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SUMMARYofTerminology
GrossLoadingIntensity
Totalpressureattheleveloffoundation
includingtheweightofsuperstructure,
fo ndation and the soil abo e fo ndation
foundation,andthesoilabovefoundation.

qg

NetLoadingIntensity
Pressureattheleveloffoundationcausingactual
settlementduetostressincrease.Thisincludesthe
weightofsuperstructureandfoundationonly.
UltimateBearingcapacity:
Maximumgrossintensityofloadingthatthesoil
cansupportagainstshearfailureiscalled
ultimatebearingcapacity.

Qsuperstructure QFoundation Qsoil

AFoundation

qn qg D f

qu from
Bearing capacity calculation

NetUltimateBearingCapacity:
qnu qu D f

Maximumnetintensityofloadingthatthesoil
cansupportattheleveloffoundation.
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SUMMARYofTerminology
NetSafeBearingcapacity:
Maximumnetintensityofloadingthatthesoilcansafely
supportwithouttheriskofshearfailure.
GrossSafeBearingcapacity:
Maximumgrossintensityofloadingthatthesoilcan
safelysupportwithouttheriskofshearfailure.
SafeBearingPressure:
Maximumnetintensityofloadingthatcanbe
allowedonthesoilwithoutsettlementexceeding
thepermissiblelimit.
AllowableBearingPressure:
Maximumnetintensityofloadingthatcanbe
allowedonthesoilwithnopossibilityofshear
failureorsettlementexceedingthe
permissiblelimit.

qns

qnu
FOS

qgs qns D f

q s from settlement analysis

qa net Minimum of
bearing capacity and
settlement analysis

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GeneralRequirementsofFoundation
LocationandDepthofFoundation
BearingCapacityofFoundation

DONE

SettlementofFoundation

DONE

LocationanddepthofFoundation
Thefollowingconsiderationsarenecessaryfordecidingthe
locationanddepthoffoundation
AsperIS:19041986,minimumdepthoffoundationshallbe0.50m.
Foundationshallbeplacedbelowthezoneof
Thefrostheave
Excessivevolumechangeduetomoisturevariation(usuallyexistswithin1.5
to3.5mdepthofsoilfromthetopsurface)
Topsoilororganicmaterial
PeatandMuck
Unconsolidatedmaterialsuchaswastedump

Foundations
Foundationsadjacenttoflowingwater(floodwater,rivers,etc.)shallbe
adjacent to flowing water (flood water rivers etc ) shall be
protectedagainstscouring.Thefollowingstepstobetakenfordesignin
suchconditions
Determinethefoundationtype
Estimatetheprobabledepthofscour,effects,etc.
Estimatethecostoffoundationsfornormalandvariousscourconditions
Determinethescourversusrisk,andrevisethedesignaccordingly
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LocationanddepthofFoundation
IS:19041986recommendationsfor
foundations adjacent to slopes and
foundationsadjacenttoslopesand
existingstructures
Whenthegroundsurfaceslopes
downwardadjacenttofooting,the
slopingsurfaceshouldnotcuttheline
ofdistributionoftheload(2H:1V).
Ingranularsoils,thelinejoiningthe
loweradjacentedgesofupperand
lowerfootingsshallnothaveaslope
steeperthan2H:1V.
t
th 2H 1V
Inclayeysoil,thelinejoiningthelower
adjacentedgeoftheupperfootingand
theupperadjacentedgeofthelower
footingshouldnotbesteeperthan
2H:1V.

1V
2H

1V
2H

LocationanddepthofFoundation
Other
Otherrecommendationsforfootingadjacenttoexisting
recommendations for footing adjacent to existing
structures
Minimumhorizontaldistancebetweenthefoundationsshallnotbe
lessthanthewidthoflargerfootingtoavoiddamagetoexisting
structure
Ifthedistanceislimited,theprincipalof2H:1Vdistributionshouldbe
usedsoastominimizetheinfluencetooldstructure
Propercareisneededduringexcavationphaseoffoundation
constructionbeyondmerelydependingonthe2H:1Vcriteriaforold
foundations.Excavationmaycausesettlementtooldfoundationdue
tolateralbulgingintheexcavationand/orshearfailuredueto
reductioninoverburdenstressinthesurroundingofoldfoundation

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LocationanddepthofFoundation
Footingsonsurfacerockorslopingrockfaces
g
p g
Forthelocationswithshallowrockbeds,thefoundationcanbelaid
ontherocksurfaceafterchippingthetopsurface.
Iftherockbedhassomeslope,itmaybeadvisabletoprovidedowel
barsofminimum16mmdiameterand225mmembedmentintothe
rockat1mspacing.

Araisedwatertablemaycausedamagetothefoundationby
Floatingthestructure
Reducingtheeffectivestressbeneaththefoundation
Reducing the effective stress beneath the foundation
Waterloggingaroundthebuildingmayalsocausewetbasements.Insuch
cases,properdrainagesystemaroundthefoundationmayberequiredso
thatwaterdoesnotaccumulate.

LoadsonFoundation
PermanentLoad: Thisisactualserviceload/sustainedloadsofastructure
whichgiverisestressesanddeformationsinthesoilbelowthefoundation
causing its settlement
causingitssettlement.
TransientLoad: Thismomentaryorsuddenloadimpartedtoastructure
duetowindorseismicvibrations.Duetoitstransitorynature,thestresses
inthesoilbelowthefoundationcarriedbysuchloadsareallowedcertain
percentageincreaseovertheallowablesafevalues.

DeadLoad: Itincludestheweightofthecolumn/wall,footings,
g
/
,
g,
foundations,theoverlayingfillbutexcludestheweightofthedisplaced
soil

LiveLoad: ThisistakenasperthespecificationsofIS:875(pt2) 1987.

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LoadsforProportioningandDesignofFoundation
IS:1904 1986
Followingcombinationsshallbeused
Deadload+Liveload
DeadLoad+Liveload+Wind/Seismicload

Forcohesivesoilsonly50%ofactualliveloadisconsideredfor
design(Duetosettlementbeingtimedependent)
Forwind/seismicload<25%ofDead+Liveload
Wind/seismicloadisneglectedandfirstcombinationisusedto
comparewithsafebearingloadtosatisfyallowablebearingpressure

Forwind/seismicload 25%ofDead+Liveload
IItbecomesnecessarytoensurethatpressureduetosecond
b
h
d
d
combinationofloaddoesnotexceedthesafebearingcapacityby
morethan25%.Whenseismicforcesareconsidered,thesafebearing
capacityshallbeincreasedasspecifiedinIS:1893(Part1)2002(see
nextslide).Innoncohesivesoils,analysisforliquefactionand
settlementunderearthquakeshallalsobemade.
9

SafeBearingCapacity:NationalBuildingCodeofIndia
(1983)

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SafeBearingCapacity:National
BuildingCodeofIndia(1983)

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OtherconsiderationsforShallowFoundationDesign
Foreconomicaldesign,itispreferredtohavesquarefootingforverticalloads
andrectangularfootingforthecolumnscarryingmoment
Allowablebearingpressureshouldnotbeveryhighincomparisontothenet
loading intensity leading to an uneconomical design
loadingintensityleadingtoanuneconomicaldesign.
ItispreferredtouseSPTorPlateloadtestforcohesionlesssoilsand
undrainedshearstrengthtestforcohesivesoils.
Incaseoflateralloadsormoments,thefoundationshouldalsobechecked
tobesafeagainstslidingandoverturning.TheFOSshallnotbelessthan1.75
againstslidingand2.0againstoverturning.Whenwind/seismicloadsare
consideredtheFOSistakenas1.5forboththecases.
Wallfoundationwidthshallnotbelessthan[wallthickness+30cm].
Unreinforcedfoundationshouldhaveangularspreadofloadfromthe
Unreinforced foundation should have angular spread of load from the
supportedcolumnwiththefollowingcriteria
2V:1Hformasonryfoundation
3V:2Hforlimeconcrete
1V:1Hforcementconcretefoundation

Thebottommostlayershouldhaveathicknessofatleast150mm.
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