EXERCISE 1

SIMULATING POWER SYSTEM RESPONSE FOR POWER

SYSTEM STABILITY ANALYSIS

EXERCISE 1
SIMULATING POWER SYSTEM RESPONSE FOR POWER SYSTEM
STABILITY ANALYSIS

1.1

LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of this laboratory session, students are expected to be able:

1) To model a test system model of power system using MATLAB Simulink.
2) To analyze the dynamic responses of the system following a disturbance.
3) To work in group to solve complex power system problems in a group within a
limited amount of time.

1.2

ACTIVITIES

As power system engineers, you are required by power system planner to assess
the rotor angles stability of each machine for the system and the location of fault
shown in Figure 1. In order to do that, you are required to simulate the dynamic
responses of the system following disturbances in the system. The details of the
system are described in the following section. The software that your company
provides for the task is MATLAB R2013B [1] [2].

Figure 1.1 A simple two-area system

1.3

SYSTEM DESCRIPTIONS

The system consists of two similar areas connected by a weak tie [3]. Each area
consists of two coupled unit, each having a rating of 900 MVA and 20 kV. The
generator parameters in per unit on the rated MVA and kV base are as follows:
X d =1.8 ,

X q =1.7 ,

X l =0.2 ,

X ' d =0.3 ,

X ' ' q =0.25 ,

Ra=0.0025 ,

T ' d 0=8.0 s ,

T ' ' q 0=0.05 s ,

A SAT =0.015 ,

B SAT =9.6 ,

H=6.175(G 3 and G 4 ) ,

X ' q =0.55 ,
T ' q 0=0.4 s ,

T 1=0.9 ,

X ' ' d =0.25 ,

T ' ' d 0=0.03 s ,

H=6.5(G1 and G 2) ,

K D =0

Each step-up transformer has an impedance of 0+j0.15 per unit on 900 MVA and
20/230 kV base, and has an off-nominal ratio of 1.0.
The transmission system nominal voltage is 230 kV. The line lengths are identified in
Figure 1.1. The parameters of the lines in per unit on 100 MVA, 230 kV are:

r=0.0001 pu/km , x L =0.001 pu / km,

bC =0.00175 pu /km

The system operating with area 1 exporting 400 MW to area 2, and the generating
units are loaded as follows:
Table 1.1 Generator loading conditions
Generator
G1

Real Power (P)

700 MW

Reactive Power (Q)

185 MVar

Voltage (V)
1.0320.2

G2

700 MW

235 MVar

1.01 10.5

G3

719 MW

176 MVar

1.03 6.8

G4

700 MW

202 MVar

1.0117.0

The load ( PL

and QL ) and reactive power supplied ( QC ) by the shunt

capacitors at bus 7 and 9 are as follows:

Table 1.2 Load conditions
Bus

Resistive load (

Inductive load (

PL )
7
9

1.4

967 MW
1767 MW

Capacitive load (

QL )
100 MVar
100 MVar

QC )
200 MVar
350 MVar

INSTRUCTIONS

Form a team to complete the project. The task needs to be completed within three
(3) weeks. Your team is required to present your progress each week. At the end of
this project, your team needs to present the outcomes and produce an extensive
report on with the following details:
1) Introduction of the study (background, scope, objectives, and literature
review).
2) The method used to model the system using the software.
4

3) The plot of rotor angles, rotor speeds, electrical power of each machine for at
least 5 different fault clearing times ranging from stable cases to unstable
cases to demonstrate the change of dynamic responses of each machine.
4) The discussions and the analysis of the results in the context of the rotor
angle stability of the system.
5) Conclusions.
6) References.

1.5

REFERENCES
[1] Transnergie Technologies Inc., "SimPowerSystems: For Use with Simulink,"
The MathWorks, Inc., Massachusetts, 2003.
[2] R. D. Zimmerman and C. E. Murillo-Sanchez, "Matpower 5.1: Users
Manual," Power Systems Engineering Research Center (PSERC), New York,
2015.
[3] P. Kundur, "Power System Stability and Control," McGraw-Hill Education, New
York, 1994.

EXERCISE 2
DESIGN PROJECT USING FINITE ELEMENT METHOD
MAGNETICS

EXERCISE 2
DESIGN PROJECT USING FINITE ELEMENT METHOD MAGNETICS

2.1

LEARNING OUTCOME

At the end of this laboratory session, students are expected to be able:

1) To understand the concept of finite element analysis.
2) To create model for finite element analysis, by considering material properties,
boundary conditions and mesh generation
3) To understand the concept of electric field in electrostatics problems as well
as magnetic problems.
4) To create an open boundary condition for the analysis of an unbounded
problem
5) To understand the concept of leakage flux, mutual flux and fringing effects
6) To understand the force exerted in an electromagnet system.
7) To compute inductance and resistance.

2.2

INTRODUCTION

Finite Element Method Magnetics (FEMM) is a suite of programs for solving low
frequency electromagnetic problems on two-dimensional planar and axis-symmetric
domains.

The

program

currently

addresses

linear/non-linear

magnetostatic

problems, linear/ non-linear time harmonic magnetic problems, linear electrostatic

problems, and steady-state heat flow problems. The program can be obtained via
the FEMM home page at http://www.femm.info.
In this design project, an electrostatic and magnetostatic problems will be presented.
Students will learn how to create a model based on a given either electrostatic or
magnetostatic problem, and evaluate electric field around a specific region as well as
evaluate force exerted to a specific region. This document will present a step-by-step
tutorial to help students to get up and running with FEMM.

2.3

ACTIVITIES

This project should be finished in three weeks.

2.3.1

CAPACITANCE BETWEEN TWO SHPERES (ELECTROSTATIC)

2.3.1.1

Create Model

Create model as shown in Figure 2.1.

Figure 2.1 - Two conducting spheres

8

2.3.1.2

Add Materials to the Model

Select Properties|Materials on the main menu. Change the name of the property
from New Material to air.

2.3.1.3

Define Materials for Each Region

Switch to block label mode (by pressing

), and place a block label (green node)

inside the closed region between the outer surface of the conducting sphere and the
arc representing the exterior boundary.
Right click on the block label node and press space to open the selected block
label. Set the Block type to Air. Uncheck the Let Triangle chooses Mesh Size
checkbox and enter 0.025 for the Mesh size.

2.3.1.4

Define Conductor Voltages

Select Properties|Conductors and then click on the Add Property button. Replace
the name New Conductory with Ground. Select the Prescribed Voltage radio
button. Enter a 0 as the value in the associated edit box and hit OK.
Repeat the above process but instead name the new boundary condition 1000V
and apply enter a prescribed voltage value of 1000.
Select arc from the toolbar then right click on the each of the two segments
belonging to the sphere. When a segment turns red, you have selected it. Now press
space bar and the Segment Properties window will appear. From the In
Conductor drop box, change the selection from <None> to Ground. Repeat this
process for the other sphere, but set the conductor type to 1000V.

For exterior boundary, select Properties|Boundary. Click the Add Property and
name it as open_bc and change the BC Type to Mixed. In the edit box for the c 0
coefficient (the c1 coefficient should be zero). Select the arc representing the exterior
boundary by right clicking on or near it (the Arc toolbar button must also be
depressed). Press space and assign the boundary condition to be open_bc.
Switching to Segment mode, assign the zero boundary condition to the line of
symmetry at z=0. In Block Mode, select the block label inside the domain by right
clicking with the mouse near the green node. Change the Block type to Air and the
Mesh size to 1.

2.3.1.5

Generate Mesh and Run FEA

Now save the file and click on the toolbar button with yellow mesh

to generate a

triangular mesh for your problem. Then click on the turn the crank button

to

run the FEA algorithm over your model.

2.3.1.6

Display Results

Click on the glasses icon

2.3.1.7

to open the solution in a postprocessor window.

Post-Processing

Field intensity plot can be viewed by clicking the density plot

click on Line Plot

. To view the graph,

and choose Magnitude of field intensity from the plot type

dialog.

10

11

2.3.1.8

Increase the Gap Length

Repeat the above procedures ( to ) for a gap length of 30 meter.

2.3.1.9

1)

Questions

Calculate the error of the maximum electric field, Emax between simulation and
calculation values, given the formula for calculating Emax for sphere gap is
given as:

Emax

x
a+ )
(
2
V
=0.9
x

Where,
V

is the voltage applied,

is the distance between the two spheres,

is The radius of each sphere.

2)

Using Emax values from simulation, calculate the field utilization factor, for
both gap lengths using this formula:
=

3)

E average
E max ;

where

Eaverage =

V
x

The field utilization factor, implies the degree of uniformity of the electrode
configuration, i.e. higher provides a more uniform electric field. Relate this
statement to your exercise.

4)

Why is it important to evaluate Emax in high voltage applications?

12

2.3.2

FORCE OF A GAPPED C-I CORE (MAGNETICS)

2.3.2.1

Create Model

Create model as shown in Figure 2.2.

Figure 2.2 C-I Core Electromagnet

2.3.2.2

Add Materials to the Model

Using Block tool

, assign the material property for the C-I core which is M50

steel (it is available in Properties>Materials Library>Library Materials>Metals

Handbook DC Magnetization Curve).

13

2.3.2.3

Define Materials for Each Region

To define material for the coil, select 10 AWG from Properties>Materials

Library>Library Materials>Copper AWG Magnet Wire. As it is a coil circuit, a circuit
property has to be defined. Select Properties>Circuits>Add Property. In the dialog,
assign a name for the circuit (e.g. Coil Circuit) and set the value for series circuit
current as 50 A.
To assign material for the coil, firstly lets consider the right side of the coil in using
Block tool

, select the region of the right side of the coil and press space bar. In

the property dialog, set Block type as 10 AWG, set In Circuit as the name defined in
Part 4, set Number of Turns as 500, and click OK.
To assign material for the left side of the coil, repeat Part 5, only this time set
Number of Turns as 500.
Create an exterior boundary and assign its open boundary condition (Hint: use
2*eo/R formula). Please ensure that the model sits at the center of this region.
Save your file and run the mesh generator as well as the solver.

2.3.2.4

Post-Processing

In the post-processing window, click on the Density Plot tool

to view the plot of

flux density (B), field intensity (H), and current density

The amount of force that the electromagnet exerts on the I core can be found by
selecting Block tool

, click on the desired block (i.e. the I core), choose Integrate

from the menu, and select Force via Weighted Stress Sensor.
Repeat the above procedures for different value of current (25 A, 75 A, and 100 A)
and sketch a graph for flux density versus current.

14

2.3.2.5

Questions

1)

What is the value of the force in number 2.2.8 in Activity section?

2)

Determine which area has the highest field intensity (H)

3)

Why does the area in Q2 have the highest field intensity (H)?

4)

If the average flux density in the core is taken as 2.0 T, calculate the
permeability (r) of the core

15

2.3.4

AIR-CORED COIL MAGNETIC (MAGNETICS)

2.3.4.1

Create a New Model

Draw coil as shown in Figure 2.3.

Figure 2.3 - Coil

2.3.4.2

Set Problem Definition

Set Problem Type to Axisymmetric.

2.3.4.3

Place Block Labels

Now click on

. Place a block label in the coil region, and place one in the air

outside the coil region.

2.3.4.4

Add materials to the model

Select Properties|Materials Library off of the main menu. The drag-and-drop Air and
18 AWG into Model Materials. Click on OK.

16

2.3.4.5

Add a "Circuit Property" for the Coil

Select Properties|Circuits off of the main menu. Name circuit by replacing the new
circuit name with Coil. Select the Series radio button. Enter 1 as the Circuit Current.

2.3.4.6

Create Boundary Conditions

Create open boundary conditions by pressing on

2.3.4.7

Generate Mesh and Run FEA

Generate the mesh and run the FEA

2.3.4.9

Analyze the Results

Analyze the results

2.3.4.10

Questions

1)

Determine the inductance and resistance of the coil?

2)

Determine the total loss density of the coil?

3)

Plot field values along a contour

4)

Plot the flux density

17

EXERCISE 3
MODELING OF ELECTRICAL PLAN DRAWING AND SINGLE
LINE DIAGRAM USING AUTOCAD SOFTWARE

18

EXERCISE 3
MODELING OF ELECTRICAL PLAN DRAWING AND SINGLE LINE
DIAGRAM USING AUTOCAD SOFTWARE

3.1

LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of this laboratory session, students are expected to be able:

1) To navigate and configure the AutoCAD Interface correctly.
2) To use commands, tools, functions, block, template and layout views in
development of an engineering drawing precisely.
3) To develop an electrical layout drawing and electrical schematic diagram
using AutoCAD software.

3.2

ACTIVITIES

As power system engineers, you are required by power system planner to draw a
complete electrical plan drawing and single line diagram starting from the supply to
the end user for a new house floor plan as shown in Figure 3.1. The software that
your company provides for the task is AUTOCAD 2010 [1].

3.3

SYSTEM DESCRIPTIONS

The house floor plan layout consists of one bedroom, toilet, dining hall, kitchen, living
hall, reading room, hall, and porch. The electrical plan drawing should consist at
least the following electrical components:
1)

One chandelier lamp with dimmer

2)

Two 1-fit fluorescent lamps

3)

Two glob lamps

4)

Two filament lamps

19

5)

One wall glob lamp

6)

Three ceiling fans with fan regulator

7)

One smoke detector

8)

One main distribution board

9)

Three outlet sockets 13 Amperes

10)

One water heater point

11)

One exhaust fan

12)

One cook control unit

13)

One telephone socket outlet

Students can install any additional electrical appliances, which is suitable for the
house floor plan to make the design interesting. Every floor plan should be provided
with its single phase or three-phase wiring schematic with final sub-circuit as shown
in Figure 3.2, 3.3 and 3.4, respectively.

Figure 3.1 A simple floor plan for a new house

20

Figure 3.2 Single phase consumer circuit

Figure 3.3 Three phase consumer circuit

21

Figure 3.4 Types of final sub-circuit

3.4

INSTRUCTIONS

Form a team to complete the project. The task needs to be completed within three
(3) weeks. Your team is required to present your progress each week. At the end of

22

this project, your team needs to present the outcomes and produce an extensive
report on with the following details:
1) Introduction of the study (background, scope, objectives, and literature
review).
2) The method used to model the electrical plan drawing and single line diagram
using the software.
3) The electrical plan drawing complete with its legend.
4) The single line diagram complete with its calculation of the total maximum
current of the entire installation and total current estimate for the entire
installation starting from the supply to the end user. Students should consider
the diversity factor in the calculation. Please show the size of consumer unit,
main switch, residual current circuit breaker (RCCB) and the main cables
used in the design.
5) The discussions and the analysis of the results in the context of how they
determine the suitability of the electrical appliances location, explanation on
the use of legend in the electrical layout drawing, how they determine the
calculation in the single line diagram, the advantages of using schematic
diagrams before wiring work is done and also explanation on the advantages
of using AutoCAD software in making the layout of the wiring accessories and
the single line diagram.
6) Conclusions.
7) References.

REFERENCES
[1]

Manual of AutoCAD Users Guide (Getting strated with AutoCad 2010)

23