Lab Manual - Physics PDF

BANNARI AMMAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
SATHYAMANGALAM 638 401

DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICAL SCIENCES
LAB MANUAL
15O102
ENGINEERING PHYSICS LABORATORY

S1 B.E./B.Tech. (Common to all Branches)
Year of Release: 2015
BANNARI AMMAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

SATHYAMANGALAM 638 401
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
LAB MANUAL
15O102
ENGINEERING PHYSICS LABORATORY

S1 B.E./B.Tech. (Common to all Branches)
Prepared by
Approved by
Mr. J. Vivekanandan
Dr. N. Pongali Sathyaprabu
Mr. A. Mahudeswaran
Dr. K. Sadasivam
Year of Release: 2015
Department of Physical Sciences, Bannari Amman Institute of Technology, Sathyamangalam
R 2015: 15O102: Engineering Physics Laboratory

List of Experiments as per the syllabus
1.
Determine the moment of inertia of the disc and calculate the rigidity modulus of a
given wire using torsion pendulum (symmetrical masses method).
2.
Find the elevation of the given wooden beam at the midpoint by loading at the ends
and hence calculate the Youngs modulus of the material.
3.
Find the depression at the midpoint of the given wooden beam for 50g, 100 g, 150 g,
200 g and 250 g subjected to non-uniform bending and determine the Youngs
modulus of the material of the beam.
4.
Determine the coefficient of viscosity of the given liquid by Poiseulles method.
5.
Form the interference fringes from the air wedge setup and calculate the thickness of
the given wire.
6.
By applying the principle of diffraction, determine the wavelength of given laser and
the average particle size of lycopodium powder using laser source.
7.
Determine the
(i) wavelength of ultrasonics in a liquid medium,
(ii) velocity of ultrasonic waves in the given liquid
(iii) compressibility of the given liquid using ultrasonic interferometer.
List of experiments
S. No.
Experiment
Page No.
Rigidity Modulus - Torsion Pendulum
Youngs Modulus - Uniform Bending
16
Youngs Modulus - Non-uniform Bending
26
Coefficient of Viscosity -Poiseuilles Method
36
Thickness of a Thin Wire - Air Wedge
44
Wavelength of Laser and Particle Size Diode LASER
52
Adiabatic Compressibility Ultrasonic Interferometer
62
Torsional Pendulum
(without masses)
Torsional Pendulum
(with masses at d1
close to the axis)
Torsional Pendulum
(with masses at d2
away from the axis)
Figure 1.1 Torsional Pendulum
Rigidity Modulus - Torsional Pendulum

Expt. No. :
Date:
AIM
To find the moment of inertia of the disc and the rigidity modulus of the material of the
suspension wire subjected to torsional oscillations.
GENERAL OBJECTIVE
To assess the shear elastic behavior of a given material using torsional pendulum
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
1. To measure the time period of the torsional pendulum
2. To calculate the moment of inertia of the disc
3. To measure the radius of the wire using screw gauge
4. To determine the rigidity modulus of the wire using the formula
APPARATUS REQUIRED
Metallic disc
Brass/steel wire
Symmetrical masses
Stop clock
Metre scale
Screw gauge
Stand
FORMULA
1. Moment of inertia of the disc
T02
I 2m(d d ) 2
(T2 T12 )
2
2
2
1
(kg m2)
TABLE I
L
T02
To find 2 and 2
(T2 T12 )
TO
Length of
Distance
the
between
S.No suspension
the masses
wire L
(10-2m)
(10-2m)
53.4
72.8
Time for 10 oscillations(s)

Trial I
Trial II
Mean
Period
T
(s)
No mass
65
63
64
T0 = 6.4
d1 = 2.5
66
64
65
T1 = 6.5
d2 = 5.5
70
70
70
T2 = 7.0
No mass
75
77
76
T0 = 7.6
d1 = 2.5
77
79
78
T1 = 7.8
d2 = 5.5
82
84
83
T2 = 8.3
Mean
L / T02
10-2
(m/s2 )
T02
-----------( T22 - T12 )
1.3037
6.0682
1.2604
7.1752
L
-2
2
2 = 1.2821 10 m/s
TO
T02
Mean
= 6.6217
(T22 T12 )
2. Rigidity modulus of the material of the wire
8I L
r 4 T02
Symbol
(N/m2)
Explanation
Unit
kg m2
Moment of inertia of the disc
Value of one of the two masses placed on the disc
kg
d1
Closest distance between the center of mass and the wire
d2
Farthest distance between the center of mass and the wire
T0
Time period without any mass placed on the disc
T1
Time period when two masses are placed at a distance d1
T2
Time period when two masses are placed at a distance d2
rigidity modulus of the material of the suspension wire
length of the suspension wire
radius of the suspension wire
N/m2
PREREQUISITE KNOWLEDGE
1. Torsional oscillation
It is the periodic oscillation produced by twisting the wire
2. Torsional pendulum
A body suspended from a rigid support by means of a thin elastic wire is called a
torsional pendulum
3. Rigidity modulus
Rigidity modulus is defined as ratio of shearing stress to shearing strain
4. Moment of Inertia
It is a measure of a bodys tendency to resist the angular acceleration
5. Torque
The product of moment of inertia and angular acceleration (or) the rate of change of
angular momentum
LEAST COUNT FOR SCREW GAUGE
Least Count (LC) =

Pitch =
LC =
Pitch
Number of head scale divisions
5 mm
Distance moved
=
= 1mm
Number of rotations given
5
1 mm
100
= 0.01mm
TABLE - II
To measure the radius of the wire (r) using screw gauge
Zero Error (ZE) : 10 division
1.
Pitch Scale
Reading
PSR
( 10-3 m)
0
Head Scale
Coincidence
HSC
(divisions)
47
2.
3.
Zero Correction (ZC) : 0 .10 mm
Observed Reading
OR = PSR + ( HSC LC )
(10-3 m)
Correct Reading
CR = OR ZC
( 10-3 m)
0.47
0.57
46
0.46
0.56
47
0.47
0.57
4.
47
0.47
0.57
5.
46
0.46
0.56
S. No.
Mean diameter (d)
= 0.566 10-3 m
Radius (r = d/2)
= 0.283 10-3 m
PROCEDURE
1. One end of the material of the wire is clamped using a vertical chuck. A metallic disc
is attached to the other end of the wire.
2. The length of the suspension wire is fixed to a particular value. The disc is slightly
twisted so that the disc executes torsional oscillations.
3. The time taken for ten oscillations is noted using a stop clock. Two trials are taken for
each length. The mean time period T0 is found.
4. Now two equal masses are placed on either side of the center of the disc close to the
suspension wire.
5. The closest distance d1 from the center of the mass to the center of the suspension
wire is found.
6. Now the disc is made to execute torsional oscillations. The time taken for 10
oscillations is measured and the time period T1 is calculated.
7. Now the two equal masses are placed at the edges of the disc. The farthest distance d 2
from the center of the mass to the center of the suspension wire is found.
8. Now the disc is made to execute torsional oscillations. The procedure is repeated and
the time period T2 is calculated.
9. The radius of the wire(r) is found using a screw gauge.
10
OBSERVATION
Value of one of the masses placed on the disc
50 10-3 kg
The closest distance between the suspension wire

d1 =
2.5 10-2 m
and the center of the mass
d2 =
5.5 10-2 m
Radius of the suspension wire
and the center of the mass

The farthest distance between the suspension wire
Mean value of
L/T02 =
Mean value of
T02 /( T22 - T12) =
0.283 10-3 m
1.282 10-2 m/s2
6.621
CALCULATION
Moment of inertia of the disc
T02
I 2m(d d ) 2
(T2 T12 )
2
2
2
1
kg m2
11
RESULT
The moment of inertia of the disc
I = 1.5810-3 kg m2
The rigidity modulus of the material of the given wire
n = 7.97 10 10 N/m2
APPLICATIONS
Torsional pendulum clocks, shafts in automobiles
VIVA VOCE QUESTIONS
1. Why is it called torsion pendulum?
2. What happens to the period of oscillation when the length of suspension wire is
decreased?
3. Define moment of inertia.
4. If the radius of the wire is doubled, what happens to the moment of inertia?
5. Is it possible to determine the rigidity modulus other than solids?
STIMULATING QUESTIONS
1. Why is a hollow shaft stronger than a solid shaft of same mass and material?
2. Identify the role of moment of inertia of the clothes from the beginning to end of
cycle in washing machine
12
Rigidity modulus of the material of the wire
8I L
r 4 T02
N/m2
13
14
Figure 2.1 Youngs modulus- Uniform bending
Figure 2.2 Model Graph
15
Youngs Modulus - Uniform Bending

Expt. No. :
Date:
AIM
To find the Youngs modulus of the given material of the beam by uniform bending.
GENERAL OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the elastic behavior of the given wooden beam by pin and microscope
experimental method and to find its Youngs modulus
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
1. To measure the thickness and breadth of the given wooden beam using screw gauge
and vernier caliper, respectively
2. To determine the elevation of the given wooden beam loaded on both ends by
uniform bending method
3. To find the slope from the graph drawn between the load versus elevation
4. To calculate the Youngs modulus of the wooden beam from the mean elevation and
slope obtained from table and graph, respectively
5. To analyze the elastic behavior of the given wooden beam from the results obtained
APPARATUS REQUIRED
Wooden beam
Weight hanger with slotted weights
Knife edges
Travelling microscope
Vernier caliper
Screw gauge
Metre scale
16

Least Count (LC) =
Pitch =
LC =
Pitch
5 mm
Distance moved
=
= 1mm
5
1 mm
100
= 0.01mm
TABLE I
To determine the thickness (d) of the beam using screw gauge
Zero Error (ZE) : 12 divisions

Pitch Scale
Reading
PSR
10-3 m
Head Scale
Coincidence
HSC
divisions
Observed Reading
OR = PSR + ( HSC LC )
(10-3 m)
Correct Reading
CR = OR ZC
( 10-3 m)
79
5.79
5.91
45
5.45
5.57
54
5.54
5.66
61
5.61
5.73
74
5.74
5.86
S. No.
Mean (d) = 5.746 x10-3 m
17
FORMULA
Youngs modulus of the material of the beam
3MgaL2
Y
2sbd 3
(N/m2)
Symbol
Explanation
Unit
Load applied
kg
Distance between the knife edges
Distance between the load and the nearest knife edge
Acceleration due to gravity
Breadth of the beam
Thickness of the beam
Elevation produced for M kg load
Unit
N/m2
N/m2
m /s2
Equivalent Units
kg m s-2
-1
1 Pa
1. Elastic materials
Materials which can completely regain their original condition of shape and size on
removal of deforming forces are said to be elastic
2. Plastic materials
Materials which retain the deformed nature even after the removal of deforming
forces are said to be plastic
3. Hookes law
Within the elastic limit, the stress is directly proportional to the strain
18
LEAST COUNT FOR VERNIER CALIPER

Least Count (LC)
= Value of 1 Main Scale Division (MSD)/ Number of

divisions in the vernier
10 MSD
= 1 cm
Value of 1 MSD
= 1/10 cm = 0.1 cm
Number of divisions in the vernier
= 10
LC
= 0.1/ 10 = 0.01 cm
TABLE - II
To determine the breadth (b) of the beam using vernier caliper
LC = 0.01 cm
S. No.
Zero Error (ZE): Nil
Main Scale
Reading
MSR
(10-2
m)
Zero Correction (ZC): Nil
Vernier Scale
Coincidence
VSC
OR = MSR + (VSC LC)
(divisions)
(10-2 m)
Observed Reading
Correct
Reading
CR = OR ZC
(10-2 m)
2.9
2.93
2.93
2.9
2.95
2.95
2.9
2.94
2.94
2.9
2.92
2.92
2.9
2.96
2.96
Mean (b) = 2.94 x 10-2 m
19
PROCEDURE
1. The given beam is supported on two knife edges separated by a distance L.
A pin is fixed vertically at the mid-point.
2. Two weight hangers are suspended, one each on either side of the knife edges so that
their distances from the nearer knife edge are equal. The beam is brought to the
elastic mood by loading and unloading it several times.
3. With the dead load W, the pin is focused through microscope. The microscope is
adjusted so that the horizontal crosswire coincides with the tip of the pin. The
microscope reading is taken.
4. The load is changed in steps of 0.05 kg and in each case the microscope reading is
taken during loading and unloading. The readings are tabulated. The elevation at the
mid-point for M kg is calculated.
5. The distance between the knife edges (L) is measured using a metre scale. The
breadth (b) and thickness (d) of the beam are found using vernier caliper and screw
gauge, respectively.
20
LEAST COUNT FOR TRAVELLING MICROSCOPE

Least Count (LC)

20 MSD
= 1 cm
Value of 1 MSD
= 1/20cm = 0.05 cm
= 50
LC
= 0.05/50= 0.001 cm
TABLE -III
To find elevations
*TR= MSR + (VSC LC)
LC = 0.001 cm
Load
M
(10-3 kg)
Microscope reading
Loading
Unloading
MSR
( 10-2 m )
VSC
(div)
TR
( 10-2 m )
MSR
( 10-2m )
VSC
(div)
TR
( 10-2 m )
7.6
7.608
7.6
7.604
Mean
( 10-2 m )
Elevation
s for M
kg
( 10-2 m )
7.606
0.059
W + 50
7.65
19
7.669
7.65
10
7.660
7.665
0.042
W + 100
7.70
7.709
7.70
7.705
7.707
0.054
W + 150
7.75
13
7.763
7.75
7.759
7.761
W+ 200
7.80
10
7.810
7.80
10
7.810
7.810
0.049
Mean (s) = 0.051 10-2 m
*Note: Total Reading (TR) = Main Scale Reading (MSR) + (VSC LC)
21
RESULT
The Youngs modulus of the material of the given beam Y = 0.826 1010 N/m2
APPLICATIONS
AFM probe, wings of air craft, helicopter rotator, marine fittings, designing of bridges,
bicycle frames and wind mill turbine blades
VIVA VOCE QUESTIONS
1. What is the effect of temperature on elastic modulii?
2. Which dimension among breadth, thickness and length has significant role in
Youngs modulus? Why?
3. How do you ensure in your experiment that the elastic limit is not exceeded?
4. What kind of elasticity is observed in (a) suspension bridge (b) an automobile tyre?
1. Bridges are declared as unsafe after long use. Reason out.
2. Which one is more elastic, foam or steel? Justify your answer.
22
OBSERVATION
Mass for the elevation
M =
50 10-3 kg
Distance between the two knife edges
L =
80 10-2 m
g =
9.8 m / s2
Breadth of the beam
b =
2.94 10-2 m
d =
5.764 10-3 m
Elevation produced for M kg of load
0.051 10-2 m
Distance between one of the knife edges and the

adjacent weight hanger
a =
5 10-2 m
CALCULATION
3MgaL2
Y
2sbd 3
(N/m2)
23
24
Figure 3.1 Youngs modulus - Non-uniform bending
Figure 3.2 Model Graph
25
Youngs Modulus - Non-uniform Bending

Expt. No. :
Date:
AIM
To find the Youngs modulus of the given material of the beam by non-uniform bending.
GENERAL OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the elastic behavior of the given wooden beam by pin and microscope
experimental method and to find its Youngs modulus
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
1. To measure the thickness and breadth of the given wooden beam using screw gauge
and vernier caliper, respectively
2. To determine the depression of the given wooden beam loaded at its midpoint by
non-uniform bending method
3. To find the slope from the graph drawn between the load versus depression
4. To calculate the Youngs modulus of the wooden beam from the mean depression
and slope obtained from table and graph, respectively
5. To analyze the elastic behavior of the given wooden beam from the results obtained
APPARATUS REQUIRED
Wooden beam
Weight hanger with slotted weights
Knife edges
Vernier caliper
Screw gauge
Metre scale
26

Least Count (LC) =
Pitch
LC
Pitch
5 mm
Distance moved
=
= 1mm
5
1 mm
= 0.01mm
100
TABLE -I
To determine the thickness (d) of the beam using screw gauge
Zero Error (ZE) : 12 div
Pitch Scale
Reading
PSR
( 10-3 m)
Head Scale
Coincidence
HSC
(div)
Observed Reading
OR = PSR + ( HSCLC )
(10-3 m)
Correct Reading
CR = OR ZC
( 10-3 m)
79
5.79
5.91
45
5.45
5.57
54
5.54
5.66
61
5.61
5.73
74
5.74
5.86
S. No.
Mean (d) = 5.746 x10-3 m
27
FORMULA
MgL3
Y
4sbd 3
Symbol
(N/m2)
Explanation
Unit
Load applied
kg
Distance between the knife edges
Breadth of the beam
Depression produced for M kg load
Unit
N/m2
N/m2
m /s2
Equivalent Units
kg m s-2
1Pa
-1
1. Stress
Stress is a dimension quantity defined as force per unit area.
2. Strain
Strain is the relative change in shape or size of an object due to externally applied
forces. It is dimensionless quantity and has no units.
3. Youngs modulus
Youngs modulus is defined as the ratio between linear stress and linear strain.
28
LEAST COUNT FOR VERNIER CALIPER

Least Count (LC)

10 MSD
= 1 cm
Value of 1 MSD
= 1/10 cm = 0.1 cm
= 10
LC
= 0.1/ 10 = 0.01 cm
TABLE-II
To determine the breadth (b) of the beam using vernier caliper
LC = 0.01 cm
Zero error (ZE) : Nil
Zero Correction (ZC): Nil
S. No.
Main Scale
Reading
MSR
(10-2 m)
Vernier Scale
Coincidence
VSC
(divisions)
Observed Reading
OR =MSR + (VSCLC)
(10-2 m)
Correct Reading
CR = OR ZC
(10-2 m)
2.7
2.73
2.73
2.7
2.75
2.75
2.7
2.74
2.74
2.7
2.72
2.72
2.7
2.76
2.76
Mean (b) = 2.7410-2 m
29
4. Uniform and non-uniform bending

In uniform bending, the beam is elevated due to load, and non-uniform bending, the
beam is depressed due to load.
In uniform bending, every element of the beam is bent with the same radius of
curvature whereas in non-uniform bending, the radius of curvature is not the same for
all the elements in the beam.
PROCEDURE
1. The given beam is supported on two knife edges separated by a distance L.
A pin is fixed vertically at the mid-point. A weight hanger is suspended at the midpoint of the beam. The beam is brought to the elastic mood by loading and unloading
it several times.
2. With the dead load W, the pin is focused through microscope. The microscope is
adjusted so that the horizontal crosswire coincides with the tip of the pin. The
microscope reading is taken.
3. The load is changed in steps of 0.05 kg and in each case the microscope reading is
taken during loading and unloading. The readings are tabulated. The depression at the
mid-point for M kg is calculated.
4. The distance between the knife edges (L) is measured using a metre scale. The
breadth (b) and thickness (d) of the beam are found using vernier caliper and screw
gauge, respectively.
30

Least Count (LC)

20 MSD
= 1 cm
Value of 1 MSD
= 1/20cm = 0.05 cm
= 50
LC
= 0.05/50= 0.001 cm
TABLE -III
To find depressions
*TR= MSR + (VSC LC)
LC = 0.001 cm
Load
M
(10-3 kg)
Microscope reading
Loading
Unloading
MSR
( 10-2 m )
VSC
(div)
TR
( 10-2 m )
MSR
( 10-2m )
VSC
(div)
TR
( 10-2 m )
6.80
6.806
6.80
6.806
Mean
( 10-2 m )
Depression
s for M
kg
( 10-2 m )
6.806
0.107
W + 50
6.70
14
6.714
6.65
34
6684
6.699
0.09
W + 100
6.60
28
6.628
6.55
40
6.590
6.609
0.092
W + 150
6.50
40
6.540
6.45
44
6.494
6.517
W+ 200
6.35
36
6.386
6.35
36
6.386
6.386
0.131
Mean (s) = 0.105 10-2 m
31
RESULT
The Youngs modulus of the material of the given beam
Y = 1.149 x 1010 N/m2
APPLICATIONS
AFM probe, wings of air craft, helicopter rotator, marine fittings, designing of bridges,
bicycle frames and wind mill turbine blades.
VIVA VOCE QUESTIONS
1. Define elastic limit.
2. When a beam is loaded at its midpoint, it is then said to be under non-uniform

bending. Why?
3. Differentiate between elasticity and plasticity.
4. Give the significance of neutral axis.
32
OBSERVATION
Mass for the depression
M =
50 10-3 kg
Distance between the two knife edges
L =
80 10-2 m
g =
9.8 m / s2
Breadth of the beam
b =
2.74 10-2 m
d =
5.746 10-3 m
Depression produced for M kg of load
s =
0.105 10-2 m
CALCULATION
Youngs Modulus of the material of the beam
MgL3
Y
4sbd 3
(N/m2)
33
1. What happens to the Youngs modulus of the material if its dimension is
increased?
2. Defense force is not allowed to do march past on the bridges. Reason out
3. Load vs depression plots for copper and steel are given. Which material is
stiffer? Justify.
34
Figure 4.1 Experimental arrangement of Poiseuilles Method
Figure 4.2 Calculation of radius of the capillary tube
35
Viscosity of a Liquid -Poiseuilles Method

Expt. No:
Date:
AIM
To determine the coefficient of viscosity of the given liquid by Poiseuilles method.
GENERAL OBJECTIVE
To assess the viscous behavior of the given liquid by Poiseuilles method
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
1. To determine the driving height of the liquid level
2. To find the time taken for the uniform flow of given volume of the liquid
3. To measure the internal radius of the capillary tube
4. To calculate the coefficient of viscosity of the given liquid using the formula
APPARATUS REQUIRED
Burette
Rubber tube
Capillary tube
Pinch cock
Traveling microscope
Stop clock
Metre scale
Beaker
36
TABLE - I
To find time of flow (t) and height
Burette reading
(10-6 m3 )
Time taken (s)
Height of burette reading from the

table
H (10-2 m)
85
10
28
75
20
64
65
30
105
55
40
159
45
50
235
35
TABLE - II
To find ht
The height of the axis of the capillary tube from the table (h0) = 11 10-2m
S. No.
Volume of the liquid

(10-6 m3 )
Time of
flow
t (s)
h1
(10-2 m)
h2
(10-2 m)
h=[(h1+h2 )/ 2]-h0
(10-2 m)
ht
(10-2 ms )
0 10
28
85
75
69
1932
10 20
36
75
65
59
2124
20 30
41
65
55
49
2009
30 40
54
55
45
39
2106
40 50
76
45
35
29
2204
Mean ht = 207510-2 ms
37
FORMULA
Coefficient of viscosity of the given liquid
Symbol
gr 4 (ht)
8LV
(Nsm-2)
Explanation
Unit
Density of the given liquid
kg m-3
ms-2
Internal radius of the capillary tube
Length of the capillary tube
Driving height of the liquid
Time taken for the flow of liquid
Volume of the liquid collected
m3
1. Streamline flow
It is defined as the flow of a fluid in which velocity is constant or varies in a regular
manner.
2. Shear stress
It is defined as the force applied parallel to the liquid layer surface per unit area.
3. Velocity gradient
The difference in velocity between adjacent layers of the fluid is known as a velocity
gradient.
4. Density
It is defined as the mass of the liquid per unit volume.
38

Least Count (LC)

20 MSD
= 1 cm
Value of 1 MSD
= 1/20cm = 0.05 cm
= 50
LC
= 0.05/50= 0.001 cm
TABLE - III
To find the internal radius of the capillary tube
*TR= MSR + (VSC LC)
LC = 0.001 cm
Microscope Reading
Position
Left
R1
MSR
10-2m
VSC
(div)
TR
10-2m
9.5
30
9.53
Diameter
(2r) = R1 R2
10-2m
0.10
Right
R2
9.6
30
9.63
Top
R1
12.9
40
12.94
0.10
Bottom
R2
13
40
13.04
Mean diameter (2r) = 0.10 10-2 m

Radius
(r) = 0.05 10-2 m
39
5. Coefficient of viscosity
It is defined as the ratio of applied shear stress to velocity gradient in a fluid flow.
PROCEDURE
1. The burette is fixed vertically in the stand and filled fully with the liquid for which
the viscosity is to be measured.
2. At the lower end of the burette, a capillary tube is attached using a rubber tube.
3. The capillary tube is placed on a table such that the tube is in horizontal position.
This arrangement allows the liquid to flow freely through the capillary tube
without the influence of gravity.
4. The knob in the bottom of the burette is opened and the water is allowed to drain
through the capillary tube. When the liquid level reaches zero mark level, the stop
clock is started
5. The time taken to reach 10, 20,..50 cc is noted. Then the time interval for each
10 cc, namely 0-10, 10-20, ., 40-50 is found and tabulated. The height (H)
of each marking namely 0, 10----50 cc is measured from the table. Also the height
(h0) of the axis of the capillary tube from the table is found. Then the actual height
of each marking is obtained using the relation (H h0)
6. The driving height h = [(h1+h2)/2]-h0 for every 10 cc namely 0-10, 20-30---40-50
is calculated by taking the height of initial marking as h1and final marking as h2
for each range.
7. The mean value of (ht/V) is calculated. The diameter of the capillary tube is
measured using a travelling microscope and then radius (r = diameter/2) is
calculated from it.
8. Substituting the values in the given formula, the coefficient of viscosity can be
calculated.
40
OBSERVATION
1000 kg m-3
g =
9.8 m/s2
Inner radius of the capillary tube
r =
0.05 10-2 m
Length of the capillary tube
L =
35 10-2 m
Volume of the liquid
V =
10 10-6 m3
Mean value of
ht =
2075 10-2 ms
CALCULATION
Coefficient of viscosity of the given liquid
gr 4 (ht)
8LV
(Nsm-2)
41
RESULT
The co-efficient of viscosity of the given liquid = 1.4 10-3 Nsm-2
APPLICATIONS
Flow rates of liquids in pipes, selection of proper lubricant oils, paper coating processes,
atomization of fuel oils to droplets in boilers for efficient burning, smooth application of
paints in walls and flow behavior of adhesives.
VIVA VOCE QUESTIONS
1. Define co-efficient of viscosity.
2. Point out the fluids having viscosity less than and greater than that of water.
3. Comment the various factors that affect co-efficient of viscosity.
4. Why is viscous force dissipative?
5. Compare streamline flow with turbulent flow.
1. The inter molecular forces in oil are less than water but still the viscosity of oil is
more than water. Justify.
2. If the temperature increases, the viscosity of liquid decreases whereas the viscosity of
gases increases. Comment.
42
Figure 5.1 Air wedge arrangement
Figure 5.2 Fringe pattern
43
Thickness of a Thin Wire Air Wedge

Expt. No. :
Date:
AIM
To calculate the thickness of a thin wire by forming interference fringes using an air wedge
arrangement.
GENERAL OBJECTIVE
To measure the thickness of a given thin wire by air wedge method
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
1. To form an interference pattern between two glass plates using air wedge setup
2. To calculate the band width of the interference pattern from the microscope readings
3. To measure the length of the air wedge using a scale
4. To determine the thickness of a given material using formula
APPARATUS REQUIRED
Optically plane glass plates
A thin wire
Sodium vapour lamp
Reading lens
Scale
44

Least Count (LC)

20 MSD
= 1 cm
Value of 1 MSD
= 1/20 cm = 0.05 cm
= 50
LC
= 0.05/50= 0.001 cm
TABLE - I
To determine the fringe width ( )
*TR= MSR + (VSC LC)
LC = 0.001 cm
Microscope reading
Order of
Fringes
MSR
(10-2 m)
VC
(div)
TR
(10-2 m)
13.0
14
13.014
n+5
12.85
23
12.873
n+10
12.7
12
12.712
n+15
12.55
29
12.579
n+20
12.4
24
12.424
n+25
12.25
15
12.265
n+30
12.15
13
12.163
n+35
12.0
30
12.030
n+40
11.9
32
11.932
Width for 5 fringes

(10-2 m)
Fringe width
(10-2 m)
0.141
0.028
0.161
0.032
0.133
0.026
0.155
0.031
0.159
0.032
0.102
0.020
0.133
0.026
0.098
0.019
Mean () = 0.02910-2 m
45
FORMULA
Thickness of the given wire
t
L/2 (m)
Symbol
Explanation
Unit
thickness of the given wire
distance between the tied end and the thin wire
wavelength of sodium vapor light
fringe width
1. Air wedge
A wedge shaped air film enclosed between two plane glass plates.
2. Interference
When two light waves from different coherent sources meet together, the distribution
of energy due to one wave is disturbed by the other. This modification in the
distribution of light energy due to superposition of two light waves is called
"Interference".
3. Fringe width
The distance between any two consecutive bright or dark bands is called fringe width.
4. Constructive and destructive interference
When the crests or troughs of two interfering waves meet, constructive interferences
are formed.
When the crest of one wave meets the trough of another wave, destructive
interferences are formed.
PROCEDURE
1. Two optically plane glass plates are placed one over the other and tied at one end.
The given wire is introduced near the other end, so that an air wedge is formed.
46
OBSERVATION
Length of the air wedge
L = 5.7x 10-2 m
Wavelength of the sodium light
= 5893 x 1010 m
Band width
= 0.029 x 10-2 m
CALCULATION
Thickness of the given wire
t = L/2 (m)
47
2. The distance between the wire and the tied end (L) is measured using a scale.
3. Light from a sodium vapour lamp is incident on a plane glass plate inclined at 45 to
the horizontal.
4. The reflected light from the plane glass plate is incident normally on the optically
plane glass plates forming the air wedge and reflected back.
5. The reflected light from the air-wedge is viewed through the eye-piece of a
microscope. The microscope is moved up and down and adjusted for clear
interference fringes of alternate dark and bright.
6. The microscope is fixed so that the vertical cross-wire coincides with the dark band
(say nth band) and the reading is noted.
7. The microscope is moved across the fringes and readings are noted when the vertical
cross-wire coincides with the (n+5)th, (n+10)th.. dark bands.
8. The observed readings are tabulated and the band width () is calculated.
9. The thickness of the given wire/thin-sheet is calculated using the formula.
RESULT
The thickness of a thin wire using air wedge method (t) = 5.79 x 10-5 m
APPLICATIONS
Testing the flatness of a plane surface, measuring the thickness of a thin material
48
49
VIVA VOCE QUESTIONS

1. What is monochromatic light? Give an example.
2. What is the condition for the occurrence of interference phenomenon?
3. When the length of the air-wedge is increased, what happens to the fringe width?
4. Why the glass plate used in the pathway of the light source should be inclined exactly
at 45?
5. Bright and dark fringes are formed alternatively in interference pattern. Justify.
6. What happens to the fringe width, if the thickness of the material is increased?
7. Why do we get straight line fringes in an air wedge?
1. Can we use the polychromatic light instead of monochromatic light in air wedge
method?
2. Is there any loss of energy in interference phenomenon?
50
Figure 6.1 Determination of wavelength
Figure 6.2 Particle size determination by LASER
51
Wavelength of Laser and Particle Size Diode LASER

Expt. No.:
Date:
AIM
To calculate the wavelength of the given laser using grating and particle size of the given
lycopodium powder using laser diffraction method.
GENERAL OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the wavelength of the laser using a grating and to find the particle size of
lycopodium powder
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
1. To obtain diffraction spots on the screen using grating and the laser source
2. To measure the distance between centre spot and first order spot by varying the
distance between the grating and screen
3. To find the angle of diffraction (sin ) using the formula
4. To calculate the wavelength of laser source using the formula
5. To obtain diffraction pattern of lycopodium powder using laser source
6. To measure the radius of the first and second order rings for various screenglass
plate distances and calculate the particle size

APPARATUS REQUIRED
Laser source
Glass plate with lycopodium powder
Grating
Stand
Screen
Metre scale
52
TABLE - I
To determine the wavelength of the given laser
S. No.
Distance between the

grating and the centre spot
AB
(10-2m)

centre spot and first
order spot
BC
(10-2m)

first order spot (BC)
and the grating slit
AC= (AB2+BC2)
(10-2m)
14
15.23
0.38
6.5
15.1
16.44
0.39
16.3
17.73
0.39
17.4
19.15
0.41
8.5
18.5
20.36
0.41
Sin =
BC/ AC
Mean sin = 0.39
53
FORMULA
Wavelength of the given laser
sin
mN
(m)
Particle size a of the given powder
1.22mD
r
Symbol
(m)
Explanation
Unit
Wavelength of the laser light
Number of lines per metre length of the given grating
Particle size of the given powder
Order of diffraction
Distance between the screen and the glass plate
Radius of the ring
Angle of diffraction
m
lines/ m
m
no unit
degree
1. LASER
It is an acronym of Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation.
2. Properties of LASER
High intensity
Directionality
Monochromaticity
Coherence
3. Diffraction
Bending of light around the edges of an obstacle
54
TABLE - II
To determine the particle size a
Order
m
Distance between screen

and glass plate
D (10-2 m)
1
2
1
2
21
26.4
1
2
28.5
Radius of the
ring
r
(10-2 m)
Particle
size
a (m )
1.7
9.79510-6
3.6
9.25110-6
6.91810-6
4.7
8.90810-6
2.4
9.41610-6
9.04010-6
Mean (a) = 8.98 10-6m
55
4. Optical grating
It is a glass plate consisting of alternate ruling and slit
5. Pythagoras theorem
It states that the square of the hypotenuse (the side opposite the right angle) is equal
to the sum of the squares of the other two sides
PROCEDURE
I. To determine the wavelength of the given laser source
1. An optical grating of known N value is fixed on the grating mount that is placed on a
wooden stand.
2. Laser beam from the given semiconductor laser source is made to fall normally on the
fixed grating.
3. Now, the grating diffracts laser beam. A screen is kept on the other side of the grating
to obtain the diffraction spots.
4. The distance between the grating and screen (AB) is fixed.
5. The distance between the centre spot and first order diffraction spot (BC) on either
side of the screen is measured.
6. The above procedure is repeated for different values of AB.
7. The distance between the diffracting slit and the first order diffraction spot is
calculated using AC=(AB2+BC2)
8. From the values of BC and AC, sin is calculated and the mean value is found.
9. The wavelength of the laser is calculated using the formula.
II. To determine the particle size of the given powder
1. The lycopodium powder dispersed in a transparent thin glass plate is kept vertically
using a stand in between the laser source and screen.
2. The laser beam incident on the glass plate undergoes diffraction by the particles.
56
OBSERVATION
Number of lines per metre in the given grating N = 6 x 105 lines/ m
Order of the diffraction
m=1
CALCULATION
1. Wavelength of the given laser
sin
mN
(m)
57
3. By adjusting the distance of the glass plate from the screen, a clear concentric ring
pattern is obtained. The ring pattern is due to the diffraction of the laser light by the
powder particles.
4. The centre of the ring pattern is marked on the screen. The radius of the first order
ring (m = 1) is measured and the measurement can be made for other orders
(m = 2, 3, 4,.) also.
5. The readings are taken for different values of D (distance between screen and glass
plate).
RESULT
1. Wavelength of the laser
2.
The average particle size of the given powder
= 6506 x 10-10 m
a = 8.898 x 10-6 m
APPLICATIONS
Photography (3D view-Hologram), Medicine (treatment of a detached retina), Computer
(Printers), Meteorology (laser interferometer to measure length), Weapons (LIDAR - Light
Detection and Ranging), Industry (To weld or melt the materials)
VIVA VOCE QUESTIONS
1. Define coherence.
2. Identify two types of coherence.
3. Can we use X-rays instead of laser source in this experiment?
58
2. Particle size of the given lycopodium powder
1.22mD
r
(m)
59
4. List six applications of LASER.
5. Why do we get rings in the particle size determination instead of spots?
6. Is there any other method to measure the particle size?
1. Can we use the sodium vapour lamp as a source to measure particle size?
2. While increasing the distance between the screen and glass plate, what happens to
the particle size?
60
Figure 7.1 Ultrasonic Interferometer
Figure 7.2 Maxima and minima in the ammeter reading
61
Adiabatic Compressibility Ultrasonic Interferometer

Expt. No.:
Date:
AIM
To find the compressibility of the given liquid using ultrasonic interferometer
GENERAL OBJECTIVE
To study the compressibility of the liquid by measuring the wavelength and velocity of
ultrasonic waves in the liquid using ultrasonic interferometer
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
1. To generate high frequency ultrasonic waves in the liquid using piezoelectric
oscillator
2. To form standing waves between quartz crystal and reflector plate
3. To measure the distance d between two successive maxima or minima
4. To find the wavelength and velocity of the ultrasonic waves in the liquid
5. To evaluate the compressibility of the liquid from the formula
APPARATUS REQUIRED
Ultrasonic interferometer
Sample liquid (Water/Kerosene)
High frequency generator
FORMULA
1. Wavelength of the ultrasonic wave
= 2d (m)
2. Velocity of ultrasonic waves in a given liquid
= f (m/s)
3. Compressibility of the liquid
(m2/N)
62
TABLE I
To calculate d
Least Count (LC)
= 0.01 mm
Frequency of the ultrasonic waves
= 2 106 Hz
TR = PSR + (HSC LC)
Micrometer reading for n

maximum deflections
Order of
maxima
or
minima
PSR
(10-3 m)
HSC
(div)
TR
(10-3 m)
1.
4.73
0.315
2.
n+5
1.5
1.58
4.72
0.314
3.
n+10
3.0
15
3.15
4.73
0.315
4.
n+15
4.5
23
4.73
4.75
0.316
5.
n+20
6.0
30
6.30
4.77
0.318
6.
n+25
7.5
38
7.88
4.66
0.310
7.
n+30
9.0
48
9.48
4.62
0.308
8.
n+35
11
11.07
4.61
0.307
9.
n+40
12.5
12.54
10.
n+45
14
10
14.10
11.
n+50
15.5
18
15.68
S. No.
(n+15)th reading
nth reading) = 15 d
(10-3 m)
d
-3
(10 m)
Mean d = 0.313 x 10-3 m
63
Symbol
Explanation
Unit
Wavelength of the stationary ultrasonic wave
Distance between two successive maxima or minima
Velocity of ultrasonic wave
m/s
Frequency of the ultrasonic wave
Hz
kg/m3
Adiabatic compressibility of the given liquid
m2/N
1. Ultrasonic waves
Ultrasonic waves are the sound waves of frequency above audible range (i.e.)
above 20000 Hz.
2. Properties of ultrasonic waves
highly energetic
travel through long distances
undergo reflection, refraction and absorption similar to ordinary sound waves
produce stationary wave pattern in liquids of suitable dimension and behave as
an acoustical grating
generate heat in materials for a longer time of exposure
3. Ultrasonic interferometer
An ultrasonic interferometer is a simple and NDT device to determine the
ultrasonic velocity in liquids with a high degree of accuracy.
4. Standing wave
It is a wave in a medium in which each point on the axis of the wave has an
associated constant amplitude.
5. Adiabatic compressibility
Compressibility is a measure of the relative volume change of a fluid or solid as a
response to a pressure (or mean stress) change.
64
CALCULATION
1. Wavelength of the ultrasonic wave
= 2d
(m)
2. Velocity of ultrasonic waves in a given liquid

=f
(m/s)
3. Compressibility of the liquid
(m2/N)
65
PROCEDURE
1. Ultrasonic interferometer is used to determine the velocity of ultrasonic waves in
liquids. It consists of a high frequency generator and a measuring cell.
2. The high frequency generator is used to excite the quartz crystal fixed at the bottom
of the measuring cell. The measuring cell is a double walled cell to maintain the
temperature of the cell at a constant value.
3. The measuring cell is connected to a high frequency generator. The cell is filled with
the given liquid and the frequency of the generator is set at a desired value.
4. Then ultrasonic waves are reflected back from the movable plate, and standing waves
are formed between the quartz crystal and the reflector plate.
5. The micrometer screw is moved till the anode current reaches maximum.
Microammeter readings are noted for n number of maxima / minima.
6. The distance d between two successive maxima and minima is obtained from the
readings taken.
7. The wavelength of the ultrasound is calculated using the d value and hence the
velocity of the ultrasonic wave can be calculated using the known frequency.
8. The compressibility of the given liquid is determined by knowing the density of the
given liquid.
66
67
RESULT
1. The wavelength of ultrasonic wave is
= 0.626 x 10-3 m
2. The velocity of ultrasonic waves in the given liquid

medium is
3. The adiabatic compressibility of the given liquid
= 1255.6 m/s
= 7.323 x 10-10 m2/N
APPLICATIONS
Detection of flaws in metals, SONAR for detection of submarines, iceberg and other objects
in ocean, soldering and metal cutting, diagnostics applications such as detection of tumors
and defects in human body, ultrasonic cleaner and humidifier.
VIVA VOCE QUESTIONS

1. Why ultrasonic waves are not audible to humans?
2. Are ultrasonic waves electromagnetic waves? Comment.
3. Define acoustic grating.
4. List two methods to produce ultrasonic waves.
5. Name two technological importance of measuring the velocity and adiabatic
compressibility of liquids.
1. How do bats locate the prey and objects?
2. Recognize how dolphins communicate with each other.
3. Can we calculate adiabatic compressibility for a solid?
68
69

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BANNARI AMMAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

SATHYAMANGALAM 638 401

ENGINEERING PHYSICS LABORATORY

Year of Release: 2015

BANNARI AMMAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

ENGINEERING PHYSICS LABORATORY

Year of Release: 2015

Department of Physical Sciences, Bannari Amman Institute of Technology, Sathyamangalam

R 2015: 15O102: Engineering Physics Laboratory

Determine the coefficient of viscosity of the given liquid by Poiseulles method.

Department of Physical Sciences, Bannari Amman Institute of Technology, Sathyamangalam

Rigidity Modulus - Torsion Pendulum

Youngs Modulus - Uniform Bending

Youngs Modulus - Non-uniform Bending

Coefficient of Viscosity -Poiseuilles Method

Thickness of a Thin Wire - Air Wedge

Wavelength of Laser and Particle Size Diode LASER

Adiabatic Compressibility Ultrasonic Interferometer

Department of Physical Sciences, Bannari Amman Institute of Technology, Sathyamangalam

Figure 1.1 Torsional Pendulum

Department of Physical Sciences, Bannari Amman Institute of Technology, Sathyamangalam

Rigidity Modulus - Torsional Pendulum

Department of Physical Sciences, Bannari Amman Institute of Technology, Sathyamangalam

Time for 10 oscillations(s)

Department of Physical Sciences, Bannari Amman Institute of Technology, Sathyamangalam

2. Rigidity modulus of the material of the wire

Moment of inertia of the disc

Value of one of the two masses placed on the disc

Closest distance between the center of mass and the wire

Farthest distance between the center of mass and the wire

Time period without any mass placed on the disc

Time period when two masses are placed at a distance d1

Time period when two masses are placed at a distance d2

rigidity modulus of the material of the suspension wire

length of the suspension wire

radius of the suspension wire

Department of Physical Sciences, Bannari Amman Institute of Technology, Sathyamangalam

LEAST COUNT FOR SCREW GAUGE

Least Count (LC) =

Zero Correction (ZC) : 0 .10 mm

Mean diameter (d)

Department of Physical Sciences, Bannari Amman Institute of Technology, Sathyamangalam

Department of Physical Sciences, Bannari Amman Institute of Technology, Sathyamangalam

The closest distance between the suspension wire

and the center of the mass

Radius of the suspension wire

and the center of the mass

T02 /( T22 - T12) =

Department of Physical Sciences, Bannari Amman Institute of Technology, Sathyamangalam

The rigidity modulus of the material of the given wire

3. Define moment of inertia.

5. Is it possible to determine the rigidity modulus other than solids?

Department of Physical Sciences, Bannari Amman Institute of Technology, Sathyamangalam

Rigidity modulus of the material of the wire

Department of Physical Sciences, Bannari Amman Institute of Technology, Sathyamangalam

Department of Physical Sciences, Bannari Amman Institute of Technology, Sathyamangalam

Figure 2.1 Youngs modulus- Uniform bending

Figure 2.2 Model Graph

Department of Physical Sciences, Bannari Amman Institute of Technology, Sathyamangalam

Youngs Modulus - Uniform Bending

Department of Physical Sciences, Bannari Amman Institute of Technology, Sathyamangalam

LEAST COUNT FOR SCREW GAUGE