
(a) Potassium chromate [1]
(b) A reddish-brown precipitate can be observed. [1]
(c) 2Ag+(aq) + CrO 4 2(aq) Ag 2 CrO 4 (s) [1]
(d) Ag+(aq) + Cl(aq) AgCl(s)
Number of moles of AgNO 3 in 20.60 cm3 of 0.105 M AgNO 3 solution
= 0.105 mol dm3
20.60
dm3
1000
= 2.16 103 mol [1]

From the equation, mole ratio of Ag+ : Cl = 1 : 1
number of moles of Cl ions in 25.0 cm3 of unknown water sample
= 2.16 103 mol [1]
Molarity of chloride ions in the unknown water sample
= 2.16 103 mol
1000
dm 3
25.0
= 0.0864 M [1]
54
(a) Precipitation titration [1]
(b) Ba(OH) 2 (aq) + Na 2 SO 4 (aq) BaSO 4 (s) + 2NaOH(aq) [1]
(c) Measure the conductivity of the solution. [1]
(d) During the titration, record the conductivity and the corresponding volume of sodium
sulphate solution added. [1] Plot a graph of conductivity against the volume of sodium
sulphate solution added. [1] The intersection of two straight lines corresponds to the end
point. [1]
(e) Number of moles of Na 2 SO 4 = 0.02 M
30.00 3
dm = 6.0 104 mol [1]
1000
From the equation, mole ratio of Ba(OH) 2 : Na 2 SO 4 = 1 : 1

Number of moles of Ba(OH) 2 = 6.0 104 mol [1]
Molarity of Ba(OH) 2 = 6.0 10 4 mol
1000
dm3 = 0.024 M [1]
25.0
55
(a) A standard solution is a solution of accurately known molarity. [1]
(b) Phenolphthalein [1]

(c) From pink to colourless [1]
(d) Number of moles of HCl = 0.050
27.90
mol = 1.40 103 mol [1]
1000
NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) NaCl(aq) + H 2 O(l)

From the equation, mole ratio of NaOH : HCl = 1 : 1.
number of moles of NaOH = 1.40 103 mol [1]
The molarity of NaOH = 1.40 103
1000
M = 0.0560 M [1]
25.0
56
(a) A reddish-brown precipitate can be observed. [1]
(b) If the pH is too high, the silver ions may be precipitated by the hydroxide ions. [1] If the
pH is too low, the chromate ions will change to hydrogen chromate ions or dichromate
ions. [1] This will affect the accuracy of the results. [1]
(c) Ag+(aq) + Cl(aq) AgCl(s)
Number of moles of Ag+ in 14.50 cm3 of 0.85 M AgNO 3 solution
= 0.85 M
14.50
dm3
1000
= 0.0123 mol [1]

From the equation, mole ratio of Ag+ : Cl = 1 : 1
number of moles of Cl in 25.0 cm3 of solution
= 0.0123 mol [1]
Concentration of Cl in the sample solution
= 0.0123 mol
1000
dm 3
25.0
= 0.492 M [1]
57
(a) (i)
Oxidizing agent:
potassium permanganate/potassium dichromate/potassium iodate [1]
(ii) Reducing agent:
iron(II) sulphate/oxalic acid/potassium oxalate/sodium thiosulphate [1]
(b) (i)
6Fe2+(aq) + Cr 2 O 7 2(aq) + 14H+(aq) 6Fe3+(aq) + 2Cr3+(aq) + 7H 2 O(l) [1]
(ii) Number of moles of Cr 2 O 7 2 = 0.02 M
32.50
dm 3 = 6.50 104 mol [1]
1000
From the equation, mole ratio of Cr 2 O 7 2 : Fe2+ = 1 : 6

Number of moles of Fe2+ in 25.0 cm3 of the solution
= 6.50 104 6 mol = 3.90 103 mol [1]
molarity of Fe2+ ions in the iron tablet solution
= 3.90 103 mol
1000
dm 3 = 0.156 M [1]
25.0
(iii) Number of moles of Fe2+ in 250.0 cm3 of the solution

= 3.90 103 mol
250.0
= 0.0390 mol [1]
25.0
Mass of Fe in the tablet = 0.0390 mol 55.8 g mol1 = 2.18 g

percentage by mass of Fe in the tablet =
2.18
100% = 75.2% [1]
2.90
58
(a) Pipette [1]
(b) OCl(aq) + Cl(aq) + 2H+(aq) Cl 2 (g) + H 2 O(l) [1]
(c) (i) The colourless solution changes to brown. [1]
(ii) Cl 2 (aq) + 2I(aq) I 2 (aq) + 2Cl(aq) [1]
(d) (i) Starch solution [1]
(ii) Starch reacts with iodine irreversibly to form a dark blue complex. [1] If starch
solution is added to the reaction mixture too early, some of the iodine will react
with starch. [1] As a result, the volume of sodium thiosulphate used for titration
with iodine will be smaller. [1]
(e) (i) I 2 (aq) + 2S 2 O 3 2(aq) 2I(aq) + S 4 O 6 2(aq) [1]
(ii) Number of moles of Na 2 S 2 O 3 reacted with I 2
= 0.05 M
20.12
dm3
1000
= 1.006 103 mol [1]

From the equation, mole ratio of I 2 : S 2 O 3 2 = 1 : 2
number of moles of I 2 liberated from the reaction between Cl 2 and I
1.006 10 3
=
mol = 5.03 104 mol [1]
2
From the equation, mole ratio of Cl 2 : I 2 = 1 : 1
number of moles of Cl 2 formed in 25.0 cm3 diluted bleach solution
= 5.03 104 mol [1]
From the equation, mole ratio of OCl : Cl 2 = 1 : 1
number of moles of OCl in 25.0 cm3 diluted bleach solution
= 5.03 104 mol [1]
Molarity of OCl in 25.0 cm3 diluted bleach solution
= 5.03 104 mol
1000
dm 3 = 0.0200 M
25.0
molarity of OCl in the original bleach = 0.0200 M
250.0 cm3
25.0 cm3
= 0.200 M [1]
59
(a) Step 2: SO 2 (aq) + 2OH(aq) SO 3 2(aq) + H 2 O(l) [1]
Step 3: SO 3 2(aq) + 2H+(aq) SO 2 (aq) + H 2 O(l) [1]
(b) (i) Starch solution [1]
(ii) The reaction mixture changes from colourless to dark blue. [1]
(c) (i)
SO 2 (aq) + 2H 2 O(l) + I 2 (aq) SO 4 2(aq) + 4H+(aq) + 2I(aq) [1]
(ii) Number of moles of I 2 = 0.006 M
6.85
dm 3 = 4.11 105 mol [1]
1000
From the equation, mole ratio of I 2 : SO 2 = 1 : 1

Number of moles of SO 2 = 4.11 105 mol [1]
Mass of SO 2 = 4.11 105 mol (32.1 + 16.0 2) g mol1 = 2.63 mg
concentration of SO 2 in the wine
= 2.63 mg
1000
dm 3 = 105.2 mg dm3 [1]
25.0
60
(a) Permanganate index shows the mass of potassium permanganate required to oxidize all
the reducing agents in one dm3 of water sample. [1]
(b) 2MnO 4 (aq) + 5C 2 O 4 2(aq) + 16H+(aq) 2Mn2+(aq) + 10CO 2 (g) + 8H 2 O(l) [1]
(c) The reaction mixture shows a permanent pink colour. [1]
(d) Number of moles of MnO 4 that reacted with the remaining C 2 O 4 2
= 0.00200 M
6.05
dm3 = 1.21 105 mol
1000
From the equation, mole ratio of MnO 4 : C 2 O 4 2 = 2 : 5

number of moles of the remaining C 2 O 4 2
= 1.21 105 mol
5
2
= 3.03 105 mol [1]

Number of moles of C 2 O 4 2 that reacted with excess MnO 4
= 0.00500 M
25.0
dm3 3.03 105 mol
1000
= 9.47 105 mol [1]

From the equation, mole ratio of MnO 4 : C 2 O 4 2 = 2 : 5
number of moles of excess MnO 4 being removed by C 2 O 4 2
= 9.47 105 mol
2
5
= 3.79 105 mol [1]

Number of moles of MnO 4 that reacted with the reducing agents in the water sample
= 0.00200 M
25.0
dm3 3.79 105 mol
1000
= 1.21 105 mol [1]

Mass of KMnO 4 used to react with the reducing agents in the water sample
= 1.21 105 mol (39.1 + 54.9 + 16.0 4) g mol1
= 1.91 103 g [1]
Permanganate index = 1.91 103 g
1000
dm3 [1]
50.0
= 0.0382 g dm3
the permanganate index of the water sample is 0.0382 g dm3. [1]
(e) The permanganate index of the water sample is 38.2 mg dm3 (0.0382 1000). [1] It is
higher than the national standard (4 mg dm3). Therefore, the water sample should not
be used as consumable raw water. [1]
61
(a) The experimental procedure is shown below:
1. Crush the weighed iron tablets using the pestle and mortar. [1]
2. Add dilute sulphuric acid to dissolve the iron tablets, forming Fe2+ solution. [1]
3. Transfer the Fe2+ solution into a volumetric flask and make up to 250.0 cm3
solution. [1]
4. Transfer 25.0 cm3 of the Fe2+ solution into a conical flask. [1]
5. Titrate the Fe2+ solution with a standard solution of potassium permanganate. [1]
(b) (i) MnO 4 (aq) + 8H+(aq) + 5Fe2+(aq) Mn2+(aq) + 5Fe3+(aq) + 4H 2 O(l) [1]
(ii) No indicator is required in the titration. [1]
The reaction mixture is yellow in colour just before the end point. [1]
When an additional drop of potassium permanganate solution is added, the colour
of the mixture changes from yellow to light purple. [1] This colour change can
indicate the end point of the titration. [1]
(iii) Number of moles of MnO 4 = 0.005 M
12.60
dm3 = 6.30 105 mol [1]
1000
From the equation, mole ratio of MnO 4 : Fe2+ = 1 : 5

Number of moles of Fe2+ = 6.30 105 mol 5 = 3.15 104 mol [1]
molarity of iron(II) ions in the iron tablet solution
= 3.15 104 mol
1000
dm 3
25.0
= 0.0126 M [1]
62
Absorbance
(a) The higher colour intensity of the riboflavin solution, the larger amount of light is
absorbed, i.e. higher absorbance. [1]
(b)
Concentration of riboflavin ( 105 M)

Correct drawing [2]
Correct labeling [2]
(c) From the calibration curve, the concentration of the riboflavin solution is equal to 3.7
105 M. [1]
63
(a)
Absorbance
Concentration of CuSO 4 (aq) (mg dm3)

Correct drawing [2]
Correct labelling [2]
(b) From the calibration curve, the concentration of copper(II) sulphate solution is equal to
0.400 mg dm3. [1]
64
Absorbance
(a)
Concentration of Fe2+(aq) (mg dm3)

Correct drawing [2]

(b) From the calibration curve, the concentration of the iron(II) solution is equal to 1.48 mg
dm3. [1]
65
Absorbance
(a)
Concentration of sunset yellow solutions (mg dm3)

Correct drawing [2]
(b) From the calibration curve, the concetration of sunset yellow in the sample is 1.78 mg
dm3. [1]
(c) The maximum acceptable daily intake of sunset yellow for a 23.0 kg child
= 1.0 mg kg1 23.0 kg = 23.0 mg [1]
The amount of sunset yellow in a can of soft drink
= 1.78 mg
375
= 0.668 mg [1]
1000
Since the amount of sunset yellow in a can of soft drink is much lower than the
maximum acceptable daily intake, it is safe for a 23.0 kg child to drink a can of soft
drink per day. [1]
66
(a) Let the mass of compound A be 100 g. Thus,
the mass of carbon in the compound = 60.0 g
the mass of hydrogen in the compound = 13.3 g

the mass of oxygen in the compound = 26.7 g
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Mass (g)
60.0
13.3
26.7
Number of moles (mol)
60.0
5
12.0
13.3
13.3
1.0
26.7
1.67
16.0
Mole ratio
5
2.99
1.67
13.3
7.96
1.67
1.67
1
1.67
Simplest mole ratio
1
[1]
the empirical formula of compound A is C 3 H 8 O. [1]
(b) Let the molecular formula of the compound be (C 3 H 8 O) n .

Relative molecular mass of (C 3 H 8 O) n = 60.0
n (12.0 3 + 1.0 8 + 16.0) = 60.0 [1]
n=1
the molecular formula of compound A is C 3 H 8 O. [1]
(c) (i)
Since compound A has an oxygen atom and can be oxidized by potassium

dichromate solution, it is likely to be an aldehyde or alcohol. The saturated
hydrocarbon with 3 carbon atoms, there will be 8 hydrogen atoms. Degree of
unsaturation =
88
0 . Therefore, compound A is an alcohol. [1] Compound A
2
can be propan-1-ol or propan-2-ol. [1]
or
[1]
(ii) They are position isomers. [1]

(d) A strong and broad absorption band at around 3300 cm1 can be observed because of the
absorption of OH bond in alcohols. [2]
67
(a) Compound X should not be an aldehyde or a ketone as it does not react with
2,4-nitrophenylhydrazine solution or Tollens reagent. [2] It should be a primary or
secondary alcohol. [1]
In the mass spectrum, the peak at m/e = 74 corresponds to the molecular ion. The peaks
at m/e = 59, 45 and 29 correspond to CH 3 CH 2 CH(OH)+, CH 3 CH(OH)+ and CH 3 CH 2 +
ions respectively. [3]
Therefore, the possible structure of compound X is CH 3 CH(OH)CH 2 CH 3 . [1]
(b) (i) Compound X exhibits enantiomerism [1] as it contains a chiral carbon. [1]
(ii) It is impossible to distinguish between the pair of enantiomers of compound X by
mass spectroscopy [1] as they produce the same fragmentation pattern. [1]
68
(a) If ethene is present, the absorption peak between 16101680 cm1 can be observed. [1]
The absence of the absorption peak between 16101680 cm1 indicates all ethene has
been converted to ethanol. [1] It shows that the reaction is completed.
(b) (i) Ethanoic acid [1]
(ii) A strong and broad absorption peak between 25003300 cm1 would be observed
because of the presence of the OH bond in ethanoic acid. [2]
A strong absorption peak between 16801750 cm1 would be observed because of
the presence of the C=O bond in ethanoic acid. [2]
69
(a) Ethanol [1]
A strong and broad peak at 3350 cm1 corresponds to the OH bond. [1]
(b) Ethanal [1]
A strong peak at around 1720 cm1 corresponds to the C=O bond. [1]
(c) Ethanoic acid [1]
The peaks at around 3000 cm1 and 1710 cm1 correspond to the OH bond and C=O
bond. [2]
70
(a) Vaporization [1]
The sample is vaporized to a gaseous form. [1]
Ionization [1]
The gaseous sample is bombarded by a beam of fast-moving electrons to form
molecular ions [1] and then the molecular ions undergo fragmentation to give fragment
ions. [1]
Acceleration [1]
Positive ions are accelerated by an electric field towards a magnetic field. [1]
Deflection [1]
The positive ions are deflected by the magnetic field. [1]
Detection [1]
The detector produces electrical signals proportional to the number of ions detected. [1]
(b) The peaks at m/e = 100, 98, 65 and 63 correspond to CH 3 CH35Cl37Cl+,
CH 3 CH35Cl35Cl+, CH 3 CH37Cl+ and CH 3 CH35Cl+ ions respectively. [4]
71
(a) Let the mass of compound Y be 100 g. Thus,
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Mass (g)
72.0
12.0
16.0
72.0
6
12.0
12.0
12
1.0
16.0
1
16.0
Mole ratio
6
6
1
12
12
1
1
1
1
Simplest mole ratio
12
1
[1]
the empirical formula of compound Y is C 6 H 12 O. [1]

Relative molecular mass of (C 6 H 12 O) n = 100
n (12.0 6 + 1.0 12 + 16.0) = 100 [1]
n=1
the molecular formula of compound Y is C 6 H 12 O. [1]
(c) Compound Y is hexanal [1] because only aldehydes could react with Tollens reagent to
give a silver mirror. [1]
(d) The peak at m/e = 29 represents HCO+ ion. [1]
72
(a) 35Cl and 37Cl [2]
(b) The relative abundance of 35Cl and 37Cl are 75% and 25% respectively. [2]
(c) The peaks at m/e = 102, 100 and 98 represent the molecular ions CH 2 37ClCH 2 37Cl+,
CH 2 35ClCH 2 37Cl+ and CH 2 35ClCH 2 35Cl+ respectively. [3]
73
(a) A strong absorption peak at around 1690 cm1 is due to the absorption of C=O bonds in
carboxyl and ester groups. [2]
A strong absorption peak at around 2920 cm1 is due to the absorption of OH bond in
carboxyl group. [1]
(b) It is impossible to deduce the structure of aspirin by interpreting IR spectrum only [1] as
IR spectrum can only give the information about the functional groups in aspirin. [1]
74
(a) Vaporization, ionization, acceleration, deflection and detection [5]
(b) (i) The peaks at m/e = 176, 174 and 172 correspond to the molecular ions,
CH 2 81Br81Br+, CH 2 81Br79Br+ and CH 2 79Br79Br+ respectively. [3]
The peaks at m/e = 95 and 93 correspond to the fragment ions, CH 2 81Br+ and
CH 2 79Br+ respectively. [2]
(ii) It is because the relative abundances of 79Br and 81Br are very close. [1]
75
(a) Let the mass of compound Z be 100 g. Thus,
the mass of chlorine in the compound = 54.7 g
Carbon
Hydrogen
Chlorine
Mass (g)
37.5
7.80
54.7
37.5
3.13
12.0
7.80
7.80
1.0
54.7
1.54
35.5
Mole ratio
3.13
2.03
1.54
7.8
5.06
1.54
1.54
1
1.54
Simplest mole ratio
1
[1]
the empirical formula of compound Z is C 2 H 5 Cl. [1]
(b) Let the molecular formula of compound Z be (C 2 H 5 Cl) n .

Relative molecular mass of (C 2 H 5 Cl) n = 64
n (12.0 2 + 1.0 5 + 35.5) = 64 [1]
n=1
the molecular formula of compound Z is C 2 H 5 Cl. [1]
(c) The peaks at m/e = 66 and 64 correspond to the molecular ions, CH 3 CH 2 37Cl+ and
CH 3 CH 2 35Cl+ respectively [2] while the peaks at m/e = 51 and 49 correspond to the
fragment ions, CH 2 37Cl+ and CH 2 35Cl+ respectively. [2]
(d) (i) Compound W is ethanol. [1]
(ii) A strong and broad absorption peak at around 3300 cm1 is observed in the IR
spectrum [1] because of the presence of OH bond in ethanol. [1]
76
(a) Let the mass of compound X be 100 g. Thus,
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Mass (g)
66.7
11.1
22.2
66.7
5.56
12.0
11.1
11.1
1.0
22.2
1.39
16.0
Mole ratio
5.56
4
1.39
11.1
7.99
1.39
1.39
1
1.39
Simplest mole ratio
1
[1]
the empirical formula of compound X is C 4 H 8 O. [1]
(b) From the mass spectrum, the peak at m/e = 72 corresponds to the molecular ion of
compound X. [1] Therefore, the molecular mass of compound X is 72. [1]
(c) Since the molecular mass of compound X is 72, its molecular formula is C 4 H 8 O. [1]
Compound X should contain C=O group as it gives orange-yellow precipitate when it
reacts with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine solution. [1] Compound X should not be an
aldehyde as no observable changes when it is tested with Tollens reagent. [1] Thus,
compound X should be butanone. [1]
(d) The peaks at m/e = 57, 43 and 29 correspond to CH 3 CH 2 CO+, CH 3 CO+ and CH 3 CH 2 +
respectively. [3]
77
(a) They are chain isomers. [1]
(b) By interpreting the mass spectrum A, the prominent peaks at m/e = 86, 57 and 29
correspond to CH 3 CH 2 COCH 2 CH 3 +, CH 3 CH 2 CO+ and CH 3 CH 2 + ions respectively. [3]
Therefore, A is pentan-3-one. [1]
By interpreting the mass spectrum B, the prominent peaks at m/e = 86, 71 and 43
correspond to CH 3 CH(CH 3 )COCH 3 +, CH 3 CH(CH 3 )CO+ and CH 3 CO+ ions
respectively. [3] Therefore, B is methylbutanone. [1]
78

Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Mass (g)
60.0
13.3
26.7
60.0
5
12.0
13.3
13.3
1.0
26.7
1.67
16.0
Mole ratio
5
2.99
1.67
13.3
7.96
1.67
1.67
1
1.67
Simplest mole ratio
1
[1]

Relative molecular mass of (C 3 H 8 O) n = 60.0.
n (12.0 3 + 1.0 8 + 16.0) = 60.0 [1]
n=1
the molecular formula of compound Y is C 3 H 8 O. [1]
(c) A strong and broad absorption peak at around 3300 cm1 indicates that compound X
contains OH bond. [1] Thus, compound X should be propan-1-ol or propan-2-ol. [1]
Since compound Y does not react with Tollens reagent, it shows that compound Y
should be a ketone. [1] Therefore, compound X should be propan-2-ol. [1]
(d) Compound Y is propanone. [1]
79
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Mass (g)
81.1
8.1
10.8
81.1
6.76
12.0
8.1
8.1
1.0
10.8
0.675
16.0
Mole ratio
6.76
10
0.675
8.1
12
0.675
0.675
1
0.675
Simplest mole ratio
10
12
1
[1]
the empirical formula of compound Z is C 10 H 12 O. [1]
compound Z. [1] Therefore, the molecular mass of compound Z is 148. [1]

(c) Since the molecular mass of compound Z is 148, its molecular formula is C 10 H 12 O. [1]
For saturated hydrocarbon with 10 carbon atoms, there will be 22 hydrogen atoms.
Degree of unsaturation =
22 12
5 . Therefore, other and the benzene ring (degree of
2
unsaturation = 4), there is one unsaturated bond. [1]

Referring to the IR spectrum, the presence of a strong absorption peak at around 1720
cm1 indicates that compound Z contains a C=O group. [1]
Referring to the mass spectrum, the peak at m/e = 148 corresponds to the molecular ion.
The peaks at m/e = 105, 91 and 43 correspond to C 6 H 5 CH 2 CH 2 +, C 6 H 5 CH 2 + and
CH 3 CO+ ions respectively. [3]
Therefore, the possible structure of compound Z is C 6 H 5 CH 2 CH 2 COCH 3 . [1]
80
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Mass (g)
69.8
11.6
18.6
69.8
5.8
12.0
11.6
11.6
1.0
18.6
1.16
16.0
Mole ratio
5.8
5
1.16
11.6
10
1.16
1.16
1
1.16
Simplest mole ratio
10
1
[1]
the empirical formula of compound A is C 5 H 10 O. [1]
compound A. [1] Therefore, the molecular mass of compound A is 86. [1]
(c) From the IR spectrum, there is a strong absorption peak at around 1720 cm1. [1] It
indicates the presence of the C=O bond. [1]
From the mass spectrum, the peak at m/e = 86 corresponds to the molecular ion
CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 COCH 3 + [1] while the peaks at m/e = 71 and 43 correspond to
CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CO+ and CH 3 CO+ respectively. [2]
Therefore, compound A is pentan-2-one. [1]
81
(a) Let the mass of compound X be 100 g. Thus,

Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Mass (g)
48.7
8.1
43.2
48.7
4.1
12.0
8.1
8.1
1.0
43.2
2.7
16.0
Mole ratio
4.1
1.5
2.7
8.1
3
2.7
2.7
1
2.7
Simplest mole ratio
2
[1]
the empirical formula of compound X is C 3 H 6 O 2 . [1]
compound X. [1] Therefore, the molecular mass of compound X is 74. [1]
(c) Referring to the IR spectrum, the presence of a strong absorption peak at around 1750
cm1 indicates that compound X contains a C=O group. [1] The absence of a broad
absorption peak in the region of 25003500 cm1 indicates that compound X does not
contain a OH group. [1] Referring to the mass spectrum, the peak at m/e = 74
corresponds to the molecular ion. Therefore, the molecular mass of compound X is 74.
The molecular formula of compound X is C 3 H 6 O 2 . [1] For saturated hydrocarbon with 3
carbon atoms, there will be 8 hydrogen atoms. Degree of unsaturation =
86
1 . This
2
indicates that compound X should be an ester. [1] The peaks at m/e = 59, 43 and 15
should correspond to CH 3 COO+, CH 3 CO+ and CH 3 + respectively. [3]
Therefore, the possible structure of compound X is CH 3 COOCH 3 . [1]
82
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Mass (g)
54.5
9.1
36.4
54.5
4.5
12.0
9.1
9.1
1.0
36.4
2.3
16.0
Mole ratio
4.5
1.96
2.3
9.1
3.96
2.3
2.3
1
2.3
Simplest mole ratio
1
[1]
compound Y. [1] Therefore, the molecular mass of compound Y is 88. [1]
(c) Let the molecular formula of compound Y be (C 2 H 4 O) n .
Relative molecular mass of (C 2 H 4 O) n = 88
n (12.0 2 + 1.0 4 + 16.0) = 88 [1]
n=2
the molecular formula of compound Y is C 4 H 8 O 2 . [1]
(d) Referring to the IR spectrum, the presence of a strong absorption peak at around 1740
cm1 indicates that compound Y contains a C=O group. [1] The absence of a broad
absorption peak in the region of 25003500 cm1 indicates that compound Y does not
contain a OH group. [1]
For saturated hydrocarbon with 4 carbon atoms, there will be 10 hydrocarbon atoms.
Degree of unsaturation =
10 8
1 [1] There is only one unsaturated bond and two
2
oxygen atoms in compound Y. It is likely to be an ester. [1]

Referring to the mass spectrum, the peak at m/e = 88 corresponds to the molecular ion.
The peaks at m/e = 73, 45 and 43 correspond to CH 3 COOCH 2 +, CH 3 CH 2 O+ and
CH 3 CO+ respectively. [3]
Therefore, the possible structure of compound Y is CH 3 COOCH 2 CH 3 . [1]
83
(a) Step 1: SO 2 (aq) + 2OH(aq) SO 3 2(aq) + H 2 O(l) [1]
Step 2: SO 3 2(aq) + 2H+(aq) SO 2 (aq) + H 2 O(l) [1]
Step 3: SO 2 (aq) + I 2 (aq) + 2H 2 O(l) 2HI(aq) + H 2 SO 4 (aq) [1]
(b) (i) Starch solution [1]
(ii) The reaction mixture changes from colourless to dark blue. [1]
(c) Number of moles of I 2 = 0.00180 M
10.5
dm3 = 1.89 105 mol [1]
1000
From the equation, mole ratio of SO 2 : I 2 = 1 : 1

= 1.21 mg
1000
dm 3 = 48.4 mg dm3 [1]
25.0
(d) Since the concentration of SO 2 in the wine sample (48.4 mg dm3) is much lower than
450 mg dm3, it does not exceed the limit. [1]
84
(a) Thin-layer chromatography [1]
(b) Drugs 1, 2 and 3 should be fake drugs. [1] The samples from drugs 1 and 3 give much
smaller R f value than pure compound A [1] while the sample from drug 2 gives much
larger R f value than pure compound A. [1]
Only drug 4 is the genuine drug [1] as it has the same R f value as pure compound A. [1]
(c) Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry [1]
85
(a) The R f value of the spot from active ingredient A =
2.3 cm
0.28 [1]
8.2 cm
The R f value of the spot from active ingredient B =
3.6 cm
0.44 [1]
8.2 cm
The R f value of the spot from active ingredient C =
4.5 cm
0.55 [1]
8.2 cm
(b) Product 1 contains both active ingredients A and B. [1]

(c) Product 1 is better to buy as it contains four active ingredients of Renshen (A, B, D and
E) while product 2 only contains two (B and C). [1]
(d) Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry [1]
86
(a) It is used to prevent the oxidation of ethanol to ethanoic acid by atmospheric oxygen. [1]
(b) It is toxic and is pungent in odour. [1]
(c) The data from the first trial should not be taken into calculations.
Average volume of I 2 solution used
=
10.35 10.30 10.40

cm3 = 10.35 cm3 [1]
3
(d) Number of moles of I 2 = 0.00200 M
10.35
dm3 = 2.07 105 mol [1]
1000
SO 2 (aq) + I 2 (aq) + 2H 2 O(l) 2HI(aq) + H 2 SO 4 (aq) [1]

From the equation, mole ratio of SO 2 : I 2 = 1 : 1
= 1.33 mg
1000
dm 3 = 53.2 mg dm3 [1]
25.0
(e) Since the concentration of SO 2 in the wine sample (53.2 mg dm3) is much lower than
the limit (450 mg dm3), it does not exceed the limit. [1]
87
(a) Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins [1]/Polychlorinated dibenzofurans [1]
(b)
[1] or
[1]
(c) They are by-products of combustion of chlorine-containing material and many industrial
processes. [1]
(d) They are carcinogenic. [1]
(e) Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry [1]
88
(a) (i) Infrared spectroscopy [1] and colorimetry [1]
(ii) For infrared spectroscopy, carbon monoxide has a characteristic absorption band at
around 2170 cm1. [1] The intensity of the absorption band is linearly proportional
to the concentration of carbon monoxide. [1]
For colorimetry, carbon monoxide is allowed to react with an alkaline solution of a
silver salt, forming a silver-coloured solution. [1]
The concentration of carbon monoxide can be obtained from the absorbance of the
coloured solution. [1]
(b) (i) Wood furniture [1]
(ii) Infrared spectroscopy [1] and colorimetry [1]
89
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
CH 2 O [1]
Formaldehyde is used an adhesive or coating material. [2]
Colorimetry and infrared spectroscopy [2]
Any TWO of the following:
Carcinogenic
Skin irritation
Coughing
[2]
90
(a) (i)
Thin-layer chromatography can be used to identify some artificial food dyes by

checking the R f value. [1] If the spots from the artificial food dyes have the same
R f value as those from the fruit juice, it indicates that the fruit juice contains
artificial food dyes. [1] Therefore, it is not 100% natural and free of additives. [1]
(ii) Mass spectrometry can be used to identify pesticides. The mass spectrum and
fragmentation pattern of some pesticides are known [1]. If the mass spectrum
shows the peaks of the molecular ions or fragment ions of the pesticides, it
indicates that the fruit juice contains pesticides. [1] Therefore, it is not organic. [1]
(b) Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry [1]
91
(a) A breathalyser [1]
(b) In the breathalyser, a small tube is filled with orange potassium dichromate crystals. [1]
If the breathed air containing alcohol vapour enters the tube, some of the crystals turn
green. [1] The degree of the colour change is directly related to the alcohol content in
the breathed air. [1]
(c) (i) Collecting fingerprints inside the car. [1]
(ii) Identifying fingerprints by iodine sublimation. [1]
92
(a) Potassium dichromate crystals [1]
(b) If the colour of the potassium dichromate crystals changes from orange to green, it
indicates that the drivers breath contains ethanol. [1]
(c) 3CH 3 CH 2 OH(aq) + 2Cr 2 O 7 2(aq) + 16H+(aq)
3CH 3 COOH(aq) + 4Cr3+(aq) + 11H 2 O(l) [1]
(d) It is a redox reaction. [1] The oxidation number of Cr decreases from +6 to +3 while
ethanol is oxidized to ethanoic acid. [1]
(e) A strong and broad absorption peak between 25003300 cm1 should be observed [1]
because of the presence of OH bond in ethanol. [1]
93
(a) Urine, [1] blood [1], sweat [1] and saliva [1]
(b) (i) Thin-layer chromatography [1]
(ii) Both illegal drugs and the samples obtained from the bodies develop spots on
chromatogram. [1] If the spots from them have the same R f value, it indicates that
the person took illegal drugs. [1]
(c) Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry [1]
94
(a) There is oil (grease) on our fingers. [1] When we press our fingers on an object, a layer
of oil will stick on the object and exist as an invisible fingerprint. [1]
(b) Iodine sublimation [1]
(c) Placing the suspected material in a closed container with iodine crystals. [1] The crystals
are then heated gently, causing them to undergo sublimation. [1] The iodine vapour then
dissolves in the fingerprint, making it brown. [1]
(d) A 1% starch solution [1]
95
(a) Thin-layer chromatography [1]
It is used to give a preliminary test for urine, blood or tissue samples from a person. [1]
Mass spectrometry [1]
It is used to determine what specific proteins are present in cancer cells but not in
normal cells. [1]
Magnetic resonance imaging [1]
It is used to identify abnormalities of the inside of our bodies. [1]
(b) (i) Insulin [1]
(ii) Chromatography [1]
(iii) Mass spectrometry [1]
96
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
Colorimetry [1]
Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry [1]
Colorimetry [1]/Infrared spectroscopy [1]
Thin-layer chromatography [1]

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Structured Questions - Answers

Zinc ions are present in solution B. [1]

(ii) Zn2+(aq) + 2OH(aq) Zn(OH) 2 (s) [1]

NH 3 (g) + H 2 O(l) [1]

Ag+(aq) + Cl(aq) AgCl(s) [1]

A green precipitate (FeCO 3 ) would be observed. [1]

(ii) K 2 CO 3 (aq) + Fe(NO 3 ) 2 (aq) 2KNO 3 (aq) + FeCO 3 (s) [1]

Na 2 SO 4 (aq) + Ba(NO 3 ) 2 (aq) BaSO 4 (s) + 2NaNO 3 (aq) [1]

Chlorine gas [1]

(ii) 2H+(aq) + Cl(aq) + OCl(aq) Cl 2 (g) + H 2 O(l) [1]

Bromide ions are present in solution B. [1]

(ii) Ag+(aq) + Br(aq) AgBr(s) [1]

A silver mirror is observed. [1]

(ii) CH 3 CH 2 CHO + 2[Ag(NH 3 ) 2 ]+ + 3OH

CH 3 CH 2 COO + 2Ag + 4NH 3 + 2H 2 O [1]

Propene should be present in bottle A. [1]

(ii) CH 2 =CHCH 3 + H 2 O + [O] CH 2 OHCHOHCH 3 (can be further oxidized) [1]

insoluble barium sulphate is obtained as residue.

precipitate is obtained as residue.

Ag+(aq) + Cl(aq) AgCl(s) [1]

(a) Crystallization by slow evaporation of a solution [1]

Dissolve the sample in the water. [1]

(b) The experimental procedure is shown below:

(b) X: butanal [1]

strip of filter paper. [1]

Mass of MgCl 2 in the sample

(ii) Ca2+(aq) + C 2 O 4 2(aq) + H 2 O(l) CaC 2 O 4 H 2 O(s) [1]

= 6.84 105 mol [1]

6.84 105 mol

= 2.74 106 mol cm3 [1]

Percentage by mass of P 2 O 5 in the fertilizer sample:

each mole of P 2 O 5 contains 2 moles of P.

Mass of P 2 O 5 = 0.00199 mol (31.0 2 + 16.0 5) g mol1 = 0.283 g

2HCl + Na 2 CO 3 (aq) 2NaCl(aq) + H 2 O(l) + CO 2 (g)

Number of moles of Na 2 CO 3 in 250.0 cm3 of solution

Mass of Na 2 CO 3 in 250.0 cm3 of solution

Number of moles of H n A in 25.0 cm3 of solution

Number of moles of NaOH used = 0.14 mol dm3

Therefore, the basicity of the acid is 2. [1]

From the equation, mole ratio of H 2 C 2 O 4 : MnO 4 = 5 : 2

= 1.96 103 mol

= 1.96 102 mol (1.0 2 + 12.0 2 + 16.0 4) g mol1

Molarity of the 250.0 cm3 NaOH solution

Number of moles of NaOH in 25.0 cm3 of solution

NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) NaCl(aq) + H 2 O(l)

From the equation, mole ratio of MnO 4 : SO 3 2 = 2 : 5 [1]

= 3.83 104 mol [1]

= 3.84 103 mol

= 0.0192 mol [1]

= 0.0192 mol (40.1 + 35.5 2) g mol1

= 2.16 103 mol [1]

From the equation, mole ratio of Ba(OH) 2 : Na 2 SO 4 = 1 : 1

(b) Phenolphthalein [1]

NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) NaCl(aq) + H 2 O(l)

= 0.0123 mol [1]

6Fe2+(aq) + Cr 2 O 7 2(aq) + 14H+(aq) 6Fe3+(aq) + 2Cr3+(aq) + 7H 2 O(l) [1]

(ii) Number of moles of Cr 2 O 7 2 = 0.02 M

From the equation, mole ratio of Cr 2 O 7 2 : Fe2+ = 1 : 6

molarity of Fe2+ ions in the iron tablet solution

= 3.90 103 mol

(iii) Number of moles of Fe2+ in 250.0 cm3 of the solution

Mass of Fe in the tablet = 0.0390 mol 55.8 g mol1 = 2.18 g

= 1.006 103 mol [1]

molarity of OCl in the original bleach = 0.0200 M