7/3/2015

1.Fundamentals of CAD

Prof. Nagaraj A Raikar

Definition of CAD: Computer Aided Design

Computer Aided Design can be defined as the
use of computer methods to develop the
geometric model of the product in three
dimensional form, such that the geometric
and manufacturing requirements can be
examined.
CAD can also be defined as the Creation,
modification, analysis & optimization of new
component using a computer.

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CAM: Computer Aided Manufacturing

CAM can be defined as the application of
computers to plan, process, manage and
control various operations in a manufacturing
organisation either with direct or indirect
computer interface with available resources.
CAM has two broad categories
Computer Manufacturing & Control
Manufacturing Support Application

Product cycle for conventional manufacturing

environment

Product
concept

Customers and
markets

Design
engineering

Drafting

Order new
equipment and
tools
Quality control

Process
planning

Production
scheduling
Production

The product cycle

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Product cycle in computerised manufacturing environment

CAD
Product
concept
Customers
and markets

Computer aided
drafting and
documentation

Design
engineering

Drafting

Order new
equipment and
tools
Quality control

Computer aided quality

control.

Computer aided
process planning

Process
planning

Production
scheduling

Computerized
scheduling, material
requirements planning
and shop floor control

Production

Computer controlled
robots, machine, etc.

The impact of computer in product cycle

Computer Aided Design (CAD)

Computer-aided design (CAD) can be defined as the use of

computer system to assist in the creation, modification, analysis, or
optimization of a design.

Reasons for implementing a computer aided design systems:

1) Increase the productivity of the designer.
2) Improve the quality of the design.
3) Improve communications; It provides better engineering
drawings, fewer drawing errors, better documentation of the
design and greater legibility.
4) Create a database for manufacturing; In the process of creating
documentation for the product design most of the required data
base to manufacture product is created. Such as, geometries
and dimensions of the product and its components, materials
specifications for components, bill of materials etc.

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Need of CAD
There are 5 basic reason for using a CAD system.
1. Increasing the productivity of the designer.
2. Improving the quality of Design.
3. Improving the Communication Process.
4. Creating the large Database for Manufacturing
activities.
5. Multiple/Group performance.

Automation and CAD/CAM

Automation can be defined as the
technology concerned with the application
of complex mechanical, electronic, and
computer-based systems in the operation
and control of manufacturing systems.

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Contd..
Automation can be defined as the technology
that incorporates fields of electrical/ mechanical
electronics with modern computer technology
to operate and control the manufacturing
process.
A typical automation could include CAD/CAM
system, robots, automatic machine tool,
material handling etc.

Types of Manufacturing Systems

1. Continuous-flow processes. Continuous dedicated production
of large amount of bulk product. Continuous manufacturing is
represented by chemicals, plastics, petroleum, and food
industries.
2. Mass production of discrete products. Dedicated production of
large quantities of one product (with perhaps limited model
variations). Examples include automobiles, appliances and
engine blocks.
3. Batch production. Production of medium lot sizes of the same
product. The lot may be produced once or repeated periodically.
Examples: books, clothing and certain industrial machinery.
4. Job-shop production. Production of low quantities, often one of
a kind, of specialized products. The products are often
customized and technologically complex. Examples: prototypes,
10
aircraft, machine tools and other equipment.

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Continuous
-flow
production Mass
production
Production
quantity

Batch
production
Job shop
production

Product variety

Category

Automation achievements

Continuous-flow process

Flow process from beginning to end

Sensors technology available to measure
important process variables
Use of sophisticated control and optimization
strategies
Fully computer automated lines

Mass production of discrete products

Automated transfer machines

Dial indexing machines
Partially and fully automated assembly lines
Industrial robots for spot welding, part handling,
machine loading, spray painting, etc.
Automated material handling systems
Computer production monitoring

Batch production

Numerical control (NC), direct numerical

control (DNC), computer numerical control
(CNC).
Adaptive control machining
Robots for arc welding, parts handling, etc.
CIM systems.

Job shop production

Numerical control, computer numerical control

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Design Process
Recognition of need
Definition of problem
Synthesis
Analysis & optimization
Evaluation
Presentation

Design process:
1) Recognition of needs; Involves problems exists for correction
and perception of a new product.
2) Definition of the problem; involves the specification (physical
and functional characteristics, cost, quality, and operation
performance.
3) Synthesis and analysis; are closely related and highly iterative in
the design process. A certain component or subsystem is taken
by the designer, subjected to analysis, improved through this
analysis procedure. The process is repeated until the design has
been optimized with the constraints imposed on the design.
4) Evaluation; is concerned with measuring the design against the
specifications established in the problem definition phase. This
requires the fabrication and test of a prototype model.
5) The presentation of the design; The documentations include
drawings, material specification, assembly lists etc.

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Application of computer in Design

CAD

Design process

Recognition of need
Definition of problem
Synthesis

Geometric modeling

Analysis & optimization

Engineering analysis

Evaluation

Design review & Evalu

Presentation

Automated drafting

1- Geometric modeling; is mathematical description of the

geometry of an object.
This helps the designer to construct the graphical image of the object on
the CRT screen of the ICG (interactive computer geometry) system by:
Commands for generation basic elements.
Commands for transformations.
Commands for joining the various elements into the desired objects.
The computer converts the commands into mathematical model, stores, and
displays it as an image on CRT. This model can be called from the data files
for review or analysis.
Methods for representing the object in geometric modeling:
Wire frame.
Surface representation
Solid modeling

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2- Engineering analysis
Analysis of mass properties
Finite-element analysis
3- Design review and evaluation
Check the accuracy of the design (dimensions errors,
interference check, kinematics motion evaluation)
4- Automated drafting
Besides these four functions CAD systems can used for
classified and coding the parts (collecting the similar parts
into groups).