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KU1101
Pengantar Rekayasa dan Desain I
Conversion from Chemical to Thermal Energy

Luaran pertemuan pekan pertama

Mahasiswa memahami prinsip konversi bahan bakar menjadi energi

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Fuel to Heat conversion

www.consumerenergycenter.org/transportation/consume
r_tips/vehicle_energy_losses.html

Combustion

Combustion

Oxidation

oxidation of a fuel to generate heat (+light)

chemical reaction of a substance with oxygen (engineering)
loss of an electron from an atom or molecule (chemistry)

Fuel + Oxygen -> reaction products + Heat

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Basic concepts

Amado Avogadro

Atoms, molecules, and chemical reactions

kmol, a name for a very large number of atoms or molecules
Stoichiometry, a chemical algebra method
Air-to-fuel ratio, a measure of the amount of air present when
combustion occurs
Heating value, the amount of heat produced by the combustion of a
fuel
equal volumes of gases at the same conditions of temperature and
pressure contain the same number of molecules.
NAV (Avogadro number) = 6.02213671023

mol (mole/molecule)

amount of substance containing as many elementary entities as

there are atoms in exactly 0.012 kg of pure carbon-12.

Stoichiometric equation

Oxydation of Isooctane (gasoline):

C8H18 + a O2 -> b CO2 + c H2O
Stoichiomet
ric coeff.
Molecule
mass
Mass

C8H18

O2

CO2

H2O

12.5

HV

12.0 x 8 + 16.0 x 2 = 12.0 + 16.0 1.00 x 2 +

18.0 = 114.
32.0
x 2 = 44.0 16.0 = 18.0
1.00 kg

3,51 kg

3,09 kg

1,42 kg

???

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Heating Value (HV)

Heating Value
= Energy in Fuel and Oxydizer Energy in products of combustion

HV = -5771 (-17106-15759) = +27100 kJ/kg of fuel

Energy of Formation of Molecule

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Heating Value of some Fuels

Air ~(oxygen + nitrogen)

Combustion model use:

Air = Mixture of 79% Nitrogen and 21% Oxygen

Air = n x [ O2 + 3.76N2 ]
Constituent

Chemical symbol

Mole percent

Nitrogen

N2

78.084

Oxygen

O2

20.947

Argon

Ar

0.934

CO2

0.0350

Carbon dioxide
Neon

Ne

0.001818

Helium

He

0.000524

Methane

CH4

0.00017

Krypton

Kr

0.000114

Hydrogen
Nitrous oxide

H2

0.000053

N2 O

0.000031

Xenon

Xe

0.0000087

Ozone*

O3

trace to 0.0008

Carbon monoxide

CO

trace to 0.000025

Sulfur dioxide

SO2

trace to 0.00001

Nitrogen dioxide

NO2

trace to 0.000002

Ammonia

NH3

trace to 0.0000003

Dry air composition

http://eesc.columbia.edu/courses/ees/sli
des/climate/table_1.html

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Isooctane + air

C8H18 + a [O2 + 3.76N2]-> b CO2 + c H2O + d N2

C8H18

O2 +
3.76N2

CO2

H2O

N2

12.5

Molecule
mass

12.0 x 8
+ 18.0 =
114.

16.0 x 2
+ 3.76 x
14.0 x 2
= 137.

12.0 +
16.0 x 2
= 44.0

1.00 x 2
+ 16.0 =
18.0

Mass

1.00 kg

15.1 kg

3,09 kg

1,42 kg

Stoichiom
etric coeff.

HV

45500 kJ

Air to Fuel Ratio :

(A/F)mass = 15.1
(A/F)molar = 12.5 x (1+3.76) = 59.5

Trends in Hydrogen : Carbon

Century

Fuel

Hydrogen :
Carbon

Reaction
Product

19th century

Coal
Approx
CHO0.1S0.05N0.01

1 :1

20th century

Petroleum :
Isooctane C8H18

2.25 : 1

CO2 + H2O

Natural Gas, Methane

CH4

4 :1

CO2 + H2O

Diesel : cetane
(C16H34).

2.125 : 1

CO2 + H2O

Fuel Cell : H2

infinite : 1

H2O

21st century

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Diesel combustion

Oxydation of Diesel ???

Hydrocarbon

Crude Oil : Hydrocarbon + Sulfur + Nitrogen

Lighter to heavier function of chain length

C1-4 : gas

C5-? : liquid

methane, CH4
Gasoline : 5-10 C and 10-25 H (example : isooctane C8H18-> ideal
for otto engine)

Long C : solid

wax, tar,

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The differences in the structure of hydrocarbon

molecules

Different boiling points

varying physical and chemical properties

makes crude oil useful in a broad range of applications.
allow the hydrocarbons to be separated by distillation
lighter liquid products are in great demand for use in internal
combustion engines -> a modern refinery convert heavy
hydrocarbons and lighter gaseous elements into lighter liquid
products

Other products from oil refinery : plastics, detergent,

nylon, polyester etc

Oil Refining Process

Distillation process

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http://www.worldpetroleum.org/index.php?/Technology/petroleum-refiningcourtesy-of-aip.html

Real fuel combustion (not perfect)