Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Thats going to be a lot of tests. As an alternative, I have found that, with or without a microscope, much of the first
or second pass testing can also be done by amateurs at home. Here's how.
Gear and Setup Needed for a First-Pass Shortcut Garlic Slab Test
Assuming a microscope or a smartphone with zoomable camera is handy, gather a single-sided razor blade or ultra
fine knife, chlorine-free water (not tap water from a municipal system, but rather either distilled, pretty sure most
bottled waters should be okay, spring water, or untreated household well water), some ordinary drugstore 3%
strength hydrogen peroxide, and some small pieces of clear flat glass.
Choose among the most suspicious-looking heads of garlicsay three or four of themand after breaking out the
cloves and taking a look inside past the clove skins, select one of the sorrier-looking cloves from each head. As I
did much of my testing in November and December 2015 on hardneck garlic that was harvested in late July or early
August that same year, I can report that the prime suspects in cloves aged four months since harvest will be the
ones that by then feature significant areas of light-brown-darkened, seemingly translucent flesh, found to extend
well inward upon slicing, and often more highly concentrated toward the growing tip end. The bad color subtly
distinguishes itself from a healthier cloves opaque brightness, which is really more the shade of vanilla ice cream
than straight white. Not all that diagnostic are discrete patches of dried brown flesh, mostly limited to the surface of
the clove, which I believe is fairly common evidence of some prior, larger scale wound. On the other hand, for
seriously brown-darkened and withered cloves, there are likely to be nematode carcasses and egg stages in there
by the thousands, butfour months after harvestits possible that very few of these will be still alive or active in
order to convincingly help tell the tale, especially without a microscope.
While its not strictly necessary to peel each of these sample cloves (and viewers can see from my video stills that I
didnt always bother to do so), Im going to recommend peeling in order to help fend off the possibility of reaching a
false positivedue to finding representatives of some other nematode species that were simply riding in some dirt
on the clove skin, head cover skin, or roots. We are identifying Garlic Bloat Nematodes here not because we know
precisely what they look like (which we dont, compared to the colossal universe of cousin nematode species out
there, 24/7/365, munching away in every corner of this world), but simply because of the food matter they had to
have come out of.
clove in any orientation. Arrange these thin garlic slab samples on the clear flat glass. Soak with drops of chlorinefree water, and then, counter-intuitively, add drops of 3% hydrogen peroxide. The now somewhat further diluted
H2O2 should spread all over the tops of the garlic slabs and eventually get underneath, possibly even floating each
piece a bit on the bubbly liquid. I had good luck letting it bubble away for about 10, 20, or 30 minutes before moving
on to the next step.
(Ordinarily, hydrogen peroxide is considered to be a worthy disinfectant, and I have often used it on skin wounds
pleased to experience the visual feedback loop of all that foaming goodness, and convinced by the folklore of my
upbringing that thats the Bad Stuff getting crucified, or something. Now Im not so sure, having personally
witnessed Garlic Bloat Nematodes energetically swimming with seeming joy in shallow pools of this suddenly
oxygenated environment.)
After maybe 20 minutes, towel off some of the
excess fluid, especially from the undersides of the
glass slides, and get ready to take a look. With
access to a microscope, one can go directly to town
with these samples, paying particular attention to
the perimeter of each garlic slab, where a moat of
peroxide bubbles gives way to areas of clear,
relatively flat fluid. Without a microscope, there are
two views to check using a zoomable smartphone
camerathe first with the garlic slabs still sitting on
the glass, and the second after getting the garlic out
of the way.
Setup for Using a Smartphone with a Zoomable
Camera
Without a microscope, one must jerry-rig some kind
of moveable kitchen counter platform with a black
background placed directly underneath the glass
slidemaybe black construction paper, maybe
black cloth, maybe something mostly flat in black
ceramic, or possibly even black plastic. This black
background platform should be high enough up off a
counter so that the glass slide will sit about 3 inches
below, say, a cabinet shelf. That shelf will be where
a smartphone with a zoomable camera can be laid
down and kept steady, aiming downward, with the
lens sticking out over the shelf edge.
My setup for a microscope-less situation was an
iPhone 5 looking down from a kitchen cabinet shelf
upon my glass slide, perched atop the bottom of an
overturned black coffee mug (held up at about the
right height by an overturned, standing flashlight).
Sometimes, I used a piece of black construction paper as the backdrop. One key element shows subtly in some of
my slideshow stills from the video: Ignoring the camera flash necessary for taking these photos, note that most of
the light on the sample slide is coming from behind and from very slightly above. This was due to the
happenstance of my having under-counter fluorescent tube lights. But, if thats not available, one can get by with a
flashlight aimed sideways at the sample in a darkened room.
Im not going to be able to supply smartphone camera operation tips here for every possible model, but let me just
recap what I did: 1) Again, this is an iPhone 5, which is currently one or several generations back, depending on
how the count should go; 2) Poking around online, Im so far unable to ascertain the power of the iPhone 5s zoom,
but its probably just a digital crop thing (at maybe 5X?), not a true optical zoom that actually gains better resolution;
3) I havent run out (yet) and bought any external stick-on macro or zoom lens attachments to further enhance my
view, but I have been sorely tempted by the ever-increasing variety of third-party offerings and by the ever-dropping
prices; and 4) Once zoomed in, there was a learning curve to figure out how to force the camera to find and lock
itself in on focal and exposure settings that were just right for revealing the nematodes against a black backdrop.
Again, the perimeter of every bubbly garlic slab is the place to start looking. Theres not enough magnification to be
certain of distinguishing a handful of dead or dormant nematodes from all the other possible filaments that might be
suspended and glowing in this light. But spotting a large number of suspicious, unmoving filaments could count as
a positive test resultfrom a colony that may have eaten itself into rot and ruin. Better yet is finding even just a
single live nematode. If there happen to be any there, swimming in the clear, that will be a thunderbolt to most
garlic growers, answering a lot of questions about past losses, and setting the stage for future struggles against this
now-known pest.
I have foundeven with the bubbly garlic slabs still obscuring most of the actual action hiding on the slidethat a
microscope will have no trouble showing a number of nematodes writhing partly under the ring of peroxide bubbles.
With just a fully zoomed smartphone camera to work with, however, there might be only 1-3 live nematodes (out of
100-300 actually present) that have, for some reason, swum off on their own, well into the dark zonefar enough
away from the bubbles and that delicious schmear of garlic juice to be unquestionably clear while viewing the action
live through a smartphones display.
The best precaution against missing any swimmers is to briefly slide around the chunks of garlic, then remove
them, and look again. That can be like taking the hat off of Hades. To eliminate any further doubt, make a short
video of the scene and then replay it later on a desktop computer, full screen.
sieve up out of the way temporarily, and collect a full suction's worth of liquid from the very bottom of the
bowl. Again, both live and dead nematodes are known to be heavier than water and to therefore wind up more
highly concentrated at the bottom.
Though its better to wait a bit to let any nematodes resettle after the tsunami caused by our sample collection,
theres little to be lost in going directly with droplets to a fresh glass slide for a microscope or smartphone test. If
theres no there there at first, our chances of detecting any nematodes can be easily improved in follow-up looks.
Between tests, prop up the filled-up suction tool with the opening at the bottom, so theres more time for the
nematodes to swim and sink in a direction thats convenient for our purposesto the drip point of our suction
device. I have found that the number of swimmers can increase even 10 minutes later, and the numbers even
seem to drop from higher to lower between the first and last droplets separately placed in a series onto the slide.
Note also that this is just a first try after giving any prospective, especially ambitious nematodes only a short time to
exit their garlic waterfront condos and make it all the way down to the bottom of the little kitchen swimming pool
weve set up for them. Thats probably equivalent to impatiently expecting a human scuba diver to swim down
1,000 feet in the ocean in just 20 minutes. So, hours or even a day or so later, flush out the suction device and
return for a fresh sample from the very bottom of the bowl, left sitting underneath the perched sieve of soaking
garlic. The odds of reaching a result to be sure of improve with every checkeither the joy of seeing absolutely no
nematodes, or the heartache of finding even just one of them. If testing goes on for some time, and the peroxide
bubbles look like theyre dying down, add some more.
issue for garlic eaters. These nematodes are incapable of surviving cooking, and are not adapted to live through
the process of human digestion of even raw-eaten cloves. Even if they did survive, theyre not built to feed on
animal flesh.
Instead, GBN is a thorny issue for all future production. Like venereal diseases, Garlic Bloat Nematode may be at
the point of an outbreak among garlic growers partly because these members of the unsegmented roundworm
grouping are assisted both by human behavior and by the very nature of their niche. Garlic has been for hundreds
of human generations grown exclusively from fleshy cloves naturally cloned from the mother plant (rather than from
tiny, sexually reproduced, true botanical seed, which can be cultivated from some garlic varieties only with great
difficultly, though this is now increasingly available among plant breeding hobbyists). There just happens to be lots
of comfy, cozy, wet, flavorful, energy-laden, possibly even frost-resistant room inside all of those cloves, allowing
thousands of nematodes to simply hang out in just the right place until humans do them the solid of re-planting in
the Fallpossibly right smack dab within next Springs smorgasbord of previously uninfected ground. Or they
might wind up traveling hundreds or thousands of miles across state or national lines to a brand new free lunch
spot. We garlic enthusiasts do enjoy buying, selling, and swapping new varieties, but there has not been enough
thought given to this plants inherent dangers in engaging in such trafficking.
Few welcome the trouble and expense of another lab test to protect ourselves before planting out every new
acquisition, but Im hoping many more garlic buffs can learn to do their own checking.
All agree that there is no absolutely reliable negative test result for GBN, and I certainly dont claim to have rolled
back that limitation. Even if Cornell or some other professional lab issues a negative result, all that means is that
their specialists couldnt find any nematodes in that sample using their methods (which, to be fair, are known to be
the best-possible means of detection). But all it takes is one male and one female, lurking somewhere within the
flesh of a planted clove, and all bets are off in future years for the health of even a garlic patch newly installed on
virgin ground, and all seed stock reared from that patch.
Somewhere I read that this nematodes tendency to make itself a pest against allium crops has been the subject of
Northeastern U.S. academic reportage since at least the 1930s, but back then it was primarily the onion farmers
who were suffering. The onion guys broke the cycle by transitioning to new soil and then sowing their crop from
tiny, pest-free, true botanical seed, rather than keeping down the path of ruin by continuing to plant cloned onion
sets. For garlic growers, it will not be as easy or as low cost to transition everybodys grow-out away from the
traditional, cloned seed and toward true seed sources (which will actually, more precisely, most likely, be
implemented as clones grown out over several generations in a lab or greenhouse setting and then to virgin soil
but all of it originating from first-year true seed gene stock). Many of the old, cherished, named varieties might be
abandoned in favor of a range of newly created, newly named FMOs (Farmer Modified Organisms), but that could
be where were headed.