Project

In

Advanced
Algebra
Diomyka C. Damgo
IV-A

Mr. Reynaldo F.
Sumil
Polynomial Functions
1. f (x) = x 3 -2x 2 - 5x + 6 has roots at x = { -2, 1, 3} . Sketch the function by predicting its end
behavior and testing the value of the function at x-values between the roots.

2. How many variations are in the function f (x) = x 6 -6x 4 +2x 2 + 2x - 7 ?

Answer: Three. You just count how many times the sign changes.
3. How many positive and negative real roots might the function f (x) = 2x 3 -3x 2 - 4x + 1 have?
Answer: f (x) has two variations, so it may have two or zero positive roots. f (- x) has
one variation, so it has one negative root.
4. What are the possible rational roots of f (x) = x 3 -4x 2 + 3x - 6 ? Use Descartes' Rule of
Signs and the Rational Root Theorem.
Answer: Descartes' Rule of Signs indicates that there are either three or one positive
real roots, and no negative real roots. The Rational Root Theorem indicates that the
possible rational roots are 1 , 2 , 3 , and 6 . Knowing that there are no negative
roots, the possible rational roots are 1 , 2 , 3 , and 6 .
5. Find all real roots of x 3 +

x 2 - 4x - 2 .
Answer: x = { -2, -

, 2} .

6. Find all real roots of x 4 +5x 3 - 15x + 9 .

Answer: x = { -3, 1, -3.7912, 0.7912}
7. A factory has started to produce cars for 10 months. Its monthly production can be mapped
by the function P = 0.001(-t4+15t3-166t2+1380t+96000), where P is measured in thousands

of cars and t is the number of months since the factory started car production. During which
months did the factory produce 100 thousand cars?
Solution: Solve the equation 100 = 0.001(-t4+15t3-166t2+1380t+96000) to get 100000 =
-t4+15t3-166t2+1380t+96000 and 0 = -t4+15t3-166t2+1380t-4000. Graphing this with a
calculator, we can see that the real zeros of this function are at 5 and 8.
8. Tom has started to collected game cards for 12 months. His monthly collection can be
mapped by the function G = -t4+13t3-43t2+13t+48, where G is the number of game cards and
t is the number of months since he started the collection. During which months did Tom
collect 90 game cards?
Solution: Solve the equation 90 = -t4+13t3-43t2+13t+48 to get 0 = -t4+13t3-43t2+13t-42.
Graphing this with a calculator, we can see that the real zeros of this function are at 6
and 7.
9. Show that all real roots of the equation

lie between - 4

and 4.
Solution: In other words, we need to show that - 4 is a lower bound and 4 is an upper
bound for real roots of the given equation.
Checking the Lower Bound: Lets apply synthetic division with - 4 and see if we get
alternating signs:

Note how c = -4 < 0 AND the successive signs in the bottom row of our synthetic division
alternate. - 4 is a lower bound for the real roots of this equation.
Checking the Upper Bound: Lets apply synthetic division with 4 and see if we get all
positive:

Note how c = 4 > 0 AND the all of the signs in the bottom row of our synthetic division
are positive. 4 is an upper bound for the real roots of this equation. Since - 4 is a lower
bound and 4 is an upper bound for the real roots of the equation, then that means all real
roots of the equation lie between - 4 and 4.
10. Consider P(x) = x2 + 5x + 6. Find the zeros.
Solution: The zero of the polynomial can be obtained by equating P(x) to 0
x2 + 5x + 6 = 0
(x + 3)(x + 5)=0
x + 3 = 0 (or) x + 5 = 0
x = -3 , -5

11.

12. P(x) = x3 + 5x2 - 4x -20 = (x2(x + 5) 4 (x + 5)) = (x + 5)(x2 - 4) = (x + 5)(x + 2)(x - 2)

Solution:The zero of the polynomial can be obtained by equating P(x) to 0
P(x) = 0
x3 + 5x2 - 4x -20 = 0
(x2(x + 5) - 4 (x + 5)) = 0
(x + 5)(x2-4)= 0
(x + 5)(x + 2)(x - 2) = 0
x + 5 = 0, x + 2 = 0, x - 2 = 0
x = -5, -2, 2
13. Solve the polynomial F(x) = x2 + x + 3

14. Write an equation of the polynomial function of degree 3 which has zeros of 1, 2 and 3.
Solution: Now, for finding the original form of polynomial, multiplying all these above terms,
we get
(x - 1)(x - 2)(x - 3) = 0
x3 - 6x2 + 11x - 6 = 0
Consider the polynomial, P(x) = x3 - 23 x2 + 142 x - 120. As we cannot factorise this by grouping,
let us list the possible factors of 120.
Factors of 120 are , 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 15 20, 24, 30, 40, 60, 120,
Let us plug in the above values one by one,
P(1) =13 - 23 (12) + 142 (1) - 120 = 1 - 23 + 142 - 120 = 143 - 143 = 0
(x - 1) is one of the factor of the above polynomial.
Applying synthetic division,

Hence the Quotient = q(x) = x2 - 22x + 120

= x2 - 12 x - 10 x - (12 x 10) =
x(x - 12) - 10(x - 12 ) [ factorizing by grouping ]
12)(x - 10)
Hence the factorized form of the polynomial P(x) is,
P(x) = (x - 1) (x - 12)(x - 10)
The zero of the polynomial can be obtained by equating P(x) to 0
P(x) = (x - 1) (x - 12)(x - 10)
x - 1 = 0, x - 12 = 0, x - 10 = 0
x = 1, 12, 10
The zeros of the given cubic polynomial are 1,10 and 12.
15.

16.

17.

= (x -

18.

Shannon, a cabinetmaker, started out with a block of wood, and then she hollowed out
the center of the block. The dimensions of the block and the cutout is shown below.
19.

Identity Equations
20.

21.

22.

24.

Determine
algebraically

whether f(x)
=

3x2
+4
is even, odd, or neither.
ANSWER:
If I graph this, I will see that this is "symmetric about the y-axis"; in other words,
whatever the graph is doing on one side of the y-axis is mirrored on the other
side:
This mirroring about the axis is a hallmark of even functions.
Note also that all the exponents are even (the exponent on the constant term
being zero: 4x0 = 4 1 = 4).
So I'll plug x in for x, and simplify:
f(x) = 3(x)2 + 4 = 3(x2) + 4 = 3x2 + 4
My final expression is the same thing I'd started with, which means that f(x) is even.

25. Determine algebraically whether f(x) = 2x3 4x is even, odd, or neither.

ANSWER:
If I graph this, I will see that it is "symmetric about the origin"; that is, if I start at a point
on the graph on one side of the y-axis, and draw a line from that point through the
origin and extending the same length on the other side of the y-axis, I will get to
another point on the graph.
This symmetry is a hallmark of odd functions.
Note also that all the exponents are odd (since the second term is 4x = 4x1). This is a
useful clue. I should expect this function to be odd.
f(x) = 2(x)3 4(x) = 2(x3) + 4x = 2x3 + 4x
My final expression is the exact opposite of what I started with, by which I mean that
the sign on each term has been changed to its opposite, just as if I'd multiplied
through by 1:

f(x) = 1[f(x)] = [2x3 4x] = 2x3 + 4x

This means that f(x) is odd.

26. Determine algebraically whether f(x) = 2x3 3x2 4x + 4 is even, odd, or neither.
ANSWER:
This function is the sum of the previous two functions.
Note that its graph does not have the symmetry of either of the previous ones, nor are all its exponents
either even or odd.
I would expect this function to be neither even nor odd.
I"ll plug x in for x, and simplify:
f(x) = 2(x)3 3(x)2 4(x) + 4 = 2(x3) 3(x2) + 4x + 4 = 2x3 3x2 + 4x + 4
This is neither the same thing I started with (namely, 2x3 3x2 4x + 4) nor the exact opposite of what I
started with (namely, 2x3 + 3x2 + 4x 4).
This means that f(x) is neither even nor odd.

27. A cosmetics company needs a storage box that has twice the volume of its largest box. Its largest
box measures 5 inches by 4 inches by 3 inches. The larger box needs to be made larger by adding
the same amount (an integer) to each to each dimension. Find the increase to each dimension.

Remainder Theorem
28.
The expression 4x2 px + 7 leaves a remainder of 2 when divided by x 3. Find the
value of p.
Solution: Let f(x) = 4x2 px + 7
By the Remainder Theorem,
f(3) = 2
4(3)2 3p + 7 = 2
p = 15
29.
Find the remainder when 4x3 5x + 1 is divided by x 2.
Solution:
Let f(x) = 4x3 5x + 1
When f(x) is divided by x 2, remainder,
R = f(2) = 4(2)3 5(2) + 1 = 23
30.
Find the remainder when 4x3 5x + 1 is divided by x + 3.
Solution:
Let f(x) = 4x3 5x + 1
When f(x) is divided by x + 3, remainder,
R = f(3) = 4(3)3 5(3) + 1 = 92
31.
Find the remainder when 4x3 5x + 1 is divided by 2x 1.
Solution:
Let f(x) = 4x3 5x + 1

When f(x) is divided by 2x 1, remainder,

32.
Let's look at the polynomial p(x) = x3 7x 6, and let's divide by the linear factor x 4
Solution:
p(4) = (4 4)((4)2 + 4(4) + 9) + 30
= (0)(16 + 16 + 9) + 30
= 0 + 30
= 30
33.
Find the remainder if f(x) = x3 + 2x2 - 11x - 12 is divided by x - 2.
Solution:
The remainder theorem tells us that h = 2, so evaluate f(2). We replace x with 2 in the
polynomial as follows:
f(2) = 23 + 2(2)2 - 11(2) 12
We then simplify: f(2) = 8 + 8 - 22 - 12 = -18. This tells us that if we divide the polynomial by (x 2), we will obtain a remainder of -18.
34.
Find the remainder R of the equation (x4 5x3 + x2 2x + 6) (x + 4)
Solution:
(x4 5x3 + x2 2x + 6) (x + 4)
f(x) = x4 5x3 + x2 2x + 6
f(4) = (-4)4 5(4)3 + (4)2 2(4) + 6 = 606
So the remainder is 606.
35. Use the remainder theorem to find the remainder of f(x) = 3x2 + 5x 8 divided by (x 2).
Solution:
Since we are dividing f(x) = 3x2 + 5x 8 by (x 2), we let x=2.
Hence, the remainder, R is given by:
R = f(2) = 3(2)2 + 5(2) 8 = 14
36.
By using the remainder theorem, determine the remainder when 3x3 x2 20x + 5 is
divided by (x + 4).
Solution:
Since we are dividing by (x+4), we let x=4. Therefore the remainder,
R=f(4)
=3(4)3(4)220(4)+5
=19216+80+5
=123
37.
What is the remainder when 2x2-5x-1 divided by x-3
Solution:
f(3) = 2(3)2-5(3)-1 = 18-15-1 = 2
38. Use the remainder theorem to determine the remainder

ANSWER:

when

is divided by

39. Use the remainder theorem to determine the remainder

when

is divided by

when

is divided by

when

is divided by

ANSWER:

40. Use the remainder theorem to determine the remainder

ANSWER:

41. Use the remainder theorem to determine the remainder

ANSWER:

42. Determine the value of if

ANSWER:

43. Calculate the value of

remainder of 24.
ANSWER:

44. If

if

is divided by

45. Determine the value of

remainder of 6.
ANSWER:

if

divided by

gives a remainder of 16.

is divided by

and the remainder is

is divided by

and gives a

, find the value of

and gives a

46. If
ANSWER:

is divided by

47. Calculate the value of

remainder of 10.
ANSWER:

48. If
ANSWER:

and the remainder is

if

is divided by

49. When the polynomial

Determine the values of and .
ANSWER:

, calculate the value of .

is divided by

and the remainder is , express

is divided by

or

and gives a

in terms of .

, the remainder is 5.

Factor Theorem
50.
Is (x + 1) a factor of f(x) = x3 + 2x2 5x 6?
Solution: In this case we need to test the remainder r=1.
R = f(r) = f(1)
=(1)3+2(1)25(1)6
=1+2+56
=0
Therefore, since f(1)=0, we conclude that (x+1) is a factor of f(x).
51. Use the Factor Theorem to decide if (x 2) is a factor of f(x) = x5 2x4 + 3x3 6x2 4x + 8.
Solution:
f(2) = (2)5 2(2)4 + 3(2)3 6(2)2 4(2) + 8 = 0
Since f(2)=0, we can conclude that (x2) is a factor.
52.
Using the factor theorem, show that x + 4 is a factor of f(x) = 5x4 + 16 x3 15x2 + 8x + 16
Solution:
For x+4 to be a factor, f(-4) must be equal to 0.
Calculate f(-4)
f(x) = 5x4 + 16 x3 15x2 + 8x + 16
f(-4) = 5(-4)4 + 16 (-4)3 15(-4)2 + 8(-4) + 16
f(-4) = 5(256) + 16(-64) 15(16) + 8(-4) + 16
f(-4) = 1280 1024 32 + 16 = 0
Since f(-4) = 0, x + 4 is a factor of f(x).
53.
Use the factor theorem to determine if x 1 is a factor of f(x) = 2x4 + 3x2 5x + 7
Solution:
For x 1 to be a factor, f(1) must be equal to 0.
f(x) = 2x4 + 3x2 5x + 7
f(1) = 2(1)4 + 3(1)2 5(1) + 7
f(1) = 2 + 3 5 + 7
f(1) = 7
Since f(1) 0, x 1 is not factor of f(x) = 2x4 + 3x2 5x + 7
54.

Determine whether x + 1 is a factor of 3x4 + x3 x2 + 3x + 2

Solution:
Let f(x) = 3x4 + x3 x2 + 3x + 2
f(1) = 3(1)4 + (1)3 (1)2 +3(1) + 2
f(1) = 3(1) + (1) 1 3 + 2 = 0
Therefore, x + 1 is a factor of f(x)
55.
Determine whether x + 1 is a factor of x6 + 2x(x 1) 4
Solution:
Let g(x) = x6 + 2x(x 1) 4
g(1) = (1)6 + 2(1)( 2) 4 = 1
Therefore, x + 1 is not a factor of g(x)
56.
Use the factor theorem to factorise x3 3x2 + 4 completely.
Solution:
Let a(x) = x3 3x2 + 4
a(-1) = (-1) 3 3(-1) 2 + 4
a(-1) = -1 3 + 4
a(-1) = 0
Therefore (x + 1) is one factor
a(x) = (x + 1)(x2 4x + 4)
a(x) = (x + 1)(x -2)(x 2)
a(x) = (x + 1)(x 2)2
57.
Determine if x - 3 is a factor of x3 + 5x2 - 17x - 21
Solution:
3|
1
5
-17
-21
3
24
21
1
8
7
0
Since the remainder is 0, the divisor is a factor!
Show that x + 2 is a factor of 2x3 + 3x2 - 8x - 12 and then factor completely.
Solution:
-2|
2
3
-8
-12
-4
2
12
2
-1
-6
0
2
(2x - x - 6)(x + 2) = (2x + 3)(x - 2)(x + 2)
58. Show that x + 3 and x - 4 are factors of x4 - 2x3 - 13x2 + 14x + 24 and then factor
completely.
Solution:
-3|
1
-2
-13
14
24
-3
15
-6
-24
1
-5
2
8
0
4|
1
-5
2
8
4
-4
-8
60. You
1
-1 decide
-2 to buy
0 a used car that costs $10,000. Youve heard that the car may
2
depreciate
a rate
per+year.
that
(x
- x - 2)(x at
+ 3)(x
- 4)of=10%
(x -2)(x
1)(x + At
3)(x
- 4)rate, what will the car be worth in 5 years?
Solution:

Exponential Functions

61. The initial value of your car is $20,000. After 1 year, the value is $15,000.
(a) What is the percent decrease?
(b) Find the value of the car at this same rate after 5 years from the initial value.
Solution:

62. Megan has $20,000 to invest for 5 years and she found an interest rate of 5%. How much money will
she have at the end of 5 years if
(a) the interest rate compounds monthly (b) the interest rate compounds semi-annually?
Solution:

63. The initial value of your car is $20,000. After 1 year, the value is $15,000.
(a) What is the percent decrease?
(b) Find the value of the car at this same rate after 5 years from the initial value.
Solution:

64. Madison really wants to buy a car in 4 years and she wants to start saving for a down
payment. If she deposits $3500 now with interest compounding continuously at 3%, what
down payment will she have for her car?
Solution:

65. A biologist is researching a newly-discovered species of bacteria. At time t = 0 hours, he

puts one hundred bacteria into what he has determined to be a favorable growth medium. Six
hours later, he measures 450 bacteria. Assuming exponential growth, what is the growth
constant "k" for the bacteria? (Round k to two decimal places.)
Solution:
For this exercise, the units on time t will be hours, because the growth is being measured in terms of
hours. The beginning amount P is the amount at time t = 0, so, for this problem, P = 100. The ending
amount is A = 450 at t= 6. The only variable I don't have a value for is the growth constant k, which
also happens to be what I'm looking for. So I'll plug in all the known values, and then solve for the
growth constant:
A = Pekt
450 = 100e6k
4.5 = e6k
ln(4.5) = 6k
ln(4.5)
/6 = k = 0.250679566129...