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Alternatives To The

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International Style

BRUTALISM

Paul Rudolph
- Le Corbusier

NATIONAL ROMANTICISM - Hugo Alvar Henrik


Aalto

MONUMENTALITY

- Louis I Khan

NEO EXPRESSIONISM

I.M Pei

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James Stirling
- John Utzon

ROMANTICISM
Romanticism is not exactly [found] in the choice of subjects
nor in the exact truth, it is in the way of feeling .If you say
Romanticism, you say modern art that is to say intimacy,
spirituality, color, aspiration towards infinity expressed by all
means that contain the arts.
Charles Baudelaire

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THE BEGINNING

- TIME PERIOD - 18th century in Western Europe


- It was an intellectual movement that influenced many works of
literature, music, painting, architecture etc.
- It was prepared by a literary transitional movement from
Enlightment , called PRE-ROMANTICISM.
- It passed through different stages that were specific for the
diverse regions of Europe .

ELEMENTS
Emphasis is on emotion instead of reason
Seek reality through intuitive perception
Feeling and imagination
Expression of self is the most important
Uniqueness ( Ideal Human ): Each person should be himself and pursue
happiness in his own way

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THE CHARACTERISTICS OF ROMANTICISM

Romanticism is a direct reaction to the Revolutionary period


(Britain: Age of Enlightenment), a period that focused on reason,
traditional forms of poetry and science.
An emphasis on the beauty and purity of nature
Emphasis of emotion over reason
Belief in the natural goodness of man
Belief that nature and simplicity= purity and cities
Belief in The 5 Is- Imagination, Intuition, Innocence, Inner
Experience, and Inspiration from nature/supernatural

Hugo was the one who wrote the literary manifesto of the romanticism.
He says there are neither rules, nor models for romantics .
Hugo presents it, Romanticism evolves as an opposition to Classicism and
Romantic Parnassianism , offering literature freedom of expression through the
dismission of norms.

Classicism
presents an ideal, static,

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objective world
has ideal categories and
eternal types of characters
has an abstract, equilibrated
and dominated by morals
character
simply observes the nature

preaches rationality
the rule of the 3 entities: of
time, space and plot

Romanticism

presents a universe determined


by the movements of history,
which is fantastical, subjective
the nature overwhelms the
character
has a dynamic, sentimental hero,
who is in a constant search for
the absolute
artists reinterpret the nature
through their own subjectivity
emphasizes sentiments, passions
abolishes the rule of the 3 entities

THE ROMANTIC MOVEMENT


Romanticism has very little to do with things popularly thought of as "romantic "
although love may occasionally be the subject of Romantic art.
Rather, it is an international artistic and philosophical movement that redefined
the fundamental ways in which people in Western cultures thought about
themselves and about their world.

Romanticism was an artistic, literary and intellectual movement that originated in


the second half of the 18th century in Europe and strengthened in reaction to the
Industrial Revolution .

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Many scholars say that the Romantic period began with the publication of "Lyrical
Ballads" by William Wordsworth and Samuel Coleridge in 1798 .

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The Sea of Ice


Artist Casper David Friedrich

Wanderer above the Sea of Fog


Artist Casper David Friedrich

Alvar Aalto (1898-1976) is known as the father of modern architecture and


Scandinavian design.
Aalto created his own unique style of architecture and design inspired by nature.
He thought good design should be part of everyday life and this can be seen in
his carefully considered works which delight their users from one day to the next.

His name in itself means "wave" which later would come to life in his architecture.

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An architect, designer of cities, and furniture maker, Aaltos international style


rested on a :
distinctive blend of modernist refinement, indigenous materials, and personal
expression in form and detail.
His regional and cultural architecture has come to be known as the Scandinavian
style. His work included schools, libraries, churches, housing schemes, university
plans, entire urban layouts, glassware and plywood furniture.

Major Works

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1929: Sanatorium Paimio, Finland


1930: Municipal Library Viipuri
1937: Terrace House Kuatya
1938: Villa Mairea Gullichsen Noormarkku, Finland
1939: Finnish Pavilion NY Worlds Fair
1947: Baker House Dormitory MIT Cambridge, MA
1949: Helsinki University of Technology Espou, Finland
1956: Church of Vuokseniska Imatra, Finland 1958 Art Museum Aalborg, Denmark
1958: House of Louis Carre Bazches-sur-Guonne, France
1959: Community Centre Wolfburg, Germany
1962: Community Centre Seiajoki, Finland
1964: Edgar J. Kaufman Conference Rooms Institute International NY
1967: Mount Angel Abbey Library Salem, OR
1971: Finlandia Hall Helsinki
1973: Taidemuseo Alvar Aalto Museum Jyvaskyla, Finland

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He was very conscious of the need for social settings linked directly to natural
surroundings with the use of natural landscape.
They achieved this through natural living conditions, the use of natural
materials, and integration within the boundaries of landscape and vegetation.
Nature, sun, trees, and air all served as functions in creating a harmonious
balance between natural and artificial.

INTERIORS
PAIMIO SANATORIUM

His use of complex forms and varied materials,


acknowledged the character of the site,
and gave attention to every detail of the
building .

The volumes of space created through


clustered overlapping of forms were
articulated with windows, and introduced
views, and motion through curved surfaces .

FINLANDIA HALL (196271)

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These curved forms often used by Aalto were,


he thought, related to the anthropomorphic
forms;
he was always concerned with the human
factor .

AALTO-THEATER

Architecture in which indigenous building


traditions and materials are combined with
modern design and building technology.

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Aalto's massive monumental designs both rich Syntsalo town hall group, Finland
in surface textures and traditional materials
were showcased with his control of flowing
spaces, natural light, sureness of volume and
combined with a great attention to detail.

Aalto has designed this building with the


landscape in mind as much as the function,
and the human experience.

Aalto House

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FURNITURE DESIGNED BY
ALVAR ALTO

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NEO-EXPRESSIONISM

Expressionism evolved from the work of AVANT GARDE artists and designers in
Germany and other European countries during the first decades of the
twentieth century.
Expressionism was a cultural movement in
Germany at the start of the 20th century.
Expressionist artists Sought to express the
meaning of emotional Experience rather than
Physical reality.
Neo-Expressionist architecture is most common
in religious and public buildings.

Neo-expressionism built upon expressionist ideas.


Architects in the 1950s and 1960s designed buildings
that expressed their feelings about the surrounding
landscape.

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SCULPTURAL FORMS SUGGESTED ROCKS AND MOUNTAINS.

Organic and Brutalist architecture can often be described as Neo-expressionist.


Expressionist artists Sought to express the meaning of EMOTIONAL
EXPERIENCE rather than PHYSICAL REALITY .

Architecture is not based upon symbolism or gained knowledge;


instead, meaning is conveyed on a non-intellectual or emotional level
and directly through the form.
Neo-Expressionist structures are based on the continuity of form and
a tendency to avoid the rectangle and right angle.
Curved and angled concrete or brick faced walls are common.
Dramatic, irregular shapes dominate and arches are common.

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Sculpted forms rather than geometric shapes dominate.


Building materials take advantage of modern innovations in
laminates, plastics, stuccos, and concrete work.

IDENTIFYING FEATURES:

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Curved/Angled Concrete and/or brick walls


Dramatic, Irregular shapes, Tendency to avoid the rectangle and right
angle
Massive sculpted forms; Concept of architecture as a piece of sculpture
Emphasis on structural engineering
Distortion of form for an emotional effect
Relinquishment of functional qualities for stylistic expression
Cantilevered Roofs
Laminated Woods
Organic Design
Fragmented lines
Lack of symmetry is common

GENERAL PRINCIPLES :
Link architecture with the community and surrounding environment.
Neglect the classical architecture
Designs that represent the goals inherent in the mind of architect
Inspiration from nature

EXPRESSIONIST AND NEO-EXPRESSIONIST ARCHITECTS :

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-Gunther Domenig
- John Utzon
- Hans Scharoun
- Rudolf Steiner
- Bruno Taut
- Erich Mendelsohn
- Walter Gropius(early works)
- Eero Saarinen

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Jorn Utzon

Jorn Utzon is an architect whose roots extend back into history touching
on the Mayan, Chinese and Japanese, Islamic cultures, and many others,
including his own Scandinavian legacies.

LIFE

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Born on April 9,1918 in Copenhagen, Denmark.


Utzons father was director of shipyard in Alborg (Denmark)
and was a brilliant navel-architect.
Utzon studied at the Royal Academy of Fine Arts, Copenhagen in 1942 .
In 1945, he studied with Alvar Aalto.
In 1949, a scholarship took him to U.S. and then to Mexico.
He spent a short time with F.L.Wright & came in contact with Mies van der Rohe .

HIS ARCHITECTURAL IDEOLOGY


His architecture, rooted in deep reading of human cultures, has given

shape to processes of ritual and assembly in forms of haunting presence.


He combines the more ancient heritages with his own balanced discipline.
He feels the horizontal plane the platform to be the backbone of
the architectural compositions.

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He combines these more ancient heritages with his own balanced


discipline, a sense of architecture as art, and natural instinct for
organic structures related to site conditions

SYDNEY OPERA HOUSE (1959-1973)


The opera house

is located in
Sydney, New south Wales, Australia.
The opera house covers 1.8 hectares
of land.
It is 183m long and about
120m wide.
It is supported on 580 concrete
piers sunk up to 25m below sea
level.
Its power supply is distributed by
645km of electrical cables.

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...the idea has been to let the


platform cut through like a
knife and separate primary and
secondary functions
completely.

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The Sydney opera house contains:5 Theatres


5 Rehearsal studios
2 Main halls
4 Restaurants
6 Bars and numerous souvenir
shops

The concert hall and opera

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theatre are each contained in


the two largest groups of shells,
The other theatres are
located on the sides of the shells
groupings.

Precast concrete panels


supported by precast concrete
ribs.

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The Five Theatres Consist Of :- concert hall, with 2679 seats.


- opera theatre, with 1547 seats.
- drama theatre, with 544 seats.
- play house, with 398 seats.
- studio theatre, with 364 seats.

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THE KUWAIT NATIONAL ASSEMBLY

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