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NGLISH

Grammar
AYAZ LATIF SIYAL
B.Sc (Agri) honos
+92-333-7579719
latifayazsiyal@gmail.com

Special Thanks

INNOVATIVE
STUDENTS ORGANIZATION
www.innovativestudents.jimdo.com
innovativestudentsorg@gmail.com

Preface

English Grammar Made easy is a small


book containing the skills and techniques about using English
grammar in correct way and it is written in simple language
that a new learner can use this book easily.
However, every effort has been made to make this text
appropriate but after all we are humans and there is possibility
of mistakes, errors and omissions
However, I shall be thankful if you point out about such
mistakes and errors for amend in future. Your cooperation,
guidance and abetment will be of very great benefit for me.
All suggestions and comments will be welcomed.
I shall also be ready and available for all such guidance
and advice for the benefit of young generation

Hyderabad
July, 2015

Ayaz Latif Siyal


latifayazsiyal@gmail.com
+92-3337579719

Dedication
To my Mother
Who is the entire Universe for me

Contents
Section A
Grammatical terms
PARTS OF
o
o
o
o
o

A SENTENCE
Sentence
Object
Complement
Clause
Phrase

Parts of speech
o Nouns
o Pronouns
o Adjectives
o Verbs
o Adverbs
o Prepositions
o Conjunctions
o Interjections

Section B
Chart of tenses
o Present
o Past
o Future
Active & Passive Voice
o Basic rules
o Conditional rules
o Non-passive rules
o Extra rules

Section C
Rules regarding Errors in English Grammar
o Agreement between Subject & Verb
o Errors in using tenses

Section A

PARTS OF A SENTENCE
Sentence
A Group of words which gives complete sense.
A Group of words having subject and predicate.

Subject
A word about which something is said.
Example: Bilawal is playing Cricket.

Predict
The part of sentence that, gives information about Subject.
The predicate is all of the sentence except the subject.
Example: The house stands on the hill.

Object
The word or words that; gives the answer of What and Whom.
Example: He watches himself carefully.

Complement
After the verb to be there is no object since the noun which follows refers to the same thing
as that which precedes the verb (the subject). The noun following the verb to be is called
the complement.
Examples: I am a man.

Clause
There are two kinds of clauses: principal (or main) clause, and subordinate (or dependent)
clause.
-Principal Clauses
A group of words which includes a subject and a finite verb and makes a complete
statement.
Examples: I am a man.
- Subordinate Clause
A group of words which includes a finite or non-finite verb but does not make a statement
which stands by itself.
Examples: The house, which stands on the hill, is empty.

Phrase
A phrase is group of words without a verb.
Examples: He went over the sea.

PARTS OF SPEECH
NOUN
Nouns can be thought of as 'names'; they denote things, people, and abstract ideas.
Examples: My name is Bilawal

A common noun is a general name for a person, place, thing, or idea.


Example, theater is a common noun;

A proper noun is the name of a particular one.


Example: English Grammar Made Easy Book

A concrete noun names a thing that can seen, heard, smelled, tasted, or touched.
Example: script and villain

An abstract noun names an idea, feeling, quality, or characteristic.


Example: excitement and dishonesty are abstract nouns.
A collective noun is a word that names a group of people or things, such as crew.

Singular and Plural Nouns


A singular noun names one person, place, thing, or idea.
Example: One student had an interesting suggestion. (Singular nouns)
A plural noun names more than one person, place, thing, or idea.
Example: Several students had interesting suggestions. (Plural nouns)

PRONOUS
A pronoun is used to replace or instead of noun or more nouns.
Example: Bilawal used my pencil; he needs it to write a report.

Types of Pronouns
Personal:
I, me, mine, my / you, your / he, him, his / she, her / we, our, us / they, them, their /
it...
Indefinite
(not specific): all, any, anyone, each, either, everyone, few, many...

Interrogative (
ask questions): what? which? who?, whom?, whose?...
Demonstrative
(point out): this, that, these, those...
Reflexive
(reflect back): myself, yourself, himself, herself, themselves...
Relative
(link dependent clauses): that, which, who, whoever, whom, whose...

ADJECTIVE
An Adjective modifies; or describes the attributes, a noun or pronoun.
Adjectives and adverbs are words you can use to modify, to describe or add meaning to
other words.

VERB
Show an action or say something.
Where there is Verb there is Subject.
State of doing, state of being.
Example: Bilawal is playing Cricket. Bilawal is my friend.

Kinds of verb
1) Helping Verb: Support the main verb.
2) Main verb: backbone of the sentence.

Helping Verb
-Present form:
-Past form:
-Past participle:
-Continuous form:

1st form
2nd form
3rd form
4th form

Main Verb (two kinds)


1) Regular Verb: 2nd 3rd ( d, ed)
Play Played Played Playing
2) Irregular verb: (3 types)
Type A: (1st, 2nd, 3rd) Same
Put-Put-Put

- Write
- Wrote
- Written
- Writing

Type B: (1st, 2nd, 3rd) Different


Good-Batter-Best
Type C: (1st, 2nd, 3rd) any two same
Bring-Brought-Brought

ADVERB
Adverbs can tell us how something is done, when it is done, and where it is done.
The adverb modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. It describes an action verb.
Example: Before next Wednesday, she needed to cash her paycheck.

PREPOSITION
Prepositions are the words that indicate location.

CONJUNCTION
A conjunction is a word or words used to connect sentence parts.
Example: Let's start early in the day before it gets too hot.
There are four kinds of conjunctions:
-coordinating conjunctions
Coordinating conjunctions must connect the same parts of speechtwo or more
nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, prepositions, conjunctions, phrases, or clauses.
-correlative conjunctions
Correlative conjunctions join equal elements (parts of speech or phrases).
-subordinating conjunctions
Subordinating conjunctions introduce adverb clauses and signal the relationship
between the adverb clause and another clause, usually an independent clause.
-conjunctive adverbs
Conjunctive adverbs connect two sentences. They explain how the first sentence
relates to the second.

INTERJUCTION
A word or phrase used to express emotion.
Example: Well, where should we start?

Section B

Chart of tenses
Present
Indefinite:
-Verb: 1st Form
-H/verb:
Do: Plural nouns
Does: Singular nouns

Continuous:
-Verb: 1st form + ing (4th form)
-H/verb:
Is (He, She, It, Singular-noun)
Am (I)
Are (You, They, We, plural-noun)

Perfect:
-Verb: 3rd form
-H/verb:
Has (He, She, It, Singular-noun)
Have (I, We, You, They, plural-noun)

Perfect Continuous:
-Timing
-Verb: 1st form + ing (4th form)
-H/verb:
Has been (He, She, It, Singular-noun)
Have been (I, We, You, They, plural-noun)
Since: exact timing shown
For: exact timing doesnt show.

Past
Indefinite:
-Verb:
Rule1: 2nd form (affirmative only)
Rule2: 1st form (Negative, interrogative, Interro-negative)
-H/verb:
Did: (Negative, interrogative, Interro-negative)

Continuous:
-Verb: 1st form + ing (4th form)
-H/verb:
Was: (He, She, It, Singular-noun)
Were: (I, We, You, They, plural-noun)

Perfect:
-Verb: 3rd form
-H/verb: Had

Perfect Continuous:
-Verb: 1st form + ing (4th form)
-H/verb: Had been

Future
Indefinite:
-Verb: 1st form
-H/verb:
Will:
Shall: I, We

Continuous:
-Verb: 1st form + ing (4th form)
-H/verb:
Will be:
Shall be: I, We

Perfect:
-Verb: 3rd form
-H/verb:
Will have
Shall have: I, We

Perfect Continuous:
-Verb: 1st form + ing (4th form)
-H/verb:
Will have been
Shall have been: I, We

Active & Passive Voice

1)
2)
3)
4)

Basic rules
Conditional rules
Non-passive rules
Extra rules

1) Basic rules:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)

Subject + Verb + Object Object + Verb + Subject


Always use 3rd form.
Use word by
Subject change
Object; Singular H/verb Singular
Object; Singular H/verb Plural

2) Conditional rules:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)

if 4th form of Main verb use being


if 3rd form of main verb use been
if 2nd form of main verb use was/were
if 1st form of main verb use Is/Am/Are
if 1st form + modules use be

3) Non-Passive rules:
a) Be + verb 4th form
b) Been + verb 4th form
c) If interrogative verb

4) Extra rules:
a) If negative (sub + H/verb + not) (Object + H/verb + not)
b) If interrogative (H/verb + Sub . . . ) (H/verb + Object . . .)
c) If double interrogative (I/word + H/verb + sub . . .) (I/word + H/verb + object .
. .)
d) If double interrogative Who
Who is playing cricket? By whom cricket is being played?
e) If double interrogative What
What is he writing? What is being written by him?
f) If 2 objects ( Direct, Indirect ) Any Object can be use
g) If 2 objects ( Direct, Direct ) Both are used
h) If modifier Always use in last
i) If no object Some thing are used
j) If no Subject (A/V P/V ) Someone is used

Section C

Rules regarding Errors in English Grammar


Agreement between Subject & Verb

Rule 1:
Collective noun: When a collective noun is used collectively verb should be Singular,
but when it is
Used for its members the verb should be plural.

Rule 2:
Neither...Nor, Either...Or, Not only...but also:
- Neither he nor I am to go.
- Either he or his brothers are to be palmed.

Rule 3:
When two nouns or pronouns are joined by as well as:
Verb should agree with the first noun or pronoun.
- I as well as he am promoted

Rule 4:
A lot of: When this phrase is used for a quantity of a thing, Singular verb is used but
when it is used for numbers, Plural verb is used
- A lot of sugar is wasted.
- A lot of suggestions are given.

Rule 5:
Everyone, Anyone, Each one are Followed by a singular verb.
- Each one is given notice.

Rule 6:
One of this phrase taken a singular verb:
- One of the boys is injured.

Rule 7:
Many is followed by a singular verb.
- Many a flower is born to die.

Rule 8:
A pair is taken a singular verb:
- A pair of shoes is lost.

Errors in using tenses


Rule1:
We always use present indefinite tense when we are referring to universal truth:
- He said that Earth revolves round the Sun.

Rule2:
Any action which regularly or habitually done. Is written in Present Indefinite tense:
- He always tells lies
- He generally meets him
- I often meet him.

Rule3:
Double Will is not used in the Sentences:
- I will meet you when you come back.

Rule4:
If the action is in present we make use of Present Continuous tense:
- I am going just now.
- He is coming to meet you.

Rule5:
When action continues for some time, perfect continuous tense is used.
- He has been working since morning.
- He has been playing for two hours.

Rule6:
If many things are done at same time, same verb is used:
- I came, I saw,

Rule7:
Past tense must be followed by past tense unless it is a universal truth.

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