1.

QUESTION 1

The performance of participants in a within-subjects design

sometimes deteriorates because of fatigue or boredom. This problem is
known as
a progressive effect
a carry-over effect
a placebo effect
a matching effect
1 points

1.

QUESTION 2

Compared to a cross-sectional study, a longitudinal study

takes less time to complete
has to deal with potential cohort effects
has attrition as its major difficulty
has to be concerned about counterbalancing properly
1 points

1.

QUESTION 3

Which of the following is true of block randomization?

it is used in between-subjects designs to accomplish random

assignment
it is used in within-subjects designs as a means of counterbalancing
both alternatives a. and b.
none of the above
1 points

1.

QUESTION 4

In a study by Sigall and Ostrove, participants recommended jail

sentences for Barbara Helm. The study is a good example of
the use of complete counterbalancing
the advantages of matching over random assignment as a means of
creating equivalent groups
a type of study requiring a between-subjects design
a type of study requiring a within-subjects design
1 points

1.

QUESTION 5

Five golfers each hit 50 brand A golf balls, while at the same time
and on the same driving range five other golfers hit 50 brand B golf balls.
On average, the brand B balls go significantly farther. The difference is
most likely due to
a warm-up effect
a change in wind direction

individual differences
evaluation apprehension
1 points

1.

QUESTION 6

In within-subjects designs,

each subject enters the study naive with respect to the procedures to
be used
large numbers of participants usually need to be recruited
block randomization can be used as a way for forming equivalent
groups
block randomization can be used as a method of counterbalancing
1 points

1.

QUESTION 7

Experimenter expectancies

have been uncovered in studies involving human subjects but not in

those using animals
can be reduced by using a double blind procedure
can be eliminated by recruiting only good subjects
are not a problem for experienced experimenters
1 points

1.

QUESTION 8

Because they experience ____________, participants try to behave in a

way that makes the experimenter think well of them.
evaluation apprehension
demand characteristics
the Hawthorne effect
deception in a study
1 points

1.

QUESTION 9

Creating equivalent groups is a design problem for

between-subjects designs
within-subjects designs
both alternatives a. and b.
none of the above
1 points

1.

QUESTION 10

In a cross-sectional comparison of intelligence in people aged 20, 40,

and 60, differences might be due to aging but they might also be due to
the different rearing conditions experienced by participants. This latter
interpretation illustrates a(n) _______ effect.

cohort
placebo
attrition
order
1 points

1.

QUESTION 11

A between-subjects design
is also known as a repeated-measures design
must deal with the problem of equivalent groups
includes a minimum of two independent variables
must include a subject variable
1 points

1.

QUESTION 12

Longitudinal design is to cross-sectional design as ______ is to

_______.
within-subjects; between-subjects
between-subjects; within-subjects
cohort effect; carry-over effect
subject variable; manipulated variable
1 points

1.

QUESTION 13

How might experimenter bias be communicated to subjects in

animal research?
experimenters are more likely to cheat (animals cant report fraud)
animals in different groups might be handled differently by
experimenters
the subjects will experience different degrees of evaluation
apprehension
none of the above experimenter bias only occurs in research with
human subjects
1 points

1.

QUESTION 14

Termans studies of gifted children

showed clear evidence of a detrimental cohort effect
was flawed by problems with attrition
used a longitudinal design
used a cross-sectional design
1 points

QUESTION 15

1.

Five golfers each hit 50 brand A golf balls, and then 50 brand B golf
balls. On average, the brand B balls go significantly farther. Which of the
following is true?
a warm-up effect
a wind change
brand B is better
any of the above are possible explanations
1 points

1.

QUESTION 16D

Which of the following is true about the experiments at the Western

Electric plant at Hawthorne, Illinois?
for a field study, it was remarkably free from confounding
the workers in the relay assembly test room were so excited about
being treated as special that they were highly productive even
under poor working conditions
worker productivity increased regardless of whether working
conditions were made better or poorer
inappropriate statistical procedures created a false impression of the
results
1 points

1.

QUESTION 17

A between-subjects design

requires fewer subjects than a comparable within-subjects design

must deal with the problem of sequence effects
includes at least two different groups of participants
tests the same group of participants at each level of the independent
variable
1 points

1.

QUESTION 18A

Over a series of trials, participants experiencing one sequence of

conditions might have an advantage over participants experiencing
another sequence. These effects are called
carry-over effects
transfer effects
experimenter bias effects
progressive effects
1 points

1.

QUESTION 19

Avoiding a sequence effect is a design problem for

between-subjects designs
within-subjects designs

both alternatives a. and b.

none of the above
1 points

1.

QUESTION 20

In a study with three conditions in which participants are tested in

each condition more than once, block randomization could produce each
of the following sequences except
ACCBAB
ABCCBA
CABBCA
BACCBA
1 points

1.

QUESTION 21

What do random assignment and matching have in common?

they are both designed to reduce the number of participants needed

for a study
they both provide effective counterbalancing
they are both designed to create equivalent groups of participants
they are both commonly found in within-subjects designs
1 points

1.

QUESTION 22

Which of the following is not an important factor in determining

whether to use matching as a technique for creating equivalent groups?
sample size
whether an extraneous variable is known to correlate with the
dependent variable
whether it is possible to measure participants on the potential
matching variable
whether counterbalancing is required
1 points

1.

QUESTION 23

According to Orne, what characterizes most participants?

they are suspicious and uninterested in the study in which they are
participating
they are cooperative and try to help the experimenter
they are too afraid for their behavior to be considered normal
they will actively try to give results opposite to the ones wanted by
the experimenter
1 points

QUESTION 24

1.

In a between-subjects design, the differences between conditions

could be due to all of the following except
some confounding factor
random error
a carry-over effect
the effect of the independent variable
1 points

1.

QUESTION 25

When using matching to create equivalent groups, a matching

variable is
any factor that is believed to correlate with the dependent measure
being used
another name for the independent variable
always a subject variable
never actually measured

Question 1

Creating equivalent groups is a design problem for

Correct Answer:

between-subjects designs

Question 2

Demand characteristics refer to

Correct
Answer:

aspects of the experimental procedure that give away the

studys hypotheses
Question 3

A within-subjects design
Correct Answer:

must deal with the problem of order effects

Question 4

Demand characteristics are more likely to be found in

Correct Answer:

within-subjects designs rather than between-subjects

designs

Question 5

What is accomplished by random assignment?

Correct
Answer:

possible confounds are spread evenly through the

different groups
Question 6

All of the following could be used to control for subject bias, except
Correct
Answer:

informing participants of the hypothesis instead of

deceiving them
Question 7

In a memory study, each subject learns six lists of words. A researcher

decides to use a Latin square to determine the order in which lists will
be shown. Which of the following is true?
Correct Answer:

six different sequences of list presentation will be used

Question 8

When used as a counterbalancing procedure, block randomization

insures
Correct Answer:

that each condition is tested before any condition is

retested

Question 9

In the research example that used Starbucks coffee, participants did not
know whether they were drinking regular or caffeine. They were later
tested for memory by experimenters who did not know which group the
participants were in. Which of the following is true about this study?
Correct Answer:

the design was an example of a double blind procedure

Question 10

Avoiding a sequence effect is a design problem for

Correct Answer:

within-subjects designs

Question 11

When is random assignment preferred over matching as a means of

creating equivalent groups?
Correct
Answer:

when a large number of participants are available and

can be used
Question 12

All of the following characterize between-subjects designs except

Correct Answer:

concern over sequence effects

Question 13

Automating the procedures as much as possible and using a double

blind will help to reduce
Correct Answer:

both subject bias and experimenter bias

Question 14

Sometimes a subjects behavior is affected by the mere knowledge that

he or she is participating in an experiment. Historically, this has been
termed
Correct Answer:

the Hawthorne effect

Question 15

In _______, each subject volunteering for the study has an equal chance
of being placed into group A or group B.
Correct Answer:

random assignment

Question 16

Which of the following is true of Termans study of gifted children?

Correct Answer:

unlike many longitudinal studies, attrition was very low

Question 17

Termans studies of gifted children have been criticized because

Correct Answer:

his sample could have been more representative

Question 18

For which of the following empirical questions would a within-subjects

design be preferred?
Correct
Answer:

Is the Ponzo illusion stronger with the parallel lines

horizontal or vertical?
Question 19

In a study with three conditions in which participants are tested in each

condition more than once, reverse counterbalancing would produce
which of the following sequences?
Correct Answer:

ABCCBA

Question 20

In a study with three conditions in which participants are tested in each

condition more than once, block randomization could produce each of
the following sequences except
Correct Answer:

ACCBAB

Question 21

Random assignment can be accomplished by using

Correct Answer:

block randomization

Question 22

In a study in which the procedures were assumed to create anxiety,

some participants were interrupted in the middle of the procedure and
their blood pressure was checked. This is an example of
Correct Answer:

a manipulation check

Question 23

In a study by Sigall and Ostrove, participants recommended jail

sentences for Barbara Helm. The study is a good example of
Correct Answer:

a type of study requiring a between-subjects design

Question 24

Experimenter expectancies can be reduced by using

Correct Answer:

a double blind

Question 25

In a taste test comparing popcorn brands A, B, and C, participants only

try each brand once, and an equal number of subjects experience each
of the six possible sequences. Which type of counterbalancing is being
used?
Correct Answer:

complete counterbalancing

Question 1
1 out of 1 points

If subjects are tested once in each condition,

Correct Answer:

a Latin square can be used to accomplish

counterbalancing

Question 2
1 out of 1 points

When using random assignment, block randomization is sometimes

used in order to
Correct Answer:

insure an equal number of participants per condition

Question 3
1 out of 1 points

In _______, each subject volunteering for the study has an equal chance
of being placed into group A or group B.
Correct Answer:

random assignment

Question 4
1 out of 1 points

According to Orne, what characterizes most participants?

Correct Answer:

they are cooperative and try to help the experimenter

Question 5
1 out of 1 points

Which of the following is true of Termans study of gifted children?

Correct Answer:

unlike many longitudinal studies, attrition was very low

Question 6
1 out of 1 points

When using matching to create equivalent groups, a matching variable

is
Correct
Answer:

any factor that is believed to correlate with the dependent

measure being used
Question 7
1 out of 1 points

When used as a counterbalancing procedure, block randomization

insures
Correct Answer:

that each condition is tested before any condition is

retested

Question 8
1 out of 1 points

When is it most likely that a between-subjects design is being used?

Correct Answer:

when a subject variable is being used

Question 9
1 out of 1 points

In the research example that used Starbucks coffee, participants did not
know whether they were drinking regular or caffeine. They were later

tested for memory by experimenters who did not know which group the
participants were in. Which of the following is true about this study?
Correct Answer:

the design was an example of a double blind procedure

Question 10
1 out of 1 points

The performance of participants in a within-subjects design sometimes

deteriorates because of fatigue or boredom. This problem is known as
Correct Answer:

a progressive effect

Question 11
1 out of 1 points

Longitudinal design is to cross-sectional design as ______ is to _______.

Correct Answer:

within-subjects; between-subjects

Question 12
0 out of 1 points

Block randomization can be found in

Correct Answer:

both alternatives a. and b.

Question 13
1 out of 1 points

All of the following characterize between-subjects designs except

Correct Answer:

concern over sequence effects

Question 14
0 out of 1 points

A within-subjects design
Correct Answer:

must deal with the problem of order effects

Question 15
1 out of 1 points

In a balanced Latin square,

Correct
Answer:

each condition appears equally often in each sequential

position
Question 16
1 out of 1 points

All of the following characterize within-subjects designs except

Correct Answer:

researcher will use either random assignment or

matching

Question 17
1 out of 1 points

If participants only experience each of the studys conditions one time,

then all of the following counterbalancing techniques can be used
except
Correct Answer:

reverse counterbalancing

Question 18
1 out of 1 points

A within-subjects design
Correct Answer:

is also known as a repeated-measures design

Question 19
1 out of 1 points

Because they experience ____________, participants try to behave in a

way that makes the experimenter think well of them.
Correct Answer:

evaluation apprehension

Question 20
1 out of 1 points

Demand characteristics, and therefore subject bias, can be reduced by

using
Correct Answer:

deception

Question 21
1 out of 1 points

A between-subjects design
Correct Answer:

includes at least two different groups of participants

Question 22
1 out of 1 points

Random assignment is to random selection as _______ is to ________.

Correct
Answer:

placing participants in groups; acquiring participants for

the study
Question 23
1 out of 1 points

In a taste test, subjects try Coke, then Pepsi, then RC Cola, then RC
Cola, then Pepsi, and finally, Coke. What method of counterbalancing is
being used here?
Correct Answer:

reverse counterbalancing

Question 24
1 out of 1 points

In a study in which the procedures were assumed to create anxiety,

some participants were interrupted in the middle of the procedure and
their blood pressure was checked. This is an example of
Correct Answer:

a manipulation check

Question 25
1 out of 1 points

Which of the following is true about cohort effects?

Correct Answer:

they create a potential nonequivalent groups problem

Question 1
1. Random assignment is to random selection as _______ is to ________.
between-subjects; within-subjects
placing participants in groups; acquiring participants for the study

complete counterbalancing; partial counterbalancing

recruiting subjects; debriefing subjects
1 points

Question 2
1. In _______, each subject volunteering for the study has an equal chance of being
placed into group A or group B.
random assignment
counterbalancing
matching
using a Latin square
1 points

Question 3
1. For which of the following empirical questions would a within-subjects design be
preferred?
Who learns mazes more quickly, male or female rats?
Do participants give harsher jail sentences to unattractive defendants?
Is the Ponzo illusion stronger for those raised in a Western, industrialized cultures?
Is the Ponzo illusion stronger with the parallel lines horizontal or vertical?
1 points

Question 4
1. In a taste test, subjects try Coke, then Pepsi, then RC Cola, then RC Cola, then Pepsi,
and finally, Coke. What method of counterbalancing is being used here?
block randomization
reverse counterbalancing
complete counterbalancing
asymmetrical transfer
1 points

Question 5

1. Five golfers each hit 50 brand A golf balls, while at the same time and on the same
driving range five other golfers hit 50 brand B golf balls. On average, the brand B
balls go significantly farther. The difference is most likely due to
a warm-up effect
a change in wind direction
individual differences
evaluation apprehension
1 points

Question 6
1. The performance of participants in a within-subjects design sometimes deteriorates
because of fatigue or boredom. This problem is known as
a progressive effect
a carry-over effect
a placebo effect
a matching effect
1 points

Question 7
1. Experimenter expectancies can be reduced by using
trained experimenters instead of machines
a placebo control group
a double blind
a between-subjects rather than a within-subjects design
1 points

Question 8 A
1. Demand characteristics refer to
aspects of the experimental procedure that give away the studys hypotheses
demands placed on experimenters by non-cooperative participants
pressures placed on participants by experimenters who want a study to come out a
certain way
features of the study that raise evaluation apprehension in subjects

1 points

Question 9
1. Over a series of trials, participants experiencing one sequence of conditions might
have an advantage over participants experiencing another sequence. These effects are
called
carry-over effects
transfer effects
experimenter bias effects
progressive effects
1 points

Question 10 C
1. Which of the following is true of block randomization?
it is used in between-subjects designs to accomplish random assignment
it is used in within-subjects designs as a means of counterbalancing
both alternatives a. and b.
none of the above
1 points

Question 11 A
1. A progressive effect
is more easily controlled by counterbalancing than a carry-over effect
is more likely to occur in a between-subjects design than a within-subjects design
usually results in a confound, making counterbalancing a problem
tends to produce effects that are nonlinear from trial to trial
1 points

Question 12
1. When is random assignment preferred over matching as a means of creating
equivalent groups?
when a large number of participants are available and can be used
when some extraneous variable is known to correlate with the dependent variable

when there are only a few participants available

random assignment is always better
1 points

Question 13 C
1. In a memory study, each subject learns six lists of words. A researcher decides to use a
Latin square to determine the order in which lists will be shown. Which of the
following is true?
if ten subjects are to be assigned to each row of the Latin square, then 600 subjects will
be needed to complete the study
participants will see each list more than once
six different sequences of list presentation will be used
the Latin square will have 36 (6x6) rows
1 points

Question 14
1. In a taste test comparing popcorn brands A, B, C and D, the experimenter decides to
use complete counterbalancing. Assuming that one subject will be tested in each of the
sequences used, how many people will be needed to complete the study?
24
48
12
4
1 points

Question 15 C
1. In a study by Sigall and Ostrove, participants recommended jail sentences for
Barbara Helm. The study is a good example of
the use of complete counterbalancing
the advantages of matching over random assignment as a means of creating equivalent
groups
a type of study requiring a between-subjects design
a type of study requiring a within-subjects design
1 points

Question 16
1. Avoiding a sequence effect is a design problem for
between-subjects designs
within-subjects designs
both alternatives a. and b.
none of the above
1 points

Question 17
1. In a taste test comparing popcorn brands A, B, C, and D, the experimenter decides to
use a Latin square for counterbalancing. Assuming that ten participants will be tested
in each of the sequences used, how many people will be needed to complete the study?
40
10
80
4
1 points

Question 18
1. In a between-subjects design, the differences between conditions could be due to all of
the following except
some confounding factor
random error
a carry-over effect
the effect of the independent variable
1 points

Question 19
1. Which of the following is true about the experiments at the Western Electric plant at
Hawthorne, Illinois?
for a field study, it was remarkably free from confounding
the workers in the relay assembly test room were so excited about being treated as
special that they were highly productive even under poor working conditions

worker productivity increased regardless of whether working conditions were made

better or poorer
inappropriate statistical procedures created a false impression of the results
1 points

Question 20
1. Random assignment can be accomplished by using
reverse counterbalancing
a Latin square
block randomization
matching
1 points

Question 21 D
1. In within-subjects designs,
each subject enters the study naive with respect to the procedures to be used
large numbers of participants usually need to be recruited
block randomization can be used as a way for forming equivalent groups
block randomization can be used as a method of counterbalancing
1 points

Question 22
1. In the research example that used Starbucks coffee, participants did not know whether
they were drinking regular or caffeine. They were later tested for memory by
experimenters who did not know which group the participants were in. Which of the
following is true about this study?
it failed to control for experimenter expectations
it illustrates the good subject effect
the participants were senior citizens, so it showed an especially high level of evaluation
apprehension
the design was an example of a double blind procedure
1 points

Question 23 B

1. In a taste test comparing popcorn brands A, B, and C, participants only try each brand
once, and an equal number of subjects experience each of the six possible sequences.
Which type of counterbalancing is being used?
Latin square
complete counterbalancing
block randomization
reverse counterbalancing
1 points

Question 24 B
1. In a balanced Latin square,
each possible sequence of conditions is used
each condition appears equally often in each sequential position
participants are tested more than once per condition
block randomization must be used
1 points

Question 25 D
1. Which of the following is true about cohort effects?
they are less important if the ages compared are 50, 60, and 70 (as opposed to 5, 6, and
7)
they are a version of the general problem of controlling order effects
they are more of a problem for longitudinal than for cross-sectional studies
they create a potential nonequivalent groups problem
QUESTION 1

1.

If participants only experience each of the studys conditions one

time, then all of the following counterbalancing techniques can be used
except
Latin square
complete counterbalancing
random sample of all possible sequences
reverse counterbalancing
1 points

QUESTION 2

1.

Avoiding a sequence effect is a design problem for

between-subjects designs
within-subjects designs
both alternatives a. and b.
none of the above
1 points

1.

QUESTION 3

Which of the following is true about cohort effects?

they are less important if the ages compared are 50, 60, and 70 (as
opposed to 5, 6, and 7)
they are a version of the general problem of controlling order effects
they are more of a problem for longitudinal than for cross-sectional
studies
they create a potential nonequivalent groups problem
1 points

1.

QUESTION 4

If subjects are tested once in each condition,

a Latin square can be used to accomplish counterbalancing

the study is by definition a between-subjects design
reverse counterbalancing is the best technique to use to control order
effects
complete counterbalancing cannot be used
1 points

1.

QUESTION 5

In a taste test, subjects try Coke, then Pepsi, then RC Cola, then RC
Cola, then Pepsi, and finally, Coke. What method of counterbalancing is
being used here?
block randomization
reverse counterbalancing
complete counterbalancing
asymmetrical transfer
1 points

1.

QUESTION 6

Compared to a cross-sectional study, a longitudinal study

takes less time to complete
has to deal with potential cohort effects
has attrition as its major difficulty
has to be concerned about counterbalancing properly
1 points

1.

QUESTION 7

When using matching to create equivalent groups, a matching

variable is
any factor that is believed to correlate with the dependent measure
being used
another name for the independent variable
always a subject variable
never actually measured
1 points

1.

QUESTION 8

The general procedure used to control for sequence effects is called

randomization
double blind
counterbalancing
automation
1 points

1.

QUESTION 9

What is accomplished by random assignment?

possible sequence effects are controlled

possible confounds are spread evenly through the different groups
an equal number of subjects per group is assured
a representative sample is selected from the population
1 points

1.

QUESTION 10C

In a between-subjects design, the differences between conditions

could be due to all of the following except
some confounding factor
random error
a carry-over effect
the effect of the independent variable
1 points

1.

QUESTION 11

For which of the following empirical questions would a withinsubjects design be preferred?
Who learns mazes more quickly, male or female rats?
Do participants give harsher jail sentences to unattractive
defendants?
Is the Ponzo illusion stronger for those raised in a Western,
industrialized cultures?
Is the Ponzo illusion stronger with the parallel lines horizontal or

vertical?
1 points

1.

QUESTION 12

Random assignment can be accomplished by using

reverse counterbalancing
a Latin square
block randomization
matching
1 points

1.

QUESTION 13

When using random assignment, block randomization is sometimes

used in order to
match participants on some potentially confounding factor
insure an equal number of participants per condition
insure that a random sample is selected
accomplish complete counterbalancing
1 points

1.

QUESTION 14

Block randomization can be found in

between-subjects designs
within-subjects designs
both alternatives a. and b.
none of the above
1 points

1.

QUESTION 15

A within-subjects design

requires more subjects than a comparable between-subjects design

must deal with the problem of order effects
tests different groups of participants at each level of the independent
variable
includes at least three different groups of subjects
1 points

1.

QUESTION 16

The performance of participants in a within-subjects design

sometimes deteriorates because of fatigue or boredom. This problem is
known as
a progressive effect
a carry-over effect
a placebo effect

a matching effect
1 points

1.

QUESTION 17C

Automating the procedures as much as possible and using a double

blind will help to reduce
subject bias only
experimenter bias only
both subject bias and experimenter bias
neither subject bias nor experimenter bias
1 points

1.

QUESTION 18

Demand characteristics are more likely to be found in

between-subjects designs rather than within-subjects designs

within-subjects designs rather than between-subjects designs
studies with animal subjects than studies with human subjects
cross-sectional rather than longitudinal studies
1 points

1.

QUESTION 19

Experimenter expectancies can be reduced by using

trained experimenters instead of machines
a placebo control group
a double blind
a between-subjects rather than a within-subjects design
1 points

1.

QUESTION 20

In a balanced Latin square,

each possible sequence of conditions is used

each condition appears equally often in each sequential position
participants are tested more than once per condition
block randomization must be used
1 points

1.

QUESTION 21

In a cross-sectional comparison of intelligence in people aged 20, 40,

and 60, differences might be due to aging but they might also be due to
the different rearing conditions experienced by participants. This latter
interpretation illustrates a(n) _______ effect.
cohort
placebo
attrition

order
1 points

1.

QUESTION 22D

In a study by Reynolds, each of 15 chess players examined 6

different games. To avoid a sequence effect, the games were presented in
different orders. Which of the following counterbalancing techniques was
most likely used by Reynolds?
complete counterbalancing
Latin square
block randomization
random sample of sequences
1 points

1.

QUESTION 23

Compared to a longitudinal study, a cross-sectional study

takes longer to complete
has to deal with potential cohort effects
has attrition as its major difficulty
has to be concerned about counterbalancing properly
1 points

1.

QUESTION 24

Random assignment is to random selection as _______ is to ________.

between-subjects; within-subjects
placing participants in groups; acquiring participants for the study
complete counterbalancing; partial counterbalancing
recruiting subjects; debriefing subjects
1 points

1.

QUESTION 25C

In a within-subjects design, the differences between experimental

conditions could be due to all of the following except
some confounding factor
random error
individual differences
the effect of the independent variable

Question 1
1 out of 1 points

What is accomplished by random assignment?

Correct
Answer:

possible confounds are spread evenly through the

different groups

Question 2
1 out of 1 points

Which of the following is true about cohort effects?

Correct Answer:

they create a potential nonequivalent groups problem

Question 3
1 out of 1 points

When deciding to use matching, which of the following is unimportant

as a factor contributing to the decision?
Correct Answer:

all of the above are important

Question 4
0 out of 1 points

In a taste test comparing popcorn brands A, B, C, and D, the

experimenter decides to use a Latin square for counterbalancing.
Assuming that ten participants will be tested in each of the sequences
used, how many people will be needed to complete the study?
Correct Answer:

40

Question 5
1 out of 1 points

Longitudinal design is to cross-sectional design as ______ is to _______.

Correct Answer:

within-subjects; between-subjects

Question 6
1 out of 1 points

In a cross-sectional comparison of intelligence in people aged 20, 40,

and 60, differences might be due to aging but they might also be due to
the different rearing conditions experienced by participants. This latter
interpretation illustrates a(n) _______ effect.
Correct Answer:

cohort

Question 7
1 out of 1 points

Five golfers each hit 50 brand A golf balls, and then 50 brand B golf
balls. On average, the brand B balls go significantly farther. Which of
the following is true?
Correct Answer:

any of the above are possible explanations

Question 8
1 out of 1 points

Compared to a longitudinal study, a cross-sectional study

Correct Answer:

has to deal with potential cohort effects

Question 9
1 out of 1 points

Automating the procedures as much as possible and using a double

blind will help to reduce
Correct Answer:

both subject bias and experimenter bias

Question 10
0 out of 1 points

In a study in which the procedures were assumed to create anxiety,

some participants were interrupted in the middle of the procedure and
their blood pressure was checked. This is an example of
Correct Answer:

a manipulation check

Question 11
1 out of 1 points

Demand characteristics, and therefore subject bias, can be reduced by

using
Correct Answer:

deception

Question 12
1 out of 1 points

Avoiding a sequence effect is a design problem for

Correct Answer:

within-subjects designs

Question 13
1 out of 1 points

A between-subjects design
Correct Answer:

must deal with the problem of equivalent groups

Question 14
1 out of 1 points

In a between-subjects design, the differences between conditions could

be due to all of the following except
Correct Answer:

a carry-over effect

Question 15
0 out of 1 points

Which of the following is true of block randomization?

Correct Answer:

both alternatives a. and b.

Question 16
0 out of 1 points

A progressive effect
Correct
Answer:

is more easily controlled by counterbalancing than a

carry-over effect

Question 17
0 out of 1 points

In a study with three conditions in which participants are tested in each

condition more than once, reverse counterbalancing would produce
which of the following sequences?
Correct Answer:

ABCCBA

Question 18
0 out of 1 points

How might experimenter bias be communicated to subjects in animal

research?
Correct
Answer:

animals in different groups might be handled differently

by experimenters

Question 19
0 out of 1 points

In a study by Sigall and Ostrove, participants recommended jail

sentences for Barbara Helm. The study is a good example of
Correct Answer:

a type of study requiring a between-subjects design

Question 20
1 out of 1 points

In the research example that used Starbucks coffee, participants did not
know whether they were drinking regular or caffeine. They were later
tested for memory by experimenters who did not know which group the
participants were in. Which of the following is true about this study?
Correct Answer:

the design was an example of a double blind

procedure

Question 21
1 out of 1 points

If participants only experience each of the studys conditions one time,

then all of the following counterbalancing techniques can be used
except
Correct Answer:

reverse counterbalancing

Question 22
1 out of 1 points

All of the following characterize between-subjects designs except

Correct Answer:

concern over sequence effects

Question 23
0 out of 1 points

Termans studies of gifted children

Correct Answer:

used a longitudinal design

Question 24
0 out of 1 points

When is random assignment preferred over matching as a means of

creating equivalent groups?
Correct
Answer:

when a large number of participants are available and

can be used

Question 25
1 out of 1 points

Demand characteristics are more likely to be found in

Correct
Answer:

within-subjects designs rather than between-subjects

designs