SOCIOLOGY ANTHROPOLOGY

Chapter 11:Deviance and Social control

1. Deviance an act that violates a social norm
*Other sociologists define deviance as the recognized violation of
cultural norms
2. Crime the violation of norms formally enacted into criminal law
3. Juvenile delinquency the violation of legal standards that apply to
young people or juveniles
4. Cesare Lombroso Italian father of criminology
5. William H. Sheldon conducted another study related to Lombrosos
claim that crime ins biologically determined.
6. Somototypes theory of body types; stated that peoples behaviour
or temperament is determined by their physiques
Endomorphs people who are fat
Ectomorphs thin
Mesomorphs muscular
7. Psychoanalytic theory Sigmund Freud; holds that the unconscious
and causes one to commit deviant acts
ID irrational drives and instincts
Superego conscience
Ego balance among impulsiveness of id
8. Behavioral theory people adjust and modify their behaviour in
response to the rewards and punishments elicited by their actions.
9. Containment theory Walter Reckless and Simon Dinits explained
juvenile delinquency as an outcome of the childrens personality traits
10. Functionalist theory Emile Durkheim deviance can serve a number of
functions for society
11. Anomie normlessless; the feeling of some individuals that their culture
no longer provides adequate guildelines for behaviour and values and norms
begin to have little impact on them
12. Strain theory Robert Merton ; Society pushes individuals toward
deviance by overemphasizing the importance of monetary success while failing
to emphasize the importance of using legit means to achieve that success.

13. Conformity most popular type of response that involves accepting both
the cultural goal of success and the use of legitimate means for achieving that
goal.
13. Innovation accepting the goal of success but rejecting the use of socially
accepted means to achieve it
14. Ritualism people no longer set high goals but continue to toil as
conscientious diligent workers
15. Retreatism withdrawal from society, caring neither about success nor about
working
16. Rebellion when people reject and attempt to change both the goals and the
means approved by society.
17. Control theory Travis Hirschi; social ties among people are important in
determining behaviour
FOUR WAYS IN WHICH INDIVIDUALS BECOME BONDED TO SOCIETY
1.
2.
3.
4.

Attachment to others
Commitment
Involvement
Belief

18. Shaming theory John Braithwaite emphasized how society controls people
by shaming
19. Shaming involves an expression of disapproval designed by evoke remorse
in the wrongdoer.
20. Disintegrative shaming wrongdoer is punished in such a way as to
stigmatize, reject, or ostracize the person , and in effect banishing the wrongdoer
from conventional society
21. Reintegrative shaming making the wrongdoer feel guilty while showing
him understanding, forgiveness, or even respect.
22. Conflict theory Richard Quinney some laws are used to protect and
preserve the capitalist system
23. Marginal surplus population large class of unemployed workers
24. Power theory powerful people have stronger deviant motivation.
*The more people feel relative deprivation, the more they are likely proned to
deviance
25. Labelling theory shifts the focus of attention from the deviant individual to
the social process by which a person comes to be labelled as deviant and the
consequences of such labelling for the individual

Chapter 13 The Study of Human Society and Communities

1. A society is a social system . A social system is made up of individuals and
groups that interact in a relatively stable and patterned manner.
2. A society is relatively large. The society can be regarded as the largest and
most inclusive social unit that exists
3. A society recruits most of its membesr from within
4. A society sustains itself across generations
5. A societys members share a culture
6. A society occupies a territory
TYPES OF SOCIETY
1.

Hunting and food gathering societies earliest form of human society

*According to Richard Leakey Hunting is the key characteristic in the

development of human social organization
a. Base camp place where infants could be cared for and where meat and
plant foods could be brought
b. A division of labor. Males were the hunters. The females were tasked with
child care and plant food gathering.
C. development of cooperation
2.

Horticultural societies these societies were believed to have started

12,000-15,000 years ago

Substinence farming involves only producing enough food to feed the group
Surplus farming more than enough
3. Pastoral societies this type of societies rely on herding and the
domestication of animals for food and clothing
4. Agricultural societies societies are characterized by the use of the plow
in food production
5. Industrial societies these societies rose in connection with the industrial
revolution.
Allows private ownership of capital(capitalism)
Puts all capital in the hands of the state(socialism)
Dissolution of society
1. Its members are killed off
2. If its members become apathetic, no longer caring whether or not the
society continues to exist
3. If society falls into a state of chaos from which it cannot free itself
4. If the society is absorbed into another society, as a result of conquest, for
example

Community George Hillery defines community as consisting of persons in social

interaction within a geographical area and having one or more additional ties.
A community consists of people who live close to one another, who interact with
one another frequently and who feel that they have some common traits or
values that they share with one another.
A community refers to an organized way of life within a geographic area.
FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNITY
1. A community must provide for the basic needs of members of their group
food, clothing, dwelling, transportation, education, and other goods
needed for basic existence, either by producing them or by importing
them from outside.
2. A community must provide mechanisms for the transmission of existing
knowledge
3. This requires mechanisms through which conformity to the prevailing
group norms are ensured.
APPROACHES TO THE STUDY OF COMMUNITY
1.
2.
3.
4.

The
The
The
The

community
community
community
community

as
as
as
as

a
a
a
a

territorial unit
social group
social system
network of interactions

*Sentiment refers to the awareness of sharing a way of life that develops among
community members as they interact in performing their various activities
Folk societies as a group of homogeneous, isolated, nonliterate people living in
a small community with a high degree of group solidarity.
CHAPTER 14 RURAL AND URBAN COMMUNITIES
1. Upper Paleolithic people seemed to have gotten most of theirfood from
hunting and fishing
2. Mesolithic or middle stone age
3. Neolithic domestication