Physica E 73 (2015) 169174

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Physica E
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/physe

Impacts of neodymium on structural, spectral and dielectric properties

of LiNi0.5Fe2O4 nanocrystalline ferrites fabricated via micro-emulsion
technique
Zaheer Abbas Gilani a,b,n, Muhammad Farooq Warsi c, Muhammad Azhar Khan a,nn,
Imran Shakir d, Muhammad Shahid c, Muhammad Naeem Anjum a
a

Department of Physics, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan

Department of Physics, Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences, Quetta 87300, Pakistan
Department of Chemistry, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
d
College of Engineering, King Saud University, PO Box 800, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia
b
c

H I G H L I G H T S

G R A P H I C A L

Micro-emulsion route is utilized to

synthesize LiNi0.5NdxFe2  xO4 ferrites.

The crystallite size is found in the
range 20.99 to 32.2 nm.

The dielectric parameters are greatly
inuenced by the Nd incorporation.

A very small dielectric loss is exhibited for LiNi0.5Nd0.175Fe1.825O4.

Nanocrystalline spinel ferrites LiNi0.5NdxFe2  xO4 fabricated via micro-emulsion route exhibited the
crystallite size 20.9932.2 nm. The dielectric parameters are greatly inuenced by the Nd incorporation
and very small dielectric loss (  0.02) is exhibited by LiNi0.5Nd0.175Fe1.825O4.

art ic l e i nf o

a b s t r a c t

Article history:
Received 11 May 2015
Accepted 4 June 2015
Available online 9 June 2015

Soft ferrites are technologically advanced smart materials and their properties can be tailored by controlling the chemical composition and judicial choice of the metal elements. In this article we discussed
the effect of rare earth neodymium (Nd3 ) on various properties of LiNi0.5NdxFe2  xO4 spinel ferrites.
These ferrites have been synthesized by facile micro-emulsion route and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), a.c. electrical conductivity and thermal
analysis. The inuence of Nd3 doping on structural and electrical parameters has been investigated.
XRD analysis revealed the formation of single cubic spinel structure for x r0.07. Few traces of secondary
phase (NdFeO3) were found for x Z0.105. The secondary phase induced owing to the solubility limit of
Nd3 cations in these ferrites. The lattice parameter (a) and crystallite size (D) both exhibit non-linear
relation. The values of a and D were found in the range 8.3228.329 and 2532 nm respectively.
These variations were attributed to the larger ionic radius of Nd3 cations as compared to the host

Keywords:
Nano-ferrites
XRD
FTIR
Dielectric properties

A B S T R A C T

Corresponding author at: Department of Physics, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan.
Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: zaheer.abbas@buitms.edu.pk (Z.A. Gilani), azhar.khan@iub.edu.pk (M.A. Khan).

nn

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physe.2015.06.001
1386-9477/& 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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Z.A. Gilani et al. / Physica E 73 (2015) 169174

cations and lattice strain produced in these ferrites. The dielectric parameters were studied in the range
1 MHz to 3 GHz and these parameters were damped by Nd3 incorporation and also by increasing the
frequency. The reduced dielectric parameters observed in wide frequency range proposed that these
nanocrystalline ferrites are potential candidates for fabricating the devices which are required to operate
at GHz frequencies.
& 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction
Research in nanotechnology is becoming one of the vital and
fast growing areas, especially the nano sized ferrites are being
investigated to optimize the structural and electrical properties in
order to make them suitable for high frequency applications and
other advanced electronic devices [1]. Moreover nanocrystalline
soft ferrites are the materials that are getting much attention
among researchers due to their versatile applications such as microwave devices, lters, antennas, read/write heads for digital
tapes and transformer cores [2]. The structural and electromagnetic behavior of ferrites are tailored by the synthetic methods
and doping of various rare earth/transition metal ions in spinel
structure [3]. The intrinsic properties of ferrites like permittivity,
dielectric losses and conductivity are controlled by chemical
composition, annealing treatment and type of doped metal ions
[4,5]. Doped lithium spinel ferrites of good quality are obtained
using several synthetic methods like co-precipitation, solgel,
micro-emulsion, ceramic and hydrothermal techniques [6]. Nature
of dopants and their concentrations in lithium ferrites signicantly
altered the electromagnetic properties of such ferrites. Relatively
larger ionic radii of rare earth cations played a signicant role in
optimizing the electrical properties of ferrites [7]. The rare earth
doped lithium ferrites due to their valuable microwave devices
applications are also suitable for use as a cathode material in Libatteries. The incorporation of larger ionic radii metal ions into the
spinel structure produces the structural distortion as well as the
modication in the electrical transport properties. Therefore various types of replacement in lithium ferrites reveal a relatively
good relaxation and conduction mechanism in comparison with
other simple ferrites [8]. Studies showed that various rare earth
ions doping changes different behavior of spinel ferrites [4].
Moreover rare earth elements doping can enhance electrical
conductivity and optical behavior in these nanomaterials. A lot of
work have been done and properties of ferrites have been modied by doping of rare earth cations in these ferrites [6].
In the present paper, neodymium (Nd) doped LiNi spinel ferrites are synthesized by micro-emulsion route and role of Nd3
concentration on structural, spectral and dielectric properties have
been depicted. The aim of the present work is to optimize the
structural and dielectric properties of these nanocrystalline ferrites in order to make them useful for microwave devices
fabrication.

controlled hotplate using magnetic stirrers. After maintaining the

temperature at 55 C, CTAB solution was mixed in each reaction
mixture and stirred. Aqueous ammonia ( 3.0 M) was added to all
reaction mixtures to elevate the pH to  10. All reaction mixtures
were further stirred for 5 h followed by aqueous washing, drying
and grinding. After grinding the samples, the powder sample was
collected for TGA/DTA studies and then all the remaining samples
were annealed at 950 C in a temperature controlled mufe furnace Vulcan A-550. The annealed samples in powder form were
characterized by various techniques.
The TGA/DTA for an un-annealed LiNi0.5Nd0.175Fe1.825O4 ferrite
sample was carried out at SDT Q600 V8.2 Build 100 thermal
analyzer. The heating rate was kept 10 C/min. Powder XRD patterns for all compositions of LiNi0.5NdxFe2  xO4 (x0.0, 0.035,
0.070, 0.105, 0.140, and 0.175) nanocrystallites ferrites were recorded at room temperature using Philips XPert PRO 3040/60
diffractometer in which Cu K radiation source was used. FTIR
spectra of LiNi0.5NdxFe2  xO4 (x 0.0, 0.035, 0.070, 0.105, 0.140, and
0.175) ferrites in the range 4004000 cm  1 were recorded on
Nexus 470 spectrometer. Dielectric measurements were performed on Wayne Ker WK6500B precision equipment in the range
of 13 GHz at room temperature.

3. Results and discussion

3.1. TGADTADSC analysis
Fig. 1 demonstrates the TGA, DTA, and DSC curves of
LiNi0.5Nd0.175Fe1.825O4 ferrite. These plots explain the decomposition process and annealing temperature was estimated. It was
observed that decomposition occurred in various steps. Approximately 17% weight loss was observed at 243 C which corresponds
to the decomposition, oxidation of organic material and evaporation of water [11]. In the course of phase development, 27% weight

2. Experimental procedure
Nd-doped LiNi0.5NdxFe2  xO4 (x 0.0, 0.035, 0.070, 0.105, 0.140,
and 0.175) spinel ferrites were synthesized by micro-emulsion
method [9,10]. The details of chemicals used is as follow: Fe
(NO3)3  9H2O (Merck-Germany, 99%), NiCl2  6H2O (BDH, 99%), cetlytrimethylammoniumbromide (CTAB) (Bio Basic-Canada, 99%),
Nd(No3)3  6H2O (Sigma-Aldrich, 99.9%) and aqueous NH3 (BDH
35%). Different solutions with concentrations 0.1 M of Li, Ni, Nd
and 0.2 M of Fe salts were prepared in distilled water. CTAB was
prepared of concentration 0.3 M. Required volumes of these solutions were taken in beakers and then stirred on thermostat

Fig. 1. TGA/DTA curves of LiNi0.5Nd0.175Fe1.825O4 spinel ferrite.

Z.A. Gilani et al. / Physica E 73 (2015) 169174

171

Table 1
Lattice constant, cell volume, X-ray density, bulk density and crystallite size for
LiNi0.5NdxFe2  xO4 spinel ferrite (x 0.00.175).
Parameters

x 0

x 0.035 x 0.070 x 0.105 x 0.140 x 0.175

Lattice constant
8.322
8.320
a ()
3
576.08
Cell volume ( ) 576.42
Bulk density
3.023
3.041
3
(g cm )
4.781
4.858
X-ray density
(g cm  3)
25.43
20.99
Crystallite size
(nm)

Fig. 2. XRD patterns of LiNi0.5NdxFe2  xO4 spinel ferrite (x 0.00.175).

loss was observed at 899 C. There was no signicant weight loss

beyond 1000 C that elucidated the estimation of annealing temperature [12]. Two exothermic peaks were observed at 277 C and
928 C which indicated the burning of remaining components [13].
DSC curve showed a sharp peak at 272 C which exhibited the
exothermic behavior.
3.2. XRD analysis
3

Fig. 2 shows the XRD patterns of LiNi0.5Fe2O4 and Nd -doped

lithium spinel ferrites with various Nd3 contents. XRD patterns
exhibited the fundamental peaks of fcc single phase cubic spinel
structure. These peaks were successfully identied using the
Nelson Relay extrapolation method and were indexed as (111),
(220), (311), (222), (400), (331), (420), (422), (511) and (400).
These peaks are the characteristic peaks of spinel single phase
[14]. A secondary phase of ortho-ferrite (NdFeO3) was observed for
x Z0.105. Therefore a small concentration of Nd substitution in
LiNi0.5Fe2O4 ferrites altered the single phase composition to biphasic. The peak of secondary phase occurred at 32.5 (ICDD #01082-2421) and hkl of this peak are 112. The appearance of secondary phase indicated the insolubility of Nd in octahedral site
[13]. The average crystallite sizes Dm was calculated using the
Debye Scherrers formula

Dm

k
cos

8.324

8.324

8.325

8.329

576.92
3.059

576.88
3.077

577.02
3.095

577.86
3.113

4.922

4.993

5.063

5.127

25.7

32.2

25.5

24.8

lithium ferrites [13,18]. The data showed an increasing trend in

lattice parameter with increase of Nd3 contents. The crystalline
size varied inhomogenously with increased Nd3 contents. This
inhomogeneous behavior may be due to the growth of secondary
phase along with crystal growth and relatively larger ionic radius
of Nd3 which was replaced by Fe3 ions on the octahedral sites.
The X-ray density increased from 4.78 to 5.12 g/cm3 while the bulk
density increased from 3.023 to 3.113 g/cm3 with the increased
Nd3 contents.
3.3. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR)
FTIR was used to conrm the spinel phase formation in all
compositions of LiNi0.5NdxFe2  xO4 (x 0.00, 0.035, 0.07, 0.105,
0.140, and 0.175) ferrites. There are two main frequency bands 1
(high frequency band at around 600 cm  1) and 2 (low frequency
band at around 400 cm  1) which are the characteristics of spinel
structure [19]. FTIR spectra are shown in Fig. 3 and were recorded
in the range of 4001000 cm  1. The band position changed as
function of Nd3 contents (Table 2). The 1 varied from 432 to
449 cm  1 and 2 varied from 557 to 599 cm  1. This slight
shifting of 1 and 2 towards higher frequency bands with increase of Nd contents was attributed to the lattice constant variations. This change in the lattice constant affected the Fe3 O2 
stretching vibrations resulting a change in band position [20,21].
Whereas cations distribution among octahedral and tetrahedral

(1)

k is a constant, is wave length of X-rays, is the full width half

maxima (FWHM) and is the diffraction angle for the most intense
peak (311) [15]. X-ray density was calculated using the following
formula:

x =

8M
Na3

(2)
3

where M is molecular weight, N is Avogadro number and a is

volume of the unit cell [16]. Bulk density was calculated as follows:

m =

m
v

(3)

In the above equation, m is mass of pellet and v is volume of

the pellet.
Table 1 showed the lattice constant, cell volume, bulk density,
X-ray density and crystalline size [17]. The average lattice parameter was found in the range 8.3228.329 and average crystalline size was found in the range 20.9932.2 nm. This crystallite
size is enough to obtain suitable signal to noise ratio and was
smaller as compared to the other reported rare earth doped

Fig. 3. FTIR spectra of LiNi0.5NdxFe2  xO4 spinel ferrite annealed at 950 C.

172

Z.A. Gilani et al. / Physica E 73 (2015) 169174

Table 2
FTIR absorption bands for LiNi0.5NdxFe2  xO4 spinel ferrite (x 0.00.175).
S. no.

Composition

1 (cm  1)

2 (cm  1)

1
2
3
4
5
6

LiNi0.5Fe2O4
LiNi0.5Nd0.035Fe1.965O4
LiNi0.5Nd0.070Fe1.93O4
LiNi0.5Nd0.105Fe1.895O4
LiNi0.5Nd0.140Fe1.86O4
LiNi0.5Nd0.175Fe1.825O4

588
557
578
563
596
599

437
430
449
447
432
432

sites in spinel ferrite was estimated from 1 and 2 frequency

bands [22]. In the present spectra, the octahedral peaks slightly
shifted to higher values as Nd3 was introduced. Whereas tetrahedral absorption peaks were slightly shifted to the lower frequency side with the addition of Nd3 . The peaks beyond
1000 cm  1 were due to HOH stretching vibrations of absorbed
water molecules [23].
3.4. Dielectric measurement
The dielectric properties are one of the important features,
especially for ferrites in order to unfold their suitability for high
frequency devices applications. These properties depend upon
materials composition, method of preparation and cation positions
in the unit cell. Dielectric parameters like dielectric constant,
complex dielectric constant, dielectric loss and ac conductivity of
LiNi0.5NdxFe2  xO4 (x 0.00, 0.035, 0.07, 0.105, 0.140, and 0.175)
ferrites were investigated in the frequency range 13 GHz at room
temperature. The variation in real and complex part of the dielectric constant with respect to applied ac eld is depicted in
Figs. 4 and 5. The values of various dielectric parameters at selected frequencies are shown in Table 3.
It was observed that both real and complex part of the dielectric constant decreased when Nd3 concentration was increased. Both Fe2 and Fe3 ions played important role in the
polarization mechanism of ferrites. However Fe2 ions played
main role during polarization and conduction process. Nd3 ions
settled on octahedral sites due to larger ionic radii. Therefore by
increasing Nd3 concentration the numbers of iron ions were

Fig. 5. Effect of frequency on the dielectric constant (imaginary part) of

LiNi0.5NdxFe2  xO4 spinel ferrite.

decreased which describe the reduction in dielectric constant. Due

to the presence of secondary phase at higher concentration the
ferrous ions decreased, as a result the electron exchange mechanism between ferrous and ferric ions was disturbed or delayed.
Consequently polarization and then dielectric constant values
decreased with Nd3 . Moreover there was a notable correlation
among the conduction mechanism (hopping) and the dielectric
behavior of ferrites [17,24].
Figs. 4 and 5 exhibited that there is dispersion in dielectric
constant and complex dielectric constant values as the frequency
increased from 1 MHz to 3 GHz. At low frequencies these dielectric
parameters decreased rapidly, however in the high frequency region these values became very small. There were some peaks at
higher frequencies. This dispersion at the low frequencies was due
to space charge polarization effect and at higher frequency two
peaks around 2 to 2.5 GHz were observed. These kinds of relaxation peaks are due to Debye-type relaxation that is observed when
the jumping frequency of the Fe2 and Fe3 ions matches the
frequency of applied eld. Therefore at higher frequencies the
peaks are due to resonance of electrons with applied ac eld
[17,25]. This dielectric dispersion behavior in ferrites can be explained on the basis of MaxwellWagner model and Koops phenomenological theory [26,27].
Fig. 6 showed the variation of tanloss by increasing the Nd3
concentration and frequency. Tanloss also varied like other parameter with the increased frequency. At higher frequencies of the
applied ac eld, the hopping frequency of the electron exchange
between Fe2 and Fe3 ions cannot follow the applied eld beyond certain critical frequency and the loss was minimum.
Ac conductivity of all samples exhibited an increasing trend at
low frequency region, however the dispersion behavior was observed at higher frequencies and these are depicted in Fig. 7. Ac
conductivity was calculated by the following formula:

ac = 2f (tan )0

Fig. 4. Effect of frequency on

LiNi0.5NdxFe2  xO4 spinel ferrite.

the

dielectric

constant

(real

part)

of

(4)

where f is frequency, 0 is permittivity of free space and tan

is the dissipation factor.
In these nano-crystalline LiNi0.5NdxFe2  xO4 ferrites, the grain
boundary density was higher due to smaller crystallite size of
these ferrites. Disordered arrangement of atoms near the grain
boundaries and deciency of iron cations on B-site might be
possible reason for the larger values of grain boundaries. In

Z.A. Gilani et al. / Physica E 73 (2015) 169174

173

Table 3
Various dielectric parameters for LiNi0.5NdxFe2  xO4 spinel ferrite (x 0.00.175)
Parameters

Frequency

x 0

x 0.035

x 0.070

x 0.105

x 0.140

x 0.175

Dielectric constant

15 MHz
1.0 GHz
3.0 GHz
15 MHz
1.0 GHz
3.0 GHz
15 MHz
1.0 GHz
3.0 GHz

17.47
15.30933
12.57717
3.04114
1.53757
3.26324
0.17441
0.10043
0.25946

8.73757
8.63343
7.46935
0.009
0.06355
0.1308
0.00103
0.00736
0.01751

8.82494
8.71977
7.54405
0.01035
0.07308
0.15042
9.26637E  4
0.00662
0.01576

8.77318
8.74084
7.59122
0.00644
0.08262
0.04393
7.34476E  4
0.00945
0.00579

8.99407
8.91259
7.61902
0.01831
0.14555
0.11196
0.00204
0.01633
0.0147

9.17395
9.09084
7.7714
0.02105
0.16738
0.12876
0.00183
0.0147
0.01323

Dielectric loss

tan

the conductivity. At low frequency ac conductivity was referred to

the grain boundaries contribution while at higher frequencies
dispersion may be attributed to the conducting nature of grains
[28].

4. Conclusion

Fig. 6. Effect of frequency on the dielectric loss of LiNi0.5NdxFe2  xO4 spinel

ferrite.

Nd3 doped lithiumnickel nano-ferrites were successfully

synthesized by facile micro-emulsion method and were investigated by various techniques such as TGA, XRD, FTIR and dielectric measurements. XRD conrmed the FCC spinel structure.
The crystallite size estimated in the present investigation (20.99
32.2) is smaller as compared to the reported rare earth doped lithium spinel ferrites. Both lattice constant and crystalline size rst
decreased and then increased with the increased Nd3 contents.
FTIR bands were observed near 400 cm  1 and 600 cm  1 which
exhibited the characteristic features of spinel structure. Dielectric
parameters were investigated for an applied ac eld from 1 MHz
to 3 GHz frequency range. The dielectric parameters were decreased with the increased Nd3
contents. Li0.5Ni0.5
Nd0.175Fe1.825O4 nanocrystalline ferrite composition exhibited the
minimum dielectric loss  0.02. The investigated dielectric parameters suggested the possible use of these nanomaterials in high
frequency devices applications.

Acknowledgments
The authors extend their sincere appreciations to the deanship
of scientic research at King Saud University for its funding this
Prolic Research Group (PRG-1436-25).

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Fig. 7. Effect of frequency on the ac conductivity of LiNi0.5NdxFe2  xO4 spinel

ferrite.

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by resistive thin layers of grain boundaries. At low frequency a
resistive plane and affected boundaries were observed for all
samples. At higher frequencies, grain effect and increasing trend in
charge carriers Fe2 Fe3 at adjacent octahedral sites increased

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