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16.346 Astrodynamics
Fall 2008
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Exercises 01
1. Given
a = 2ix iy + iz
b = ix + 2iy iz
c = ix + iy 2iz
1
=
+
b = rp r a
a = 2 (rp + ra )
or p =
p
2 rp
ra
rp + r a
d 2
d r
d2
dr d
dv
=
+ r 2 i = 2 ir
r
ir + 2
a=
2
dt
dt
dt
dt dt
dt
r
so that
d 2
d2 r
r
+
=0
dt2
dt
r2
and
d2
dr d
+r 2 =0
dt dt
dt
2 dr 2 1
1
1 d2 r
r2 d2
r3 d
r
h2
p
d 1
1 dr
= 2
d r
r d
2
1 d2 r
2 dr 2
1 1
d
1
=
+
=
2
2
2
3
d r
r d
r d
p r
so that
1
d2 1 1
+
=
d2 r
r
p
1
2
= c2 = 0
Then = 0 = c1 p = e
1 e
1
= + cos
r
p p
or
r=
Hence
p
1 + e cos
9. Prob. 314 Suppose the force of attraction is proportional to the distance separating
m1 and m2 rather than inversely proportional to the square of the distance. The
equations of motion would be
d2 r1
= Gm1 m2 (r2 r1 )
dv
dt2
+ G(m1 + m2 )r = 0
=
2
dt
d r2
m2 2 = Gm2 m1 (r1 r2 )
dt
where r = r2 r1 and = G(m1 + m2 ).
Then from
d
dv
= (r v) = r r = 0
r
dt
dt
we have
h=rv
m1
r = cos t c1 + sin t c2
where c1 and c2 are constant vectors. The motion is planar so, for convenience,
we can assume that the orbit is conned to the x, y plane. Hence, the equations of
motion are
x c
c
x
21
11
y c22
c12 y
cos t
=
sin t
=
c
c
c
c
11
21
11
21
c22
c12 c22
12
and then eliminate the trigonometric functions by squaring and adding
2
x c 2 c
x
c11 c21
21
+
11
y c
c
y
c12 c22
22
12
The result is an equation for the ellipse
(c22 x c21 y)2 + (c11 y c12 x)2 = (c11 c22 c12 c21 )2
or
(c222 + c212 )x2 2(c22 c21 + c11 c12 )xy + (c221 + c211 )y 2 = (c11 c22 c12 c21 )2
with the mass m1 at the center of the ellipse.