Diapositiva 1

INSTALACIONES-2
DEPARTAMENTO DE CONSTRUCCIONES ARQUITECTNICAS

CURSO 08-09

CLCULO DE LA CARGA TRMICA

DE UNA VIVIENDA

4 C
Profesor: Dr. D. Julin Domene Garca

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Diapositiva 2

EJEMPLO DE CLCULO

Se dispone de una vivienda unifamiliar de 129 m de superficie

til, ubicada en Bilbao. Cuyas caractersticas geometricas se
pueden observar:

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Diapositiva 3

EJEMPLO DE CLCULO

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Diapositiva 4

EJEMPLO DE CLCULO

La cubierta es inclinada a dos aguas, con ensamblamiento cermico

y una superficie de 225,4 m.

El techo est compuesto de:

En la parte inferior, enlucido de yeso de 800 kg/m
Bovedilla cermica de 16 cm con una resistencia trmica de 0,23
m K/W
Hormign en masa con ridos ligeros de 1600 kg/m
Encima se hallan dispuestas unas placas de poliestireno
expandido, con una conductividad 0,034 W/m K
Sobre el aislante hay un desvn seguido de una cubierta con
ensamblamiento cermico
4

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Diapositiva 5

EJEMPLO DE CLCULO
El muro est constituido de la siguiente manera:
Enlucido exterior de cemento, cuya densidad aparente es 2.000
kg/m

Ladrillo hueco normalizado de 15 cm de espesor y 1.200 Kg/m

Aislante de 5 cm de espesor (poliestireno extrusado)
Ladrillo hueco normalizado de 10 cm de espesor
Un enlucido de yeso de densidad aparente 800 kg/m
El suelo de la vivienda est constituido por cuatro materiales
diferentes:
Mosaico, con Us = 0,41 W/m K
Mortero de cemento de densidad aparente 2.000 kg/m
20 cm de hormign de ridos ligeros de la misma densidad
Grava rodada de densidad 1.700 Kg/m
5

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Diapositiva 6

EJEMPLO DE CLCULO
Las ventanas y puertas acristaladas (exteriores), son de
carpintera de madera y doble cristal con cmara de aire de 6
mm, cuya transmitancia trmica es 3,26 W/m C.
La superficie total acristalada es de 25,2 m para las ventanas
exteriores y de 6,8 para las puertas acristaladas que lindan
con el exterior.

Existen dos puertas de madera de pino opaca. Una linda con

un local no calefactado y la otra con el exterior. Sus
transmitancias son 1,98 y 3,49 respectivamente.

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Diapositiva 7

EJEMPLO DE CLCULO

Conociendo las caractersticas de los elementos

constructivos y los valores de las transmitancias
trmicas de los cerramientos de la vivienda,
calculados en el ejercicio anterior:

Calcular la carga trmica que necesitar la

vivienda.

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Diapositiva 8

INTRODUCCIN

Para mantener constante la temperatura interior de

un local calefactado, hay que suministrar al mismo
en cada instante, una potencia calorfica que
equilibre el balance entre las prdidas de calor que
experimenta el local, debidas a:
La transmisin a travs de sus cerramientos
A las entradas de aire exterior por ventilacin e
infiltraciones
Y las ganancias suministradas al local.
8

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Diapositiva 9

Carga trmica de
ventilacin =

QV

Qc = Carga trmica de transmisin de calor

en cerramientos

QV =

Debida a prdidas por

infiltraciones de aire a causa de la
permeabilidad de los cerramientos
ms necesidades de ventilacin.

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Diapositiva 10

CARGA TRMICA TOTAL DE CALEFACCIN

Q =Q +Q
T

Q =Q +Q +Q -Q
T

10

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Diapositiva 11

BALANCE TRMICO DEL EDIFICIO

Qtotal U M S ti te I i Li Ca ti te I s
UM = Transmitancia

trmica en W/m K

S=axb, siendo a y b, dimensiones

en longitud y anchura de cada paramento

Ii = factor de infiltracin o permeabilidad de la carpintera

Li = Longitud de las juntas
Ca= Calor especfico

del aire (0,306 kcal/hm o 0,35 W/m)

ti =temperatura interior del local (segn RITE, entre 20 y 23C)

te=temperatura exterior. UNE 24045 (UNE 100001/85)
Is = incrementos

por intermitencia y orientacin

11

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Diapositiva 12

BALANCE TRMICO DEL EDIFICIO

QQ
c U M S ti t e I i Li Ca ti t e I s
total
Es la carga trmica de transmisin de calor (potencia calorfica
disipada) a travs de los cerramientos.

12

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Diapositiva 13

BALANCE TRMICO DEL EDIFICIO

Qtotal U M S tQ
te I i Li Ca ti te I s
i
V=

Es la carga trmica total de ventilacin que tiene en cuenta las

prdidas que se producen por:
Infiltraciones de aire a causa de la permeabilidad de los
cerramientos.
Necesidades de ventilacin en recintos cerrados.

13

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Diapositiva 14

BALANCE TRMICO DEL EDIFICIO

Qtotal U M S ti te I i Li Ca ti te I s

Es la carga trmica total que tiene en cuenta las prdidas que

se producen por:
Interrupciones de servicio
Orientacin

14

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Diapositiva 15

BALANCE TRMICO DEL EDIFICIO

Qtotal
UMU MS Sti tti e te
I i ILii LCi a C
tai tti e te I sI Q
Qtotal

s D
Con el objeto de evitar el sobredimensionamiento de las
instalaciones, hay que tener en cuenta la generacin interna de
calor en los recintos, cuando sta es permanente, es decir,
continuada.
Las aportaciones internas de calor se deben generalmente a:
Iluminacin
Ocupacin
Fuentes calorficas diversas
Por lo tanto, el balance final, ser:

15

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Diapositiva 16

BALANCE TRMICO DEL EDIFICIO

Condiciones de diseo:
Servicio de calefaccin ininterrumpido, con reduccin nocturna
Temperatura interior 20 C, HR-75 %
Temperatura exterior -1 C, HR-95 %
Velocidad del viento 22,32 km/h

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Diapositiva 17

CLCULO DE LAS SUPERFICIES

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Diapositiva 18

TEMA
7 de superficies de los cerramientos:
Clculo

1. Saln comedor:
Muro exterior: 47,33 m
Ventanas y puertas: 19 m
Suelo y Techo: 8,8x5,4 = 47,77 m

18

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Diapositiva 19

CLCULO SUPERFICIES

Siguiendo el mismo procedimiento de clculo, se

VENTANAS Y
SUELO Y
TABIQUE DE
TABIQUE
PUERTA
TECHO
8 CM
DE 18 CM
PRINCIPAL
obtienen las MUROS
tablas:PUERTAS
BAO

3,86

0,36

5,36

COCINA

10,45

2,31

11,36

DORMITORIO 1

14,68

2,59

10,33

DORMITORIO 2

19

2,59

13,64

DORMITORIO 3

9,63

2,59

10,8

DORMITORIO 4

20,16

2,59

15

1,68

14,74

VESTIBULO
PASILLO

4,68

3,91

4,80

19

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Diapositiva 20

Las transmitancias trmicas de los cerramientos, obtenidos segn el CTE;

DB-HE-1, en el ejercicio calculado en clases anteriores, son:
Cerramiento

U (w/m k)

Muro exterior

0,73

Ventanas

3,3

Puerta vivienda

3,5

Cubierta

0,35

Suelo

0,5

Tabique 8 cm

2,069

Tabique 18 cm

1,59

Puerta interior

1,68

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Diapositiva 21

Las prdidas por

cerramientos, son:

transmisin

trmica

de

los

Saln comedor:

Qsalon U S ti t e
Local

Cerramiento

Superficie

QS

Saln-comedor

Muro exterior

47,33

0,73

21

725,5

Ventanas

19

3,3

21

1.316,7

Suelo

47,77

0,5

15

358,2

Techo

47,77

0,35

21

351,1

Prdidas en el saln

2.758,5 W
21

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Diapositiva 22

Siguiendo el mismo procedimiento de clculo:

Descripcin del
cerramiento

Superficie

W/m K

3,86
0,36
5,36
5,36

0,73
3,3
0,5
0,35

23
23
15
23

Prdidas (W)
Al exterior

A locales no calefactados

96,4
27,3
40,2
43,1
207,0
TOTAL

0
207

238,3
160,1
85,2
83,5
567,1
TOTAL

0
567

BAO
Muros
Ventanas y puertas
Suelo
Techo

Subtotales

COCINA
Muros
Ventanas y puertas
Suelo
Techo

10,45
2,31
11,36
11,36

0,73
3,3
0,5
0,35

21
21
15
21
Subtotales

DORMITORIO 1
Muros
Ventanas y puertas
Suelo
Techo

14,68
2,59
10,33
10,33

0,73
3,3
0,5
0,35

21
21
13
21
Subtotales

334,8
179,5
67,1
75,9
581,47
TOTAL

0
581

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Diapositiva 23

Descripcin del
cerramiento

Superficie

W/m K

19
2,59
13,64
13,64

0,73
3,3
0,5
0,35

21
21
13
21

Prdidas (W)
Al exterior

A locales no calefactados

433,3
179,5
88,66
100,25
801,71
TOTAL

0
802

219,6
179,5
70,2
79,4
548,7
TOTAL

0
549

423,4
179,5
97,5
157,5
857,9
TOTAL

0
858

DORMITORIO 2
Muros
Ventanas y puertas
Suelo
Techo

Subtotales
DORMITORIO 3
Muros
Ventanas y puertas
Suelo
Techo

9,63
2,59
10,8
10,8

0,73
3,3
0,5
0,35

20,16
2,59
15
15

0,73
3,3
0,5
0,35

21
21
13
21
Subtotales

DORMITORIO 4
Muros
Ventanas y puertas
Suelo
Techo

21
21
13
21
Subtotales

VESTIBULO Y
PASILLO
Tabique 8 cm
Tabique 18 cm
Puertas
Puerta principal
Suelo
Techo

4,68
3,91
1,68
4,80
14,74
14,74

2,06
1,59
1,98
3,5
0,5
0,35

8
8
8
19
11
19
Subtotales

--------------319,2
81,04
126,35
526,59
TOTAL

77,5
50,0
26,6

154,1
681

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Diapositiva 24

Por incrementos, las prdidas sern:

Prdidas por interrupcin. Se calculan en funcin de la clase de servicio
y de un coeficiente, CA, que tiene un valor:

CA

QT
ST ti te

Pero para que la puesta en rgimen se realice en

una hora aproximadamente, debe incrementarse en
un 10 % en viviendas.
Existen tambin valores tabulados que nos dan en % el
aumento de energa necesaria

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Diapositiva 25

Prdidas por orientacin. Se calculan segn:

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Diapositiva 26

Por lo tanto:
Local

Intermitencia

Orientacin

QT

Saln

2.758

1,10

NO 1,1

3.338

Bao

207

SE 1,05

239

SE 1,05

678

N 1,15

735

NE 1,125

993

S 1,0

604

SE 1,05

991

1,05

787

Cocina

567

Dormitorio 1

581

Dormitorio 2
Dormitorio 3

802

549

Dormitorio 4

858

Vestbulo

681

1,10

1,10

1,10

1,10

1,10

1,10
1,10

SUMA TOTAL

8.365 W

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Diapositiva 27

Prdidas por infiltraciones:

Existen dos mtodos:
1.

Mtodo de las superficies

2.

Mtodo de las rendijas

El primero, viene condicionado por la existencia de datos de ensayos

en laboratorio de las carpinteras, poco usado en nuestro caso.

El segundo, trata sobre el caudal de aire infiltrado que pasa a un local

a travs de los huecos sometidos a la accin del viento, y viene dado
por la expresin:

Qi I i Li Ca ti te s
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Diapositiva 28

Prdidas por infiltraciones:

Para 22,32 km/h del viento, el coeficiente li, ser:

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Diapositiva 29

Prdidas por infiltraciones:

Li, se calcular, para el saln comedor:

1,10
1,10

5,50
1,00

(1,1+5,5)2 + (1,1+1)2 = 17,6 m

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Diapositiva 30

Prdidas por infiltraciones:

Por lo tanto para el saln-comedor:
El valor ser:

Qi = 3,65x17,6x0,35x21 = 472,16 W

Siguiendo el proceso de clculo, se obtiene la tabla:

30

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Diapositiva 31

Prdidas totales en la vivienda:

Prdidas totales= prdidas por transmisin + prdidas por infiltraciones:

Local

QSI

Infiltraciones

QT

Saln

3.338

472

3.810

Bao

239

Cocina
Dormitorio 1

678

735

Dormitorio 2

993

Dormitorio 3

604

Dormitorio 4

991

Vestbulo

787

SUMA TOTAL

22

56

127

213

53

278
110

261

734

862

1.206

657

1.269

897

9.696 W

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Diapositiva 32

Prdidas totales en la vivienda:

Prdidas totales= prdidas por transmisin + prdidas

por infiltraciones - aportaciones internas

En nuestro despreciaremos estas aportaciones de calor,

con lo que:

CARGA TRMICA TOTAL = 9.696 W = 9,7 KW

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