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In vegetative propagation new plants are produced from different vegetative parts
such as leaves, stems and roots.
A flower may be unisexual with either the male or the female reproductive parts.
A bisexual flower has both the male and the female reproductive parts.
The male gametes are found inside the pollen grains and female gametes
are found in the ovule.
Pollination takes place in plants with the help of wind, water and insects.
Fruit is the mature ovary whereas ovule develops into a seed, which
contains the developing embryo.
Seed dispersal helps the plants to (i) prevent overcrowding, (ii) avoid
competition for sunlight, water and minerals and (iii) invade new habitats.
which animals
reproduction.
Sexual Reproduction
Reproduction resulting from the fusion of male and female gametes is called sexual
reproduction.
The reproductive organs in the female include ovaries, oviducts and uterus.
The reproductive organs in male include testes, sperm ducts and penis.
The ovary produces female gametes called ova and the testes produce male gametes
called sperms.
The fusion of ovum and sperm is called fertilization. The fertilized egg is called a
zygote.
Fertilization that takes place inside the female body is called internal fertilization.
This is observed in human beings and other animals such as hens, cows and dogs.
Fertilization that takes place outside the female body is called external fertilization.
This is observed in frogs, fish, starfish, etc.
The embryo gets embedded in the wall of the uterus for further development.
The stage of the embryo in which all the body parts are identifiable is called foetus.
Animals such as human beings, cows and dogs which give birth to young ones are
called
viviparous animals.
Asexual Reproduction
This
method
of
asexual
reproduction
is
budding.
or the larynx
begins to grow), Reaching Mental, Intellectual
and
called
The onset of puberty and maturity of reproductive parts are controlled by hormones.
Hormones are secretions of endocrine glands which pour them directly into the blood stream.
Pituitary gland secretes hormones which include growth hormone and hormones that make other
glands such as the testes, ovaries, thyroids and adrenals, secrete hormones. Pancreas secretes
insulin, thyroid produces thyroxine and adrenals produce adrenalin.
Testosterone is the male hormone and estrogen, the female hormone. The uterine wall in females
prepares itself to receive the developing fertilised egg. In case there is no fertilization, the
thickened lining of the uterine wall breaks down and goes out of the body along with blood. This is
called menstruation.
Sex of the unborn child depends on whether the zygote has XX or XY chromosomes.
It is important to eat balanced food and maintain personal hygiene during adolescence.