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Dr. Adel Al-Matary

Well-logging Lab No. 6

ASQUITH AND KRYGOWSKI

play a part in the variation, especially since, in this


case, the data were used directly from the logs with no
attempt at environmental corrections. Formation thickness and, hence, the effect of adjacent beds on the
measurement in the target bed also play a part.
The variability of the formations themselves probably has a more significant effect. In a geologic environment like this one (Figure 4.21), it can be expected
that the lithologies encountered are not always pure.
The response of the individual measurements to that
mixture vary between measurements and contribute to
the variation seen here.
Porosity
The results
of the Logs
crossplots, while not wildly variDensity
porosity,
DPHI.
able, underscores
the need
for other data, in this case,
samples of the formations themselves. Cores through
the section would be ideal, but their cost would probably be prohibitive. Cuttings samples would be a good
source of lithology informaton, even given the potential mixing and contamination problems. Sidewall
cores, either in this well (if the log analysis could be
completed quickly) or in subsequent wells in zones
with questionable predicted lithology, would help to
reconcile the results shown here.

REVIEW
1. The three common types of porosity logs are:
sonic
density
neutron
2. The sonic log is a porosity log that measures the
interval transit time (delta t, or DT, or t) of a com-

pressional sound wave through the formation. The unit


of measure is microseconds per foot (sec/ft) or
microseconds per meter (sec/m). Interval transit time
is related to formation porosity.
3. The density log is a porosity log that measures
the electron density of a formation. The formations
electron density is related to a formations bulk density (RHOB or b). Bulk density is measured in g/cm3 or
Kg/m3. Bulk density, in turn, can be related to formation porosity.
4. Density logs made since about 1980 also have a
photoelectric curve (Pe, PE, or PEF) that responds primarily to formation lithology and is affected in only a
minor way by porosity and the type of fluids in the
pore space.
5. The neutron log is a porosity log that measures
the hydrogen concentration in a formation. In shalefree formations where porosity is filled with water, the
neutron log can be related to water-filled porosity
(PHIN, or NPHI, or N).
6. In gas reservoirs, the neutron log records a lower
porosity than the formations true porosity because gas
has a lower hydrogen concentration than oil or water
(gas effect).
7. The neutron-density combination is the most
widely used porosity measurement combination.
Porosity, adjusted for lithology, can be determined
from the neutron-density combination either by a
crossplot chart or by formula.
8. Additional uses of the neutron-density combination are:
detection of gas bearing zones
determination of lithology

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Porosity Logs 59

Figure 4.3. Example density log with


gamma ray and caliper.
This example is shown to illustrate a
common presentation format for a density
log, and to be used in determining a
porosity (DPHI) from bulk density (RHOB)
in Figure 4.4.
Track 1: This track includes both the
gamma ray (GR) and caliper (CALI) curves.
Both scales increase from left to right. The
gamma ray values range from 0 to 100
API gamma ray units, and the caliper
measures the borehole diameter from 6
to 16 inches.
Track 2: The density log correction curve
(DRHO) ranges in value from 0.05
g/cm3 to +0.45 g/cm3 in increments of
0.05 g/cm3. It is shown as a light, dashed
line. The photoelectric effect curve (PEF)
ranges from 0 to 10 b/e and is shown as
a heavy, dashed line. (The dashes on the
PEF curve are longer than those on the
DRHO curve.)
Tracks 2 and 3: The bulk-density (RHOB)
scale ranges in value from 2.0 g/cm3 to
3.0 g/cm3 and the curve is a solid line.

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46 ASQUITH AND KRYGOWSKI

Table 4.7. Values to be used with the chart in Figure 4.4 to determine the density porosity, DPHI.

Raw Data

Depth
DT

RHOB

PE

SPHI (Wyllie)
NPHI

SPHI (RHG)

Lime

Dolo

Lime

Dolo

0.024

0.051

0.053

0.110

0.000

0.025

0.000

0.060

11,508

51

11,522

47

11,545

57

0.067

0.092

0.125

0.170

11,560

48

0.005

0.031

0.010

0.073

11,593

50

0.017

0.045

0.040

0.098

11,615

51

0.024

0.051

0.053

0.010

11,631

67

0.138

0.163

0.203

0.235

11,645

52

0.032

0.059

0.070

0.122

11,655

57

2.64

0.067

0.092

0.125

0.170

11,665

52

2.68

0.032

0.059

0.070

0.122

11,696

50

0.017

0.045

0.040

0.098

2.75

2.50

DPHI
Lime

NPHI

Dolo

Dolo

Sand

Table 4.8. Determination of density porosity.

Raw Data

Depth
DT

RHOB

11,508

51

11,522

PE

SPHI (Wyllie)
NPHI

SPHI (RHG)

DPHI

NPHI

Lime

Dolo

Lime

Dolo

Lime

Dolo

2.73

0.024

0.051

0.053

0.110

-0.013

0.078

47

2.75

0.000

0.025

0.000

0.060

-0.022

0.068

11,545

57

2.67

0.067

0.092

0.125

0.170

0.022

0.110

11,560

48

2.96

0.005

0.031

0.010

0.073

<0

<0

11,593

50

2.70

0.017

0.045

0.040

0.098

0.005

0.095

11,615

51

2.97

0.024

0.051

0.053

0.010

<0

<0

11,631

67

2.50

0.138

0.163

0.203

0.235

0.125

0.200

11,645

52

2.82

0.032

0.059

0.070

0.122

<0

0.030

11,655

57

2.64

0.067

0.092

0.125

0.170

0.042

0.125

11,665

52

2.68

0.032

0.059

0.070

0.122

0.020

0.105

11,696

50

2.76

0.017

0.045

0.040

0.098

-0.028

0.063

Dolo

Sand

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60 ASQUITH AND KRYGOWSKI

Courtesy Halliburton Energy Services, 1994 Halliburton Energy Services


Figure 4.4. Chart for converting bulk density (b, RHOB) to density porosity (D, DPHI).
Procedure:
1. Find the bulk density (RHOB) taken from the density log in Figure 4.3 on the scale at the bottom of the chart. Note that the scale is displayed from high values on the left to low values
on the right.
2. Follow the RHOB value vertically until it intersects the proper matrix line [calcite (limestone) or dolomite] then move horizontally to intersect the y-axis representing the proper fluid
density, in this case 1.00 g/cm3 (fresh water, the middle scale) to read the porosity (DPHI).
NOTE: The values in Table 4.8 are decimal fractions, the porosity values on the chart are in percent.

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