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unit1

word

explanation

torackup

toacquirealototsth

toponyup

topayforsthpayasumofmoney

tocoughup

topayforsthwhinyouprefernotto

toputup
totap
tozeroout
topursue
toputadamperonsth
fee
rental

toprovidealargesumofmoneyforsth
touseallthemoneythatisavailable
reducetozero/cancel/remove
tocarryout/follow
tomakepeoplelessenthusiastic
anamountpaidforprofessionalservices
moneypaidforuseofaproperty

fixtures

pieceofequipmentfixedinsideabuilding

royalty

sumpaidtothefranchiser

rebate

amountofmoneyreturnedwhenyouhavepaidtoomuch

franchise

licencetotradeusingabrandname

collateral

guaranteeforthepaymentoftheloan

startup

firststagestageinfinancinganewproject

return

amountofprofitmadefromaninvestment

saturation
lofty
mode
toadhere

situationwherethemarketcannotexpandanymore
impressivelyhigh
particularwayofdoingsth
tofollowtherulesstrictly

unit2
word
emergingmarkets

linkage
conglomerate

extractiveindustry

intermediategoods

crossborder
greenfieldinvestment

explanation
maketsofcountriesthatarejuststartingtohave
influenceintrade
conectssystemstoworktogether
alargeorgconsistingofseveraldifferent
companiesjoinedbycontract
thatobtainsitsmaterialsbydrilling,miningfrom
underground
goodsthatarepartiallyprocessedbutarenot
finished
organizationsin2ormorecountries
directinvestmentinnewfacilitiesinvolvingabig
financialrisk

foreigndirectinvestment(FDI) longterminvestmentbyaforeigndirectinvestorin
anenterpriseresidinginaneconomyotherthenthat
inwhichtheforeigndirectinvestorisbased.
verticalFDI

horisontalFDI

withanindustryabroadthatprovides
inputs/distribution/furtherprocessingfortheproduct
ofbuyersdomesticbusiness
withacompanyabroadthatdoesthesame
businessasthebuyer.

downstreamoperation

relatingtooperationonwhichotheroprations
dependorthathappenbeforeotheroperations

upstreamoperation

relatingtooperationthathappensafteranother
operation

unit5
word
protectionism
disruption

explanation
protectingproducersinthehomecountryfrominternational
competetorsbybanningimports/creatingquotas
preventionfromworkinginanormalway

sweatedlabour
foothold
tariff
quota
demise
complacement
dire

asecurepositionthatprovidesabaseforfurtheradvancement
taxtopayforimporting/exportinggoods
fixedamountofsththatcanenteracountry
endofactivity/existence/termination
calmlysatisfiedwithonesself
terrible/dreadfull

toretaliate

repayaninjurywithasimilar1

tooutmode

tocausesthtobecomeabsolete

stateoftheart

technicallyadvancedaspossible

tobackfire

toproduceunexpectedandunwantedresult

advocate

personwhospeaksinfavorofacause

dumping

sellingproductscheaplyinanexportmarket

tosowtheseeds
unanimously
vehemently
virtually
sweatedlabour

todosththatwillhavenegativeeffectsinthefuture
sharingthesameopinionsasother/s
passionately
ineveryimportantaspect
peoplewhoworkveryhardforverylowpay

unit8
word

explanation

directtax

paiddirectlytothegovernmentfromtheincomeofindividualsand
companies

incometax

paidbyindividualsontheirwagesandsalaries

capitalgainstax(CGT)

paidonprofitmadefromsaleofstocks,bonds,preciousmetal
nadproperty

capitaltransfertax/deathduty paidoninheritedmoney/property
/inheritancetax/estatetax
corporationtax

paidoncompaysprofits

nationalinsurance

taxthatfundssocialsecurityunemployment,sickpay

indirecttax

onproducedgoodsandservices

valueaddedtax(VAT)/
consumptiontax

addedintheeachstageofproduction(excludingpreviouslyadded
taxesfromcalculation)andfinallypaidbytheconsumer

salestaxes

addedtotheretailpriceofgoodsbyretailers

excisetax/excisedutie/sin
tax/repressivetax

oncertaingoodslikealcoholandcigaretts

customduties/tariffs

chargedonimportedgoods

progressiveincometax(direct peoplewithhigherincomespayahigherrate
tax)
marginalrate

thatseparatespeoplewhodo/dontpayadditionaltax

regressivetaxes(indirect)

peoplewithhigherincomespayalowerrate

proportionaltaxes

imposedonafixrate

incometaxliability

anamountofincometaxthathastobepaid

taxburden/liability

anamountoftaxthatyouhavetopay

taxavoidance

usinglegalmethodstominimasetaxburden

taxshelters

investmentsthatcanpostponetaxpayment

taxdecutibles

donationsetcthatdecreasetheincomeliabletotaxations

taxevasion/dodge

illegalmethodtoreducethetaxburden

taxhavens

smallcountrieswhereincometaxesforforeigncompaniesarelow

itemizeddeduction

alistofdecustionsfromataxableincome

anexpencethatissubstractedfromgrossincome

deduction
capitalgains

moneyyoumakefromstocks,bonds

expences

costofgeneratingincome

amountofmoneyreturnedwhenyoupaytoomuch

refund
garnishment

3.partywitholdsyourwagestopayoffyourdebttoathirdparty

deduction

expencethatcanbesubstractedfromgrossincome

paidonhousesownedetc..

propertytax
taxbracket

categoryoftaxpayersdefinedbyhowmuchmoneytheymake
releasinginfoonyourtaxestoathirdparty

disclousure
exempt

nothavingtopaytaxes

disagreementabouthowmuchtaxesyouhavetopay

taxdispute

unit12
word

explanation

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