Optical Fiber Technology 26 (2015) 126134

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Optical Fiber Technology

www.elsevier.com/locate/yofte

WDM PONs based on colorless technology

Fabienne Saliou a,, Gael Simon a, Philippe Chanclou a, Anna Pizzinat a, Huafeng Lin b, Enyu Zhou b,
Zhiguang Xu b
a
b

Orange Labs, 2 Avenue Pierre Marzin, 22300 Lannion, France

Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd., Bantian, Longgang District, Shenzhen 518129, PR China

a r t i c l e

i n f o

Article history:
Available online 28 August 2015
Keywords:
Wavelength Division Multiplexing
Reflective Semiconductor Optical Amplifier
Colorless source

a b s t r a c t
Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) Passive Optical Network (PON) is foreseen to be part of the
Next Generation Passive Optical Networks. Business and mobile fronthaul networks already express
the need to develop WDM PONs in the access segment. Fixed wavelength transceivers based on Coarse
WDM are already available to respond to todays market needs but Dense WDM technologies will be
needed and colorless technologies are essential to provide simple and cost-effective WDM PON systems.
We propose in this paper to demonstrate the capabilities of a DWDM PON system prototype based on
self-seeded RSOAs and designed to transmit CPRI over 60 km of fiber at 2.5 Gbit/s.
2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction
The International Telecommunication Union ITU-T is finalizing
the upcoming standard for optical access networks on Next Generation Passive Optical Networks 2. Several technological options are
discussed within this standard to be delivered under references
G989.x: Time and Wavelength Division Multiplexing PONs and
also some point-to point WDM links as depicted on Fig. 1. This
represents a first step towards the standardization of solutions
for WDM in access networks.
Alternatively, WDM is already rolling out in optical access networks with several use cases and a common objective: to avoid
deploying new fibers in the case of a lean fiber infrastructure.
WDM is also foreseen to be the topology used particularly when
symmetrical bit rates and secured architectures are required. In
particular, two use cases have been identified for WDM PONs:
business Ethernet links as Fiber to The Office (FTTO) and mobile
fronthaul links as Fiber To The Antenna (FTTA) as depicted in Fig. 2.

Mbit/s to 10 Gbit/s. Bitrates requirements are proportional to the

increase of the service usage and type of service (File sharing, data
saving, videoconferencing, High Definition Voice over IP, Cloud
computing, etc.). This point to point link connects an access Ethernet router placed at the enterprise site and an Edge Node router at
the central office. This offer is for offices, computer sites, call centers, factories, medical centers, etc. . . Increased quality of service is
guaranteed by FTTO offers (performance, service classes adapted to
each needs, commitments on the service availability and guarantee
of low recovery time). The evolution of this offer is going towards
the optimization of the users connections to a central office: it is
intended to densify the number of users per central and avoid systematic connection to the nearest one. This will cause a large number of fibers to be connected to a single central, but often fiber
resource is not available between central offices. To reduce this
fiber need, it is possible to use passive multiplexing technology
offering point to point connectivity and symmetrical bandwidth
such as WDM PONs.
1.2. FTTA: Fiber to the Antenna with Mobile fronthaul links

1.1. FTTO: Fiber to The Office

Optical fiber for enterprises (FTTO) is a decisive and essential
factor in economic development of regions, aiming in a long term
perspective to deliver attractive digital services to the companies.
The FTTO offer is realized with a point to point topology, using
dual-fiber mediums and offering symmetrical bitrates from a few
Corresponding author.
E-mail address: fabienne.saliou@orange.com (F. Saliou).
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yofte.2015.08.002
1068-5200/ 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Most of mobile antenna sites are already connected with optical

fibers to realize the backhaul of the Radio Access Network (RAN).
Driven partly by a lack of space and climatic dispositions at the
antenna sites, the evolution toward Centralized RAN (C-RAN) proposes to remove part of the RAN equipment from the antenna sites
to a common central office. This operation creates a new optical
access segment called Mobile fronthaul between the Remote
Radio Heads (RRH) placed at the antenna site and the Base Band
Unit (BBU) placed at the Central office [1]. At the antenna site,

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127

Fig. 1. Schematic view of the Next Generation PON2 standard.

Fig. 2. Application of WDM PON for mobile and business enterprise networks.

for the operator Orange France, up to 5 RAN technologies exist (2G

and 3G both at 900 MHz and 2100 MHz) or will be deployed (4G at
800 MHz, 1800 MHz and 2.6 GHz) and 3 sectors for each technology are required to cover all the area around the antenna site. This
represents up to 15 point to point links to create between each
RRH and the BBU at the central office. In order to optimize
the use of fiber resources, a Wavelength Division Multiplexing
(WDM) technology is foreseen to realize those multiple point to
point links. Mobile fronthaul links use Common public Radio
Interface (CPRI) or Open Base Station Architecture Initiative
(OBSAI) protocols with bitrates from 614.4 Mbit/s for CPRI1 to
10.137 Gbit/s for CPRI8. The line bitrate depends on the RAN technology, the frequency bandwidth of the radio carrier (10 MHz or
20 MHz) and the Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) option.
1.3. WDM in optical access networks today: CWDM Dual Fiber &
CWDM single fiber
Wavelength Division Multiplexing technique is already used in
access networks, particularly in a field trial of mobile fronthaul in
Orange France using Coarse WDM technologies. The main advantage of this solution is that its infrastructure remains passive using
multiplexers (MUX) and de-multiplexers (DMUX) for bidirectional
transmissions. The CWDM technology, based on 20 nm spacing
between channels, has been chosen to reduce the number of fibers
to deploy and is, up to now, the only cost-effective WDM solution
supporting bitrates at 2.5 Gbit/s and compliant with outdoor conditions (I-temp ranges [ 40 C;+85 C] required at an antenna site
for example). The CWDM grid offers up to 16 channels from
1270 nm to 1610 nm, with a possibility to avoid the OH peak (high

insertion losses). In a mobile fronthaul application setup, 15

CWDM links are dedicated to cover a full antenna site with 15
RRH (2G, 3G and 4G) and the sixteenth link can be reserved for
the management of the optical link, as shown on Fig. 3. Indeed,
the mobile operator owning the RRHs + BBUs can be different from
the fixed operator owning the optical fiber. In this case, some
demarcation point needs to be defined to provide service level
agreements between multiple operators. An example of semipassive monitoring is depicted on Fig. 3: using a passive loop back
at the antenna site and a dedicated CWDM channel to realize a
signal round trip monitoring from the central office.
Recent commercial products are available with a major technical advance on the CWDM channel: evolution of the Small Form
Pluggable (SFP) transceiver from dual fiber to a single fiber output.
Several techniques have been identified:
 Single Wavelength Single Fiber (SWSF): the same wavelength is
used to transmit the downstream and upstream signals. A special technique is used to separate the signals before the receiver.
Also, a specific product has been developed to enhance the performances of this transceiver: SWSF with Reflection Immune
Operation (RIO) [2]. This SWSF transceiver can detect and lower
reflected signals and thus reduces the impact of back-reflections
due to connectors or Rayleigh back scattering in the fiber.
 Cooled Single Channel (CSC) [3]: the CWDM channel is subdivided in two sub-bands of 6 nm wide. The transceiver at each
side of the network is chosen to emit in the high sub-band or
the low sub-band and vice versa for the other network termination. Then, in order to maintain the laser in this sub-band, a
thermoelectric cooler is required.

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Fig. 3. Mobile fronthaul links realized with CWDM dual fiber technologies and semi-passive monitoring of the fronthaul link.

2.1. Self-seeded based on RSOAs principle

1.4. Evolution of optical access networks towards DWDM
With the advent of multiple sizes of cells on mobile antenna
sites (macro, micro, small cells), in the future, the number of
CWDM channels available might be unsufficient and a Dense
WDM technique (DWDM) could be required. In order to re-use
the deployed WDM infrastructures, a first step towards DWDM
in access networks could be to transmit several DWDM channels
within a CWDM channel. When green-field areas are use cases,
pure DWDM technologies can be foreseen. The main challenge to
deploy DWDM technologies relies on the cost of DWDM transceivers. Fixed wavelength DWDM technologies are out of scope for
operational reasons: complex management of the products in the
network information system, require a lot of spare parts for the
technician in the field, not outdoor compatible today (no I-temp
products). Then, the key technology for DWDM in access is a cost
effective colorless optical source: using the same device at each
user termination will permit mass production and reduce the operational costs compared to fixed wavelength items. Moreover, the
exploitation of colorless transceiver would overcome inventory
problems, which could burden the mobile network administration,
limiting inventory and maintenance costs [4]. The wavelength
management of the source also needs to be efficient with regards
to climatic changes and relies on simple technical tools to reduce
the operational expenditure of the network. Many DWDM colorless technologies have been studied in research laboratories: Spectrum slicing [5,6], Injection locked Fabry-Prot [7,8], wavelength
reuse [9], Tunable Lasers [10], Reflective Semiconductor Optical
Amplifier (RSOA) self-seeding [11], etc. Only a few of these
technologies have been exploited recently to realize a commercial
system and they are still limited to a prototype system: ADVA
developed a WDM PON system with transmissions at 1 Gbit/s base
on tunable lasers [10], Transmode proposed a 1.25 Gbit/s DWDM
PON system based on Injection Locked Fraby-Prot [12], Aeponyx
realized transmissions at 1.25 Gbit/s with a WDM PON technology
using RSOA associated with Fiber Bragg Gratings [13] and finally
Huawei Technologies worked on self-seeded RSOA technologies
with a prototype system transmitting 1.25 Gbit/s [14].

2. Experimentation of a DWDM system prototype based on selfseeded RSOAs technologies

We report the evaluation of a new WDM PON prototype system
[17]. This system is dedicated to mobile fronthaul applications
transporting CPRI links and the DWDM technology adopted is
based on Self-seeded RSOAs.

Self-seeded sources based on Reflective Semiconductor Optical

Amplifier (RSOA) are investigated for optical access networks as
colorless sources with passive and automatic wavelength assignment [4]. Indeed, the use of colorless technologies will simplify
the introduction of Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing
(DWDM) in the access networks by reducing its impact on operational activities: using the same device for every network termination will permit mass production and reduce the number of sparing
items needed on the field. Moreover, an automatic assignment of
the wavelength simplifies engineering rules using colorless devices
with multiple channels infrastructure. The colorless operation of
self-seeded sources is depicted in Fig. 4.
At each termination of the network, the RSOA is directly modulated and emits a wide band source of ASE (Amplified Spontaneous
Emission). The ASE is sent to a drop fiber, whose length corresponds to the distance between the network termination and the
Remote Node (RN). The latter contains only passive devices: the
wavelength multiplexer and a single partial mirror composed by
a dissymmetric optical splitter and a mirror. Then, a simple connection of the drop fiber to one channel of the MUX permits to slice
the RSOA ASE wide band spectrum. This weak signal is sent partly
to a 90 Faraday Rotator Mirror (FRM) which reflects it back to the
RSOA for re-amplification and reflection again. The RSOA and the
FRM thus create a resonant cavity, where a laser is established after
several round trips. In order to maintain the same state of polarization after one round trip in the cavity, a 45 Faraday Rotator can be
inserted at the output of the RSOA [7]. Finally, at the other output
of the optical splitter, we obtain a strong and stable self-seeded
signal to realize the transmission over several kilometers of feeder
fiber. The simple connection to one channel of the wavelength
multiplexer selects the emission wavelength of each RSOA-based
transmitter, and at the same time allows all the network termination signals to be multiplexed in the same feeder fiber. Compared
to other colorless technologies, here, no additional external
seeding source or external mechanisms to control the wavelength
stability are required.
The new WDM PON system prototype permits to realize up to
16 CPRI links on a single feeder fiber. The system is designed to
transmit with line bitrates at 2.5 Gbit/s corresponding to CPRI3.
An active box is placed at each side of the network termination:
at the OLT, the line card processes the black & white CPRI signals
from the BBU to the DWDM sources. In a symmetric way at the
user side, the ONU processes the signals from the DWDM sources
to the black & white links to RRH. Fig. 5 gives the full system
setup description and Fig. 6 a detailed view of the Quad Small
Form-factor Pluggable (QSFP) and the Remote Node (RN).

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129

Fig. 4. Description of the operation of the self-seeded sources.

Fig. 5. Full system setup.

The black & white links are the CPRI links between the BBU
and the RRH regularly based on dual fiber uncolored Multi-Mode
Fiber (MMF) or Single Mode Fiber (SMF) SFPs. When inserting this
WDM system in the fronthaul setup, those links are interrupted
and brought to intermediate optical interfaces: MMF QSFPs at
the OLT (up to 4 dual-fiber links per QSFP) and MMF SFPs at the
ONU (4 dual-fiber links per ONU).
At the OLT, a high level of integration is provided. The
WDM PON OLT line card contains all the active and passive
elements:
- The Remote Node with the MUX and DMUX functions and the
Faraday Rotator Mirror (FRM), as well as bidirectional operation
function on a single feeder fiber thanks to a circulator. Fig. 6
gives a detailed view of the Remote Node.
- The RSOA sources are packaged in QSFP modules by 4, also with
4 Avalanche Photodiodes (APD) receivers.

The OLT line card and the ONU perform some processing of the
CPRI signals as well as including FEC (Forward Error Codes).
At the ONU, the same devices are implemented to realize 4 CPRI
links per ONU, except that the Remote Node is no more integrated:
at the user side this passive device can be placed at a given distance from the RRH (drop fiber up to 1 km or 5 km).
2.2. Characteristics of the MUX and DMUX
Recent research studies pointed out the impact of demultiplexing a self-seeded signal with the same optical filter as
the one used as MUX and in the external cavity of the selfseeding laser [15]. Fig. 7 presents the spectral measurement of
the 16 channels MUX and DMUX used in our experimental setup.
The shape of the MUX (in blue on the previous figure) is
the shape of a regular Gaussian Arrayed Wave Guide (AWG).
However, the DeMUX (in black) transfer function is different and

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Fig. 6. Detailed setup and connections between the QSFP and the Remote Node.

Fig. 7. Spectral transfer function of the MUX and DMUX used at each Remote Nodes.

corresponds slightly to a shape designed to fit the original selfseeded laser spectral shape, which usually presents a spectrum
slightly red shifted (to the high wavelengths) [16]. Indeed, looking
spectrally at each mode of the source independently (Free Spectral
Range of a few kHz to several MHz depending on the cavity length),
a gain competition exists between each mode in the cavity. This
gain, for SOAs, is generally higher for the highest wavelengths. This
explains that the highest wavelengths (modes) are favored to reach
a steady state. This effect also depends on the spectral shape of the
filter, since its transfer function relates the internal losses in the
cavity according to the wavelength. Consequently, at the border
of the MUX, higher losses are experienced and the gain provided
in the cavity is not sufficient to maintain an equal competition
between modes. Therefore, the red shift effect on the self-seeded
source can be reduced using a Gaussian shape AWG as the multiplexing device. Moreover, for this system, the 3 dB bandwidth
of the DeMUX was designed to be always wider than the MUX
one which permits to avoid cutting off the operating self-seeded
signal and thus avoid penalties due to de-multiplexing as observed
previously in [15].
2.3. Characterization of the RSOAs
The RSOAs used at both side of the system are designed to emit
an ASE in the C-band. According to the ASE measurement
performed on the RSOA1 from the QSFP1, presented in Fig. 8(b),

its gain peak is centered at 1550 nm. The RSOA presents also high
ripple peaks with amplitude up to 10 dB. We measured the RSOA1
gain according to the input power injected in the RSOA. Results are
presented on Fig. 8(a) for a laser injected at different wavelength:
1530 nm, 1550 nm and 1570 nm. Then, the low signal RSOA gain is
respectively of 16.5 dB, 18 dB, and 20 dB. This variation of gain
according to the input wavelength and the spectral position of ripple peaks may induce some variation of the output power of the
self-seeded sources, according to the position of the MUX channel.
This could also have an impact on the performances of the transmission. In a previous study [18], it has been showed that with a
similar RSOA, multiple channel operations were realized successfully (BER < 10 9) but transmissions performances varied for each
channel, with penalties up to 4 dB between the best and worst
channel. With this system, we expect to obtain similar behavior
and penalties, comparing each channels of the system, and we will
present results obtained on the best channel available (CH11).
2.4. Laser spectrums and optical power measurements
Associating the RSOA1 with the remote node presented
previously, we realized the external cavity sources based on
self-seeded RSOAs. To realize the transmissions using the full
system, 4 QSFPs, each ones containing 4 RSOAs, are connected to
the 16 channels of the MUX. However, in order to compare the
self-seeded channel performances over several channels, we used

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Fig. 8. (a) RSOA1 gain measurement for various input power injected (left figure); (b) RSOA1 ASE spectrum.

Fig. 9. Optical spectrum of the self-seeded sources for each channel.

the same RSOA RSOA1 connected alternately to each channel of

the MUX: from Channel 1 CH1 to CH16. Fig. 9 presents the
optical spectrums measured for each channels when no drop fiber
is inserted in the cavity. Some spectrum samples were also measured for CH1, CH9 and CH16 with 1 km of drop fiber inserted in
the cavity.
The spectral shape of the self-seeded source follows the MUXs
one: a Gaussian shape with a peak wavelength centered according
to the MUX channel center. As discussed in the previous section
related to the RSOA Gain, we observe a variation of the output
power for each channel of the MUX. This is related to the variation
of the RSOA gain and the spectral alignment or misalignment of the
ripple peak and the MUX channel. When 1 km of fiber is added in
the cavity, we observe no variation of the peak wavelength; only
the output power is reduced due to higher insertion losses in the
cavity.

First, we measured the back to back performances of the

upstream transmission on the eleventh channel and for different
lengths of the drop fiber (equivalent to the distance between the
RRH at the antenna site and the remote node place in a street
cabinet). Results are presented on Fig. 10 for drop fibers of a few
meters (cavity close to 0 km), 1 km, 2 km and 5 km.
For short cavities, when the Remote Node is co-located with the
RRH site, an optical budget of 18 dB is achieved without any loss of

2.5. Transmission performances

The optical budget (OB) is measured from the common port of
the Remote Node (the ONU MUX/DMUX) output, to the common
port of the OLT MUX/DMUX. Using a CPRI protocol tester, the system performances cannot be measured in terms of Bit Error Ratio
(BER), but in terms of number of received Frames, with regards
to 15000 frames transmitted.

Fig. 10. Upstream transmission of CPRI3 on CH11 in back to back conditions,

varying the drop fiber length.

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frame. When the cavity length is increased, the optical budget is

reduced to 16 dB, 15 dB and 13 dB respectively for 1 km, 2 km
and 5 km of drop fiber. This can be related to reduction of the output power of the self-seeded signal when the cavity length and
consequently the losses increase. Also adding more fiber in the cavity brings more chromatic dispersion linked to the multiple round
trips of the self-seeded signal in the cavity and thus increases the
noise in the cavity and degrades the eye diagram of the selfseeded output.
Inserting several length of feeder fiber (20 km, 40 km and
60 km) in the experimental setup permits to obtain the transmission results in Fig. 11(a) and (b) respectively for the upstream
and the downstream CPRI3 signals. The impact of chromatic dispersion, restricting the optical budget, is clearly observable when
the optical fiber length is increased. An upstream optical budget
of 12 dB is achieved with 60 km of feeder fiber whereas 14 dB
could be achieved in the downstream. The downstream optical
budget is generally about 1.5 dB higher than the upstream one:
the high level of integration provided at the OLT using splices
instead of connectors reduces the losses and risks of misconnection
inside the cavity.
When longer distances between the antenna site and the
remote node are required, the length of the cavity can be increased
up to 5 km and CPRI3 error free transmissions are realized with
feeder fibers up to 40 km for cavities of 1 km and 2 km and a maximum reach of 20 km realized a cavity of 5 km. Results are presented on Fig. 12, presenting the optical budget realized for
several feeder fiber lengths, with a cavity length of 1 km Fig. 12
(a) and 2 km Fig. 12(b).

2.6. Coexistence of the DWDM PON with legacy TDM PONs

Finally, with more than 11 dB of optical budget available for any
configuration tested previously, this WDM system can be inserted
in wavelength overlay over legacy TDM PONs: GPON and XGPON1,
as shown in Fig. 13. A Coexistent Element (CEx) designed for
NGPON2 standard is placed after each PON technology OLTs to
realize the wavelength overlay and create the coexistence over a
single feeder fiber. Then the TDM Remote Node consists of an optical splitter 14 or 18. The DWDM PON system based on selfseeded RSOAs was then inserted at each side of network: before
the CEx (DWDM OLT) and after the RN (DWDM Remote Node).
One ONU was connected per PONs technology (see Fig. 14).
The GPON and XGPON1 downstream transmission links presented
the following parameters measured at OLT multiplexer output:
- GPON: traffic bandwidth 59.2 Mbit/s; Mean optical power:
2.0 dBm; Wavelength: 1490.8 nm.
- XGPON1: traffic bandwidth 78.9 Mbit/s; Mean optical power:
2.3 dBm; Wavelength: 1576.5 nm.
- In the other way, the GPON and XGPON1 upstream transmission links presented the following parameters:
- GPON: traffic bandwidth 59.2 Mbit/s; Wavelength: 1311 nm.
- XGPON1: traffic bandwidth 493 Mbit/s; Wavelength: 1271 nm.
The following figure presents the optical spectrums of the
downstream (a) and upstream (b) signals:
The drop fiber of the self-seeded system at ONU side is first set
to 0 km (a few meters cavity). The feeder fiber length is 20 km, and

Fig. 11. (a) Upstream and (b) Downstream transmissions of CPRI3 on CH11 for a few meters cavity, varying the feeder fiber length.

Fig. 12. Upstream transmission results with longer drop and feeder fibers: (a) for 1 km drop fiber; (b) for 2 km drop fiber.

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133

Fig. 13. Experimental setup with coexisting GPON, XGPON1 and DWDM PON systems.

Fig. 14. Optical spectrums of the GPON, XGPON1 and DWDM Self-seeded systems for: (a) Downstream signals and (b) Upstream signals.

the remote node consists in a 18 splitter. Thus, the optical power

of the self-seeded upstream signal is measured at 22 dBm at
common port of the coexistence multiplexer. At the same point,
the downstream self-seeded optical power was 2.7 dBm. Errors
free transmissions are realized both for the legacy PONs (GPON
and XGPON1), or the DWDM Self-Seeded system. Thus, the
DWDM PON system is able to co-exist with legacy PON systems
such as GPON and XGPON1. Error free transmissions are also
realized with a drop fiber of 1 km, 20 km of feeder fiber and a
splitter 14.

3. Conclusions
After the ascension of fixed wavelength transceivers for optical
networks, colorless technologies in DWDM PONs are essential to
maintain a cost-effective access network. We demonstrated in this
paper the error free transmission of CPRI3 with a DWDM PON
system based on self-seeded RSOAs. This colorless technology
delivers an automatic assignment of the DWDM wavelength, by a
simple connection to a multiplexer. Up to 16 mobile fronthaul
links can be realized with this system in order to decrease the
number of horizontal fibers to deploy from a central office to the
antenna sites. Finally, this system prototype is compatible, in
terms of optical budget performance, with the coexistence in
wavelength overlay with legacy PONs such as GPON and
XGPON1.

Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank Huawei technologies for their
help and support with the DWDM system prototype. This work
was also supported by the French research program ANR project
LAMPION under grant agreement ANR-13-INFR-0002.
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