CAP/AIDS

CAP/AIDS was started in 2003 by a small group

of concerned people in Canada and East Africa
who both recognized that, at the time, there were
no national scale Canadian NGOs focused exclusively on addressing HIV/AIDS in Africa. Meanwhile, they knew first hand of many volunteerdriven eorts in African communities who were
making the most of meagre resources to respond
to community needs on the struggle against HIV/
AIDS in their communities.
The CAP/AIDS Network was established to provide a means of connecting concerned Canadians with these groups on the ground in African
communities and to support our common goals
through solidarity, mentorship and joint project
implementation.
Since then, CAP/AIDS has worked with more
than 15 community-based organizations in eight
African countries working together to respond
to local needs, develop capacity and address the
challenges of HIV/AIDS through our priority areas: Grassroots Empowerment, HIV Prevention,
Bike Distribution and Sustainable Livelihoods.
50% of the money made from selling this magazine will be donated to CAP/AIDS.
Thank you.
Charity # 88898 7500 RR0001

Cover illustration
Alan Josue Cervantes Mendoza

Editing & Layout

Mark Dallas

All images used

are either public domain
or creative commons license
See j.mp/fp18imgcreds
for the list of authors

29

FUTURE PERFECT
Issue #18: July '15
Send comments to futureperfect.editor@gmail.com

Why do we Dream?
Alan Josue Cervantes Mendoza

False Friends of the Translator

Vasilisa Chernousova

Who are we?

Lucas Oller

The Science of Being Happy

Elif Su Kulahl

11

Running into a Fad

Ming-Hsien Ting

15

Fake Reviews and their Influence on you

Laure-Anne Cantabella

20

Youre getting old,Canada!

Giulia Piazzalunga

23

28

Where the money went last time

26

Why do we dream?
By Alan Josue Cervantes Mendoza

The experience of dreaming

is something we share like
living creatures. We know
how it feels more than we
can describe it. Besides,
dreams are a collection of
experiences that are revived
in
the
subconscious.
According to psychiatrist and
dream researcher John Allan
Hobson, it is a sensorimotor
imagination
that
feels
real where the memory is
tenuous and disappears
fast after awakening. He
describes it in 4 stages.
Stage 1 occupies about 5%
of sleep time. Alpha waves
in the Electroencephalogram

correspond to wakefulness
and are replaced by slower
waves (theta waves) that
appears on the noRapid Eye
Movement or NREM. The
heartbeat also slows down.
During this phase, the
dream is easily interruptible.
The second stage represents
more than 50% of sleep
time. It is characterized
by electroencephalographic
waves
more
frequently
than theta waves. Muscle
tone is somewhat weaker
and the waking threshold
rises. It is what we call the
beginning of the dream.
Last, stages 3 and 4
correspond to the deepest
sleep because the delta waves
appear, which are very slow.
In these stages, weak muscle
tone and decreased heart rate
and breathing often occur.
During these dreams, night
terrors in children and

Where the money went last

time...
The
for

FP17
the

Journalism
Canadian

Class
raised
money
Women's
Foundation.

26

Future Perfect Editor Mark Dallas (2nd from left) with

his
English-through-Journalism
students
handing
over the cash to
Laura Owen (right) of the CWF.

If you have any ideas for content or charities for

future issues of Future Perfect, or if you would like to
advertise, contact us at futureperfect.editor@gmail.com

...and where your moneys

going this time...
For information about where the money for this issue is
going, turn to the back cover.

sleepwalking can occur. Eye

movements
are
slow.
On the other hand, dreams
help our mental health,
leaving us to process the
events of the day, keeping
in mind what we label
useful and forgetting what
is not. According neurologist
Sigmund Freud, dreams are a
way to express our forbidden
desires, while keeping a low
profile of our true selves.
However, neurologist and
neuropsychiatrist Richard
M. Restak does not totally
agree said dreams lead us

to a deep knowledge of
ourselves by which we
can understand something
important or discover the
solution to a problem
that we could not resolve.
Psychiatry and psychology
at Harvard Medical School
Matthew
Walker
found
that, during sleep, the brain
has repair functions that
help to overcome traumas.
In November of 2013, Walker
conducted an experiment
with 34 healthy youths
divided into 2 groups. Every
person from each group saw

150 images at intervals of 12

hours while being observed
with an MRI brain scanner.
The images used in the
experiment
could
be
anything from unusual
items to portrayals of
very
bloody
accidents.

The results showed that,

during the REM
phase,
brain
activity
in
the
amygdala (the part of
the brain responsible for
emotions)
allowed
the
prefrontal cortex to process
and minimize the impact
of the disturbing images.

This
suggests
that,
through sleep, we increase
the skills to overcome
stressful
situations.
Finally, Matthew
found
that there are some areas
of the brain that sleep
while subjects are awake.
His studies show that
neurons are "disconnected"
automatically
when
a
certain level of eort is
reached. Because of that,
people experience moments
when
they
are
more
likely to make mistakes.

The British and the

French occupied their
lands, applied their rules
with force and later on,
the Aboriginals were
forced to be part of the
Canadian community.
Nobody
is
happy
about celebrating their
enemies victory.
There are a lot of festivals
and
celebrations
in
almost every town in
Canada.
25

Some
people
dont
celebrate due to political
reasons or because they
are immigrants and they
dont see Canada as their
own country.
But at least, we know
that most people love
Canada Day because,
like Ice, who is from the
Philippines, said, Its a
day o from work.

Aborigines,
and
sometimes still Indians!)
fought
against
and
alongside the British and
French Empires because
these armed forces were
(and often still are) seen
as the occupying forces
of their lands.
From the late 18th
century on, they were
forced to assimilate to
the colonizers cultures.
24

As a result, Canada Day

is regarded in dierent
ways by dierent people.

Luigi it is not only

a chance to eat
and have fun:
Its a symbol
of freedom;
e v e r y
single

person
in
Canada
s h o u l d
celebrate it
and reflect
on what the
nation oers
to them.

Linda, born in Montreal,

said that she loves
Canada Day because
its a way to spend time
with her family and her
friends.

Of
course,
some Native Canadians
don't enjoy this day due
to dierent reasons.

As most Canadians
do, she usually has a
barbecue and goes to see
the fireworks.

The most common one is

that they don't celebrate
this day because they
see this day as the
anniversary of their
losses.

On the other hand, for

False Friends of the

Translator
By Vasilisa Chernousova

Lets imagine the following

situation: you are a Canadian
woman studying Spanish.
One day, a handsome
Mexican man invites you on
a date to a park. Obviously,
you decide to look as
gorgeous as it could ever be
possible, thats why you put
on your favorite high-heels.
Everything goes perfectly
until
you
accidentally
stumble over a stone and
fall. An awkward situation,
isnt it? You want to say that
you feel a little bit ashamed,

embarrassed. And at this

moment the Spanish word
embarazada
comes
to
your mind. You say, Estoy
embarazada! But what
happens next is that your
new boyfriend becomes
just a little bit shocked.
Congratulations! You are
a victim of a false friend.
But dont worry, its not a
person who let you down,
its just a word. The history of the phenomenon
of false friends begins
with contrastive analysis.

In modern linguistics, the

term contrastive analysis
has been gaining more and
more popularity. According
to dictionaries, a contrastive
analysis (also known as contrastive study and contrastive linguistics) is based on
comparing two languages
while finding their dierences and similarities.
Years ago the main aim of
this study was exploring language genealogies. Nowadays
another
purpose, which is
6 an aid to second-language
acquisition,
has been added and has become the main one.
Dr. Robert Lado, an American expert on studying languages, language testing and
cross-cultural understanding and one of the inventors
of modern contrastive linguistics, has written over 60
books on these topics. In one
of his most popular works,
Linguistics across cultures:
Applied linguistics for lan-

guage teachers, he explains

that "in the comparison
between native and foreign
language lies the key to ease
or diculty in foreign language learning." This statement is a key idea of the
whole contrastive analysis.
An important part of contrastive linguistics is the
study of homonyms,
i.e. words having the
same spelling or
pronunciation
but
dierent meanings
and origins.
For example,
in the English language,
the words male
and mail sound the same,
but their definitions have absolutely nothing in common.
The words bear (an animal)
and bear (to carry) are homonyms. And so are pair (a
couple) and pear (a fruit).
False friend of the translator is a linguistic term related to contrastive study
and the study of homonyms.
These words are the ones

Youre getting
Canada!

old,

By Giulia Piazzalunga
Starting from the end of
June, we usually see the
Maple Leaf flag hung
on dierent buildings in
every Canadian city.This
happens because July 1st
is Canadas birthday.
Better known as Canada
Day, the first of July is the
day on which Canadian
citizens celebrate their
country. You can see
fireworks, join festivals,
wear red & white clothes
and wish your friends
Happy Canada Day!.
This year in Toronto, if
you were at Woodbine
Beach, you could have
seen
the
amazing
fireworks, but if you
were in Dundas Square,
you would have enjoyed
dierent dances from

all over the world and

also the first Living
Canadian Flag in the
city to celebrate the 50th
anniversary of its design.
Back in 1867, the colonies
of New Brunswick, Nova
Scotia and the Province
of Canada (which is now
split into Ontario and
Quebec) combined to
form a dominion named
Canada, controlled by
the British Empire. Only
after its 64th year, in 1931,
the British gave Canada
its independence. But
before this happened, a
lot of wars were fought
in North America.
The first inhabitants
of these lands (called
variously Natives, First
Nations,
Aboriginals,

23

Then, we will see some

advice to recognize a real
review for a product for
example. The first step is
how to spot a fake review.
You need to consider the
length and the tone of
the review. If the review
is very short (4 or 5 lines),
vague and doesnt have
many details about the
product, it may be a fake.
The writer just wants to
aect the overall score
and the star rating.
22

After, its important to

check the review used
emotional
language.
Usually, an objective
review will summarize
and critique the content
or features. You see
then if the reviewer has
written other reviews in a
short period. If he wrote
many reviews in just a
few days, it is probably a
fake.
Last, you need to be
skeptical if the review

admits bias. Especially

if the reviewer noted
that he never tried the
product.
The second step is to
consider and react to the
reviews. It is important
to disregard the highest
and lowest ratings. It is
preferable to read what
people in the middle
say for a more accurate
assessment of the book.
After, you need to think if
the review is thoughtful,
fair and well written.
To
conclude,
when
you do some research
on
reviews
about
something, you really
need to be careful and
try to keep some distance
from the text. Even if you
take all the precautions
possible, the best way is
always to have your own
opinion. Trust yourself!

from dierent languages

that look or sound similar
but have dierent meanings.
People often make such mistakes because of the untrue
associations with their native languages. According
to the Soviet linguist Valeriy
Akulenko, historically, false
friends of the translator are
the result of interlingual connections based on either random coincidences or, mostly
in sister languages, on cognates (words that have a common etymological origin).
For example, the words that
may confuse many people

are the German Gift and the

English gift. Their spelling
and pronunciation are the
same, but if you think that
their meanings are the same
as well, you are wrong. The
first word is defined as poison while the second one is
something given voluntarily. So if a Germanspeaking
man oers you a gift,
think before accepting it.
Other
popular
false
friends
areshown in the chart below.
7

Many people guess that

these mistakes are made
only by inexperienced language learners. Thats not always true. Even professional
translators sometimes cant
see that a particular word is
a false friend. There are several incidents in novels where
the word translated incorrectly changed the meaning

takes that can lead to getting

into embarrassing situations.
There are many resources
on the Internet with lots of
lists of the words to be aware
of. Its very fast and easy.
But if you dont want to
use computer or another
electronic device, you can
look for a dictionary in the

review. For instance,

if you review a movie,
you need to answer
these kinds of questions:
why a film works, how
it works, what it means
and what eects it has
on people. Usually,
they are published in
scholarly journals. Some
famous film critics are
Andre Bazin, Jean-Luc
Godard and Francois
Truaut (all for Cahiers
du Cinema).

reading reviews, but

they evaluate the success
of a book/movie with
their number. A lot of
people used his service,
and he made more than
$12500 in few months.
When this scandal was
revealed, many author
denied or liked Amazon,
the others decided to
remove reviews. It was
not just one, two or
even one hundred but
thousands of reviews.

21
1

of the whole sentence. Fortunately, these faults were

corrected in later editions.
Learning false friends is always a good way to become
more professional in a foreign language and avoid mis-

library or buy it online.

And it might be worth mentioning to your Mexican boyfriend that he is not going to
be a father any time soon (embarazada means pregnant).

A critic needs to be
objective, but how to
be objective if you are
paid to do it? Do you
remember the Amazon
scandal? The website
GettingBookReviews.
com, created by Todd
Rutherford in 2010,
proposed to sell reviews
at $99 each or $499 for
20. In fact, Rutherford
understood a paradox:
in this digital world
where false and true are
mixed, customers stop

Another example is
when you follow some
video game blogs to
know if the new game
is great or not. Its hard
to trust them because
an article show on
The New York Times
that bloggers are paid
between $80 and $200
to write a good review.
In this world, it is really
dicult to know if the
reviewer told the truth
or not.

Fake Reviews and their

Influence on you

Who are we?

By Lucas Oller

By Laure-Anne Cantabella

20
2
0

Can you remember how

many times, when you
want to watch a movie
or buy another book,
you look on the Internet?
You wrote some words,
and you found many
reviews. After a few
minutes, these reviews
helped you to make
your decision. Its not
important what your
final action was, just that
you thought Its ok,
I made my own view
about this. But is it true?
The real question should
be Can online book or
movie reviews really
help you, or is it just a way
to manipulate people
and make money?.
Firstly, a movie or book
review is the analysis

and evaluation of a film

or a book. It is possible
to divide it into 2 parts:
journalistic
criticism
and academic criticism.
Journalistic
criticism
appears regularly in
newspapers or online.
There are some famous
journalist critics, like
James
Agee
(Time
magazine, The Nation),
James
Berardinelli,
Pauline Kael (The New
Yorker) and Michael
Phillips
(Chicago
Tribune). On internet, the
most popular websites
are Box Oce Prophets
and Box Oce Guru.
An academic criticism
explores cinema or books
beyond
journalistic

Since Socrates we have

chosen the way of reason.
And where is our other
partour
instinct,
our
essence? It is locked inside
us. Nobody can be who is for
real. The universal moral
change our nature, and we
became egoistic. Every time,
we want more and more. It is
never enough.

The Nietzschean superman

thinks about all values,
and questions whether a
real truth exists and why
something is good or bad
.We dont need to accept
all values, only think about
them and choose the best
ones or create others. The
world cant adapt us: all
humans are dierent. We
are all idiosyncratic, but we

cant be this because society

does not approve. We are
becoming robots made by
society.
People start to create
dierent characters because
we dont know our essence,
and we became false and
want to show the world what
we arent. Everyone needs to
make an inside journey to
learn about themselves.
One time a person told me
that I didnt know who I was,
so I decided to take a long
10 time searching for an answer
to this question. Who am I?
On my inside search I found
a dierent creature that was
locked inside me. When I
looked into her eyes, I saw
something similar to sadness
or anger. It scared me as I had
never seen anything similar,
so I decided to run away.
Back in the real world,
I started to pay more
attention in people, and in
every person I could saw
something dierent: features
that cant be expressed. I
started to ask myself, Why
cant they express this?

There's a great library on

the way to my house, and I
decided to stop there for a
moment, relax a little and
read some interesting books.
When I was reading, I found
some
interesting
ideas,
like Freud's theories, that
our minds are divided into
three parts: ego, superego
and id. And human will,
which for Schopenhauer is
the most important element
that brought sense to things
and the world, is the union
between body and feelings
that which provides our will
to live. But after Nietzsche's
theories, everything started
to make sense in my mind.
That creature which I saw
inside is only my animal
side, my instinct, maybe
everything that I cant be.
This is wrong. I will free my
other side, and finally I will
be complete.
It is very dicult to find an
answer about who we are,
but we need to try.

the needs of their customers,

even to create a new shortterm need.
People may choose to hit
the road because of its
aordability,
free
from
equipment
and
timeflexibility, or to ease a feeling
of panic about an upcoming
work presentation. In a study
carried out by Southern
Methodist
University
researchers, people had
significantly milder reactions
to stress if they engaged
in regular intense aerobic
exercise.
If there is something you
can complain with jogging,
its perhaps the tedium. To
relieve the routine and make
training enjoyable, various
incentives are oered: joining
a jogging club which may
improve both endurance
and mental health, drawing
by running with GPS route
tracking anywhere you
want, taking selfies and
sharing your achievements
on social media, wearing
professional and fashionable
apparel while stepping out
in public.

Jogging seems to have

evolved into a cool activity
for fitness, recreation and
socializing, and has spread
through
some
human
populations.
Since
the
trend of jogging developed
quickly, once the perception
of novelty is gone, will it fade
away? The latest running
fad from a sporting goods
storebarefoot running
hitting the pavement without
shoes or with
minimal
protection, takes us back
to the beginning of human
running history. If you are a 19
self-proclaimed tech addict,
running on a treadmill while
watching a wide virtualreality screen might be one of
the next options.
Whether we run to hunt
prey as our ancestors did, or
go for a jog to be chased by
something funny, the new
ideas are likely to catch on
and never end. As long as we
still have two legs and adopt
it as lifestyle, the finishing
line of the jogging story is far
ahead of us, isnt it?

a doubt, it has become one of

Vancouvers traditional rites.
Jogging
and
running
activities have taken the
world by storm over the last
30 years. Today there are a
great amount of universal
running races and events
each year. Increasingly,
enthusiasts
fall
over each other
to register on the
Internet to make
the limited quota.
Cities, media, and
large
corporate
18 s p o n s o r s h i p
support
the
activities
for
running
or
jogging around
the
world.
They
attract
real
runners
and
hipsters
by pushing out
sentimental advertisements,
professional fittings, funny
interactive mobile apps and
other novelties, collaborate
to create a tendency.
I was chased by zombies
for 2 months, said Kim,
a 36-year-old Canadian
amateur jogger. She is

talking about a fitness game

for cellphones that can be
used while jogging. To
follow the slogan of this
adventurous program, Run
in the real world, become a
hero in another, users are
encouraged to run to rescue
survivors and defend their
homes, with an imaginative

atmosphere and an 8-week

backstory. As a description
of the user, this just might be
the trick to getting running
regularly. In order to keep
pace with the tendency
of life, tech companies
introduce numerous up-todate gadgets to satisfy all

The Science of Being

Happy
By Elif Su Kulahl
Today everybody is rushing
and doing things that they
have to do to live a happy
life. But I wonder why, even
though everybody is trying hard to achieve something, a few people around
me are really happy and
satisfied with their lives.

one. Because although we

say that money is not important and all you need is love,
we all know that just love is
not enough, just as money
is not enough by itself either. I think that it is about
our perception, what we
want and expect in our lives.

The first thing that comes to

my mind when I think about
the most important factor
for happiness is money as
in the study of psychologist Daniel Kahneman and
economist Angus Deaton.
According to the study, people who have higher income
than the others are happier
and more relaxed in their
lives but if their income is
higher than $75,000 their
happiness depend on other
things. Not to cause a misunderstanding, I mean healthy
life expectancy, social support and so on by saying
money is the most important

According to a report pub- 11

lished by the Sustainable
Development Solutions Network (SDSN), the worlds
happiest country in 2015 is
Switzerland, followed by Iceland, Norway, Denmark and
Canada. The richer a coun-

the host sponsor, the first

run of 1985 in Vancouver
attracted 3,200 participants,

trys economy gets, the happier its community becomes.

But there is an important thing
that shouldnt be ignored.
In a country, all of the people
should have at least similar life standards. If there
is a huge economic gap between the rich and the poor,
it means that most of the
rich are getting their income
from the work of the poor.
It is a thing that the capitalist system has taught us:
You should work hard but
only for yourself, and do
12 everything to get what you
want, even if it means you
should exploit other people.
In such countries, the number of poor people is increasing constantly, and so
is dissatisfaction. Once the
government manages to balance the economy, they can
work on how to improve it. It
is the hardest thing in trying
to make a change: to start. It
is even easier to go on with
that when the ideology you
want to teach passes down
from generation to generation because it is harder to
teach an adult, whose ideas

and incredibly, over 40,000

runners took part in the 2015
running event. Now, without

17

are already formed, than a

child who is ready to learn
everything you tell them.
In countries like Switzerland
and Canada, the main reason
people are happier than in
most other nations is that the
people who live there know
how to handle crisis, such
as in Finland. After they declared their independence,
they faced many hardships,
political and social issues and
shortages, but they strove
even in recent history. Now,
its one of the happiest countries in the world with a good

is one of the largest 10K

running events in the world
and was intended to promote

the benefits of running to

improve health and fitness.
Based on the history from

16

13

economy, and it produces

more agricultural goods than
any other European country.
Henry S. Miller mentions
that there are three dierent
determinants to being happy. The first one is our genetic inheritance, but I think
that the other ones are more
important: the environment
we live in, which includes
our economic situation and
our way of thinking. Many
of us know people who seem
to have everything they want
in life, such as a beautiful
house, lovely children and
Illustration b Ming-Hsien Ting

so on, but when you talk to

them, they dont seem to be
as happy as you thought,
and you wonder why because most of us want similar
things from life, and we think
that, when we get them, we
will live happily ever after.
On the other hand, many are
surprised when they see a person who doesnt have money
or a significant other is really
happy. It is about the education we get from our family
and school. We are taught
that the only way to become
happy is to have a decent

job and find your soulmate.

Some of us have passions
about the other things, like
becoming an artist or travelling the world, but instead
of doing that, we live the
life were told to and wonder what our lives would
have been like if wed followed our dreams. We
should also consider that
these kinds of things happen mostly in countries
which dont have to tackle
shortage and problems that
threaten human life because,
when we get what we want,
14 we want more and more.
People in poor countries can
be happy with few things because they have to deal with
more serious problems such
as hunger and malnutrition.
It is ironic that dissatisfaction is seen more often in
countries that have better life
standards by comparison.
What Im getting at here is
that we shouldnt just focus
on trying to live the life were
told to. We should know
our satisfaction is based on
how we see the world and
how to change our percep-

tion of it. We should also

specify our priorities such
as money and our passions.
First of all we should decide
what we really want and expect. Do we want to build a
good career, travel the world
with a backpack, or just be a
good musician and play at
some place? Only if we can
decide on that, we can focus on the thing we would
like to do. Also we have to
make a decision on which
one to follow: heart or brain.
I wish I could just believe
that everybody can be happy
all the time, but its not going to happen. Being sad and
anxious sometimes is what
makes us human. We can just
learn how to be thankful for
what weve already got and
try to make something for
others to make them happier.
Just as Buddha said: Thousands of candles can be lit
from a single candle, and the
life of the candle will not be
shortened. Happiness never
decreases by being shared.

Running into a Fad

Running
style
was
revolutionized
over
time. The bandwagon is
sweeping underfoot while
you hit the track. Are you
getting set?

By Ming-Hsien Ting

Richard Jeeries, an English

naturalist in the 19th century,
described
"joggers"
as
quickly- moving people who
brushed others aside as they
passed. As suggested in this
classical, even romanticized
explanation,
jogging
is
running at a gentle pace just
like a breeze.

Ignore the naysayers about

the risk of injury to the knees.
Research from Australias
Monash University suggests
that the impact of running
can safeguard your joints
from arthritis. In brief, its
important to know that 15
jogging
can
eectively
prevent potential damage
and can equally help you to
run well and enjoy it.

It became a popular fad

around 1967, and over the
past 20 years, it had been
seen as an important part of
training athletes. According
to the definition of speed
coach Mike Antoniades,
jogging is moving slower
than 10 km per hour.
A statement commonly
heard is that, jogging can
improve heart performance,
blood
circulation
and
maintain a balanced weight.

Fortunately,
challenge
opens the door to everyone,
whether you are a trained
runner or not. On a beautiful
Sunday morning in April,
2015, a day with pleasant
cool weather and the streets
of Vancouver are hot with
excitement. Thousands of
people descended upon
for the Vancouver Sun
Run. Founded by former
Canadian Olympians, it