HTM

1. PillingBedworth ratio
The PillingBedworth ratio (PB ratio), in corrosion of metals, is the ratio of the volume of
the elementary cell of a metal oxide to the volume of the elementary cell of the
corresponding metal (from which the oxide is created).On the basis of the PB ratio, it can be
judged if the metal is likely to passivate in dry air by creation of a protective oxide layer.
The PB ratio is defined as:

where:

RPB is the PillingBedworth ratio,

M the atomic or molecular mass,

n number of atoms of metal per one molecule of the oxide

density, and

V the molar volum

2. A superalloy, or high-performance alloy, is an alloy that exhibits several key characteristics:

excellent mechanical strength, resistance to thermal creep deformation, good surface stability and
resistance to corrosion or oxidation.
3. In materials science, superplasticity is a state in which solid crystalline material is deformed well
beyond its usual breaking point, usually over about 200% during tensile deformation. Such a state
is usually achieved at high homologous temperature. Examples of superplastic materials are some
fine-grained metals and ceramics.
4. Grain-boundary strengthening (or HallPetch strengthening) is a method of strengthening
materials by changing their average crystallite (grain) size. It is based on the observation that
grain boundaries impede dislocation movement and that the number of dislocations within a grain
have an effect on how easily dislocations can traverse grain boundaries and travel from grain to
grain. So, by changing grain size one can influence dislocation movement and yield strength. For
example, heat treatment after plastic deformation and changing the rate of solidification are ways
to alter grain size.

HallPetch constants[4]
Material

k [MPa m1/2]

o [MPa]

Copper

25

0.11

Titanium

80

0.40

Mild steel

70

0.74

Ni3Al

300

1.70

HallPetch relationship
There is an inverse relationship between delta yield strength and grain size to some power, x.

where k is the strengthening coefficient and both k and x are material specific. The smaller the
grain size, the smaller the repulsion stress felt by a grain boundary dislocation and the higher the
applied stress needed to propagate dislocations through the material.
The relation between yield stress and grain size is described mathematically by the HallPetch
equation:[5]

where y is the yield stress, o is a materials constant for the starting stress for dislocation
movement (or the resistance of the lattice to dislocation motion), ky is the strengthening
coefficient (a constant specific to each material), and d is the average grain diameter.
Work hardening (strain hardening) manifests as the
increase in stress that is required to cause in
increase in strain as a material is plastically
deformed. On the diagram, the red curve is for a
material that does not work harden - an ideal
plastic material. Plastic deformation begins when
the yield stress is reached and this material deforms
to fracture at the same stress value. The black curve
shows the true resolved shear stress/shear strain
response of a material that work hardens. Yield
again starts at the yield stress, but as the strain
increases an increase in stress is required to
maintain the same strain rate. The difference
between the two curves measures the degree of
work hardening.
The insert on the diagram shows a mechanism for
work hardening. Dislocations on intersecting slip
planes permit both elastic interactions and
dislocation reactions to contribute to work
hardening.

From: Ashby and Jones,

"Engineering Materials I," Pergamon (