You are on page 1of 16

.

.
:

4
50


104302


1.

2-4

1.1

1.2

1.3

4-5

2.

2.1

5-7

2.2 (dumping)

7-8

2.3

2.4

2.5

2.6

9-10

2.7 .

10

2.8

11

2.9

11

2.10

11

2.11

12

2.11.1 -

12

2.11.2

13

14-15

: , Storm.

... ,
.

.....
<< , .>>
, , , .
, . ,
.
.
.
.
,
,
, .
,
.


.

1.
,
. [2], [23].
,
.
, .
, ,
,
, , ,
. [2], [1].

. http://www.e-nautilia.gr/blog-post_1645/



.
,
.

;
-BOD:
.
-COD:
, , , .
-TOD: .
- .

.
-
.
.
-, , , , , , , ,

.
- ,
.
- , pH.

.
, , .
,
.
,
, .
. [2], [1], [3], [13].

1.1
.
;

1.2

, ,



1.3
,

, .
, .
, .

,
.
, -, , -.
, .
,
.
,
. [2], [1], [3], [13].

2.

, , . . , ,
, .
. , ,
.
,
. , .

2.1
75% ,
,
, . :
- ,
. , ,
.. .

, , , , . .
. .
.
- , , , , , , ...
,
.
. , .
.
,
.

,
.
, ,
, .
- . , ,
.
,
.
, ,
. [2], [1], [3], [13].
- . 6
.
, ,
, . ,
. [26].
- .
.
, , ,
,
.
- .

,

.

,
.
, . .

- ,
,
. , ,
, , , , , , ,
.
.
- , .
- (APLs) (NAPLs).
,
, , ,
, , . .
, ,
DNAPLs
.
- , ,

.
- ,
.
.

. ,
. [2], [1], [3], [13].
- - ,
, . ,
.
,
Ca 2+, Mg 2+, Na 2+, NO3 -, SO4 2-, Cl -, HCO3 -. ,
, ,
.
,
, , .
.
,
, a Cl
. [8].
- ,
, ..


.
, ,
.
, ,

. ,
. [2], [1], [3],
[13].
2.2 (dumping)
(garbage),
. :
1) .
, ,
.
2) .
3
(London dumping convention 1972),


. [3], [5].
:
- (), ,
, ..
.
- ,
,
.
- ,

.
, ,
, , . , , ,
. [17].
- (garbage), ,
,
. {25}.
- , dumping,
.
. [2], [1], [3].
- .
- , , , .
, , ,
. . ,
.

.
,
. [21], [13], [4].

2.3


.
.
.

2.4
. ,

.
, .
, , , , ,
, ,
..


, ,
,
. [11], [10].

2.5
.
,
. , , , ,
. . .


.
.
, ,
, .
. ,
, ,
, . ,
, .
. [7], [12].

2.6
.

.
, ,
.
,
.
80-87% 5-100 11-16%

. , ,
. , ,
.
MARPOL 73/78, :

, , . [14].
12-15% .
,
.
.

.

http://www.zougla.gr/perivallon/article/vari-prostimo-gia-ti-8alasia-ripansi


, , ,
, , , ,
. [18], [19], [13], [2], [1], [3].

2.7 .

,
.
. , , . .
.

.
[13], [8].

10

2.8

, , .
,
.


,
, .
[15].

2.9

. .
. ,
.

,
.

2.10


.
. , ,
, .
, ,
. ,
. ,
. [20], [24], [9], [2], [1], [3].
, .
,
, . ,
, ., ,
, .
. [22], [6], [16], [7].
.

11


1. [22]


,
,




Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Hg, Co, Cr, Ag, As, CN
, , ,

, ,

, ,
, ,


, ,
, ,


2. [22]

2.11.
2.11.1 -
.
550.000

,
.

12

2.11.2
.
,
,
.
.

.
300 .
. [27].

13


1. , , , . .
50 , ,
, 2004, ISBN: 960-538-535-, 562.
2. . , . , ,
2012.
3. . , . .
4. Allshop, M., Walters, A., Santilo, D. and Johnson, P. (2006) plastic debris in the worlds oceans. Greenpeace
International report, 44pp. http://www.unep.org/regionalseas/marinelitter/publications/docs/plastic_ocean_report.pdf
5. GESAMP, State of the Marine Environment. Reports and Studies: No. 115 and Technical Annexes RSRS: No. 114/1
and 114/2, United Nations Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Pollution (GESAMP), UNEP;
Nairobi, Kenya, 1990.
6. GESAMP (IMO/FAO/UNESCO-IOC/UNIDO/WMO/IAEA/UN/UNEP/UNDP Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific
Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection). 2012. The Atmospheric Input of Chemicals to the Ocean. Rep. Stud.
GESAMP No. 84/GAW Report No. 203. 69 pp.
7. Corbett, J.J., and Koehler H.W. (2003): Updated emissions from ocean shipping. Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol.
108 (D20).
8. R.A. Duce, P.S. Liss, J.T. Merrill, E.L. Atlas, P. Buat-Menard, B.B. Hicks, J.M. Millertl, J.M. Prospero, R. Arimoto, 1
T.M. Church, W. Ellis, 1 J.N. Galloway, L. Hansen, T.D. Jickells, A.H. Knap, K.H. Reinhardt, B. Schneider, l! A.
Soudine, J.J. Tokos, S. Tsunogai, R. Wollast, TM and M. Zhou, Global Biochemical Cycles, VOL. 5, NO. 3, PAGES
193-259, September 1991. The Atmospheric Input of Trace Species to the Wold Ocean.
9. R. A. Duce, et al. Impacts of Atmospheric Anthropogenic Nitrogen on the Open Ocean, Science 320, 893 (2008); DOI:
10.1126/science.1150369. https://dornsife.usc.edu/assets/sites/125/docs/Recent_publications/
Duce_et_al_2008_Science.pdf
10. Bitner-Gregersen, E.M., Cramer, E.H., Lseth, R., 1995. Uncertainties of load characteristics and fatigue damage of
ship structures. Mar. Struct. 8, 97117.
11. Fearnleys, 2002a. Total Seaborne cargo transport figures, (provided by Hammer, J.).
12. Wijnolst, N., Wergeland, T., 1997. Shipping. Delft University Press, Netherlands.
13. GESAMP (IMO/FAO/UNESCO-IOC/UNIDO/WMO/IAEA/UN/UNEP/UNDP Joint Group of Experts on the
Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection), 2009. Pollution in the Open Ocean: A review of assessments and
related studies, Rep. Stud. GESAMP No. 79, 64 pp.
14. http://www.elinyae.gr/el/lib_file_upload/2609B_13.1383036451562.pdf
15. http://www.env-edu.gr/Chapters.aspx?id=115
16. http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/earth-atmospheric-and-planetary-sciences/12-742-marine-chemistry-fall-2006/lecture-notes/
lec_11_gas_exch.pdf
17. http://www.imo.org/blast/blastDataHelper.asp?data_id=12676&filename=15.pdf
18. http://www.seos-project.eu/modules/marinepollution/marinepollution-c02-s03-p01.gr.html

14

19. http://www.seos-project.eu/modules/marinepollution/marinepollution-c02-p07.gr.html
20. http://www.tovima.gr/science/article/?aid=166612
21. http://www.helmepacadets.gr/gr/shipping/ships-and-environment/effects/pollution-with-chemicals
22. https://www.academia.edu/4464185/____
23. http://digilib.lib.unipi.gr/dspace/bitstream/unipi/6052/1/Apostolidis.pdf
24. http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/transport/waterborne_transport/l24163_en.htm
25. http://wwf.panda.org/about_our_earth/blue_planet/problems/pollution/
26. http://ac.els-cdn.com/S0025326X14007954/1-s2.0-S0025326X14007954-main.pdf?_tid=6faccd92-d1bc-11e4a6ef-00000aacb35d&acdnat=1427156978_a9a5bf6e829917aa4fd3ad331e9c3324
27. http://books.eudoxus.gr/publishers/CID_821/cid_00821-0512-ABS.pdf

15

You might also like