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Department of Mechanical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Japan
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Japan
a r t i c l e
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a b s t r a c t
Keywords:
Extensive researches have been conducted on mechanical property and microstructure after
severe plastic deformation (SPD) processes, i.e. ECAE, ARB, HPT and so on. The study on
extrusion
mechanical properties, such as the tensile strength, the hardness and the fatigue were
Micro screw
conducted, however the formability of materials after SPD processes was little studied.
Formability
Steel
processes, the one is the ECAE process and the other is the cold rolling and followed swaging. The evaluation of formability was judged by forming micro screws (M1.6), whether
it was possible or not. Four different materials, Ultra low Carbon, 0.15%C, 0.25%C steel
and SWCH18A (0.16%C with spheroidizing treatment) were used. The formability test was
conducted to product micro screws by a cold header that was commonly used in factory
production. The formability was checked with eyes to examine crack or not at the rst
pre-forming and second recess forming. The materials subjected to ECAE process and asreceived were able to manufacture the micro screw except ECAE processed 0.25%C steel.
On the contrary no materials subjected to the cold rolling followed by swaging were able
to manufacture the micro screw. It was found that formability of steel subjected to ECAE
process was little decreased from as-received.
2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1.
Introduction
In order to obtain the high strength material, severe plastic deformation (SPD) processes are conducted. The extensive
researches have been conducted on mechanical property and
microstructure after SPD, such as, equal channel angular
extrusion (ECAE), accumulative roll-bonding (ARB) and high
pressure torsion (HPT). The studies on mechanical properties
of ultrane grained materials, tensile strength, hardness, ductility and fatigue were conducted (Song et al., 2006). However
the formability or workbility of materials after SPD processes
was little studied. They are limited on fundamental researches
as follow, the development of microstructure (Sun et al.,
2004; Li et al., 2006a,b) and texture heterogeneity (Li et al.,
Corresponding author. Tel.: +81 45 339 3835; fax: +81 45 339 3835.
E-mail addresses: yanagida@ynu.ac.jp (A. Yanagida), d06gb134@ynu.ac.jp (K. Joko), azu@ynu.ac.jp (A. Azushima).
0924-0136/$ see front matter 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2007.11.199
j o u r n a l o f m a t e r i a l s p r o c e s s i n g t e c h n o l o g y 2 0 1 ( 2 0 0 8 ) 390394
391
Si
Mn
Al
Ti
ULC
S15C
S25C
SWCH18A
0.0015
0.15
0.25
0.16
0.009
0.06
0.18
0.01
0.09
0.32
0.49
0.69
0.005
0.014
0.019
0.014
0.004
0.016
0.028
0.001
0.004
0.041
0.0027
2.
2.1.
2.2.
Formability test
Fig. 1 Optical micrograph of as-received microstructure of carbon steels, (a) ULC, (b) S15C, (c) S25C and (d) SWCH18A.
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3.
3.1.
Tensile properties
Fig. 5 Nominal stressstrain curves of plane carbon steels after and before ECAE.
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3.2.
Formability
A summary of formability tests that are conducted to produce micro screws by the cold header is presented in Table 2.
The materials subjected to ECAE process and as-received are
able to manufacture the micro screw except ECAE processed
0.25%C steel. On the contrary no materials subjected to cold
rolling/swaging are able to manufacture the micro screw. It
is found that the formability of the carbon steel subjected
to ECAE process is little decreased from as-received. That
means shear strain do not reduce formability compared to
normal strain, and this evidence is corresponding with upsetting results of 0.5% carbon steel (Aoki and Azushima, 2007).
As-received
2 passes
4 passes
Rolling + swaging
ULC
S15C
S25C
SWCH18A
Fig. 8 Cross-section of micro screw of S15C, (a) as-received and (b) after 4 passes.
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j o u r n a l o f m a t e r i a l s p r o c e s s i n g t e c h n o l o g y 2 0 1 ( 2 0 0 8 ) 390394
for ULC which indicated in Fig. 5(a and d). This inversion
phenomenon is supposed to be the difference of texture
development caused from initial structure such as grain size,
second phase and inclusion.
The roll threading is processed for only the S15C steel. Fig. 8
shows cross-section of the completed micro screw. It is found
that the materials ll in die and the materials ow is observed
without crack at a recess (head of the screw).
4.
Conclusion
references